3 - Lipids

LIPIDS
Structures and Functions

Prepared by: TARojas
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Lipids
Discussion Outline
1. Structure and Classification of Lipids
2. Fatty Acids
3. Triacylglycerols
4. Membrane Lipids and Cell Membranes
5. Emulsification Lipids
6. Messenger Lipids
7. Biological Waxes
8. Saponifiable and Non-saponifiable Lipids
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Lipids
Lipid
organic compound found in living organisms that is _________
(or _____________) in water but _______ in non-polar organic solvents
Unlike other biomolecules, lipids do not have a common structural feature
that may serve as basis for definition ____________________
different functional groups
present, thus different basic
structural units/building blocks
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Lipids Classifications of Lipids
Based on Biochemical Function
Energy- Membrane Emulsification Messenger Protective-
storage Lipids Lipids Lipids Lipids coating Lipids
phospholipids
steroid hormones
triacylglycerols sphingoglycolipids bile acids biological waxes
eicosanoids
cholesterol
Classifications of Lipids | 4 of 108

Based on Saponification
Saponification – __________ reaction occurring in a ______________
Saponifiable Lipids Non-saponifiable Lipids

triacylglycerols cholesterol
phospholipids
steroid hormones
sphingolipids
biological waxes eicosanoids

Lipids
Discussion Outline
2. Fatty Acids
3. Triacylglycerols
6. Messenger Lipids
7. Biological Waxes
6 of 108
Lipids Fatty Acids ➢ most commonly encountered building blocks of lipids
➢ naturally occurring _____________________ with linear (unbranched)
carbon chain
➢ Because of their biosynthesis, they nearly always contain an
______________ of carbon atoms.
o Long-chain fatty acids : C12 to C26

o Medium-chain fatty acids : C8 to C10
o Short-chain fatty acids : C4 to C6
o Two types according to saturation: _________ and ____________
Fatty Acids | 7 of 108

Lipids Types of Fatty Acids
Saturated Fatty Acids (SFAs) ➢ all C—C bonds are _____________
Other possible structural notations:

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ➢ presence of _______________
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFAs)

o one double bond (_____)
o Presence of ___ double bond in

the carbon chain puts a rigid 30o
bend in the chain that may affect
the properties of the fatty acid.

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ➢ presence of double bond/s
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs)
o two or more cis- double bonds

o up to six double bonds are found
in biochemically important PUFAs


Denoting the positions of the double bonds:
✓ start numbering at the C atom of —COOH _______________
_______________
18:0 18:3(Δ9,12,15)
_____________ _________________
Therefore, ____ signifies a C18 fatty acid

with two double bonds.


Denoting the positions of the double bonds:
✓ if starting at the methyl end (_____________) end of the fatty acid chain
omega-3 fatty acid

(ω-3)
omega-6 fatty acid

(ω-6)

Lipids Selected fatty acids of biological importance

EXERCISE
Classify the fatty acid with the following structural formula in the ways indicated.
1. Type designation (SFA, MUFA, or PUFA) for the fatty acid
2. Numerical shorthand designation
3. “Omega” family
4. “Delta” designation

Lipids Physical Properties of Fatty Acids
The fatty acids present in naturally occurring lipids
almost always have the following characteristics:
• ____________ carbon chain

• ___________ of C atoms in the carbon chain
• double bonds, when present, is in _____ configuration

Water Solubility
✓ solubility ___________ as carbon chain length increases
long-chain fatty acids are insoluble

short-chain fatty acids are sparingly soluble
due to the more predominating non-polar
due to the polarity of the carboxyl group
nature of the hydrocarbon chain

Melting Point
✓ strongly influenced by carbon chain length and degree of unsaturation
↑ surface area of contact between molecules,
________________
more double bonds,

more bends,
less surface area of contact
✓ melting point is lower

✓ tend to be liquid at room
temperature

Lipids Recall
A fatty acid is a naturally occurring _________________ acid that nearly

always contains an ________ number of carbon atoms with a carbon
chain that is ____________________.
A) monocarboxylic; even; branched

B) dicarboxylic; odd; unbranched
C) monocarboxylic; even; unbranched
D) dicarboxylic; even; branched
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Lipids
Discussion Outline
2. Fatty Acids
3. Triacylglycerols
6. Messenger Lipids
7. Biological Waxes
19 of 108
phospholipids
steroid hormones
eicosanoids
cholesterol

Lipids Triacylglycerols (TAGs) ➢ energy-storage lipids
With the notable exception of nerve cells, human cells store small amounts of energy-providing materials.
Glycogen is the most widespread Triacylglycerols are more efficient in

energy storage material present energy storage than glycogen
in small amounts in most cells. because large quantities of them can
be packed into a very small volume.
Triacylglycerols are the _________________

__________ in the human body.
TAGs are concentrated in special cells
called __________________ that are
nearly filled with the material.
Adipocytes are present in adipose tissues located
under the skin, in the abdominal cavity, in
mammary glands, and around other organs.
Triacylglycerols | 21 of 108
Lipids Triacylglycerols (TAGs) ➢ __ (three ester groups present in one TAG)
TAGs are formed by the esterification of three fatty acids to a glycerol molecule.
Ester linkage
Block diagram
triacylglycerols = ___________
(old name)
Lipids Triacylglycerols (TAGs)
Types of Triacylglycerols
_________ ________
Triacylglycerol Triacylglycerol
glycerol + three identical fatty acids glycerol + more than one kind of fatty acids
Naturally occurring
simple TAGs are rare.
Lipids Fats and Oils ➢ naturally occurring mixtures of triacylglycerols
➢ cannot be represented by a single specific chemical formula
FAT OIL
Physical state at room temp (25°C) solid or semi-solid liquid
Source animal plant (and fish)
lard, butter vegetable oil, fish oil
Examples
Although solids at RT, warmer body Fishes would have some serious
temp of the living animal keeps the problems if the TAGs “solidified”
fat somewhat liquid (semi-solid). in cold water.
Fats and Oils | 24 of 108

Lipids Fats and Oils ➢ naturally occurring mixtures of triacylglycerols
➢ cannot be represented by a single specific chemical formula
FAT OIL
Composition predominantly saturated fatty acids, predominantly unsaturated fatty acids
or trans- fatty acids
Effect in melting point _______________ ______________

(The “linearity” of the FA chains results to (The “bends” in the FA chains make the
close packing and higher surface area of TAGs not pack as tightly; lower surface
contact) area of contact)

Lipids Fats and Oils

Lipids Fats and Oils
Margarine
• alternative to butter
• mainly made of refined vegetable oil
(some may have animal fat additive)
decrease in the no. of double bonds,

decrease in “bends” in FA chains,
______________ increased melting point (solidified)

Lipids Dietary Considerations and Triacylglycerols
• Generally, nations having high dietary intakes of triacylglycerols (fats and oils) tend
to have higher incidences of heart diseases and some types of cancer.
• The relationship of the daily TAGs intake and the risk for such diseases is not just
dependent on the amount of intake.
In dietary discussions,
dietary fat = triacylglycerols
Thus, dietary fat can be either a “fat” or an “oil”.
Determinants of body ❑ _____ of dietary fat

responses to dietary fat: ❑ _______ of dietary fat
Dietary Considerations and Triacylglycerols | 28 of 108

“Good Fats” versus “Bad Fats” Current dietary
recommendations:
Saturated fats = “_______”
Studies showed that saturated fats Fat intake = 30% of total
can increase the risk for CVDs. calories
comprising of:
Monounsaturated FAs = “________”
Studies showed that MUFAs decrease heart
15% monounsaturated fats
disease and breast cancer risks. 10% polyunsaturated fats
High amounts in olive, avocado, canola oil <10% saturated fats
Polyunsaturated FAs can be “Good

Fats” or “Bad Fats”
*depends on the omega FA classification
Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids
✓ intake of foods rich in _________ fatty acids
→ low risk for heart diseases (among other benefits)
Cold-water fish or
“fatty fish” are rich
in omega-3 FAs.
Fish do not make the omega-3
fatty acids within themselves.
These FAs are from the algae
they feed on.

Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids

Essential Fatty Acids ➢ fatty acids that must be obtained from dietary sources
because they ______________________ within the body
Both are needed for proper

membrane structure and are
starting materials for other
longer ω-6 and ω-3
Linoleic Acid (18:2) Linolenic Acid (18:3)

primary member of omega-6 family primary member of omega-3 family
Arachidonic acid – major starting EPA and DHA – constituents of the

material of eicosanoids (messenger lipids) communication membranes of the brain;
necessary for normal brain development

Lipids Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols
Hydrolysis
Saponification
Hydrogenation
Oxidation
Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols | 33 of 108

Hydrolysis
➢ ______________________ process by which TAGs were formed
➢ cleavage of ester bonds in the presence of water
When carried out in the laboratory, free fatty acids
acidic
conditions
basic
conditions
fatty acid salts

(carboxylates)

Hydrolysis
Final products of
complete hydrolysis of TAGs:
✓
✓
(identity depends if simple or
mixed TAG)

Hydrolysis
In the human body, TAGs hydrolysis happens through digestion with the help of enzymes (lipase)
With enzymes, outer ester linkage is
cleaved producing DAG then further
cleavage produces MAG
Final products of
partial hydrolysis of TAGs:
(in human body)
lipase
✓ 2-MAG
(________________)
✓
(identity depends if simple or
mixed TAG)

Saponification
➢ hydrolysis in ______ solution producing ______________________

Saponification
reaction involved in
soap-making
process
(animal fat or
cooking oil)

Lipids Cleansing Action of Soaps and Detergents
Soap Detergent
- carboxylic acid salt - sulfonic acid salt
SOAP
DETERGENT

The cleansing action of soaps and

detergents relates to the ___________
of the carboxylate or sulfonate ions
interacts with
interacts with water
grease/oil
micelle
Handwashing Against Coronavirus

Handwashing Against Coronavirus
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Hydrogenation
➢ addition of hydrogen across C—C multiple bonds, which __________________________
complete
hydrogenation

Hydrogenation
Peanut butter from peanut oil, Risk:
and soft-spread margarine from Some of the cis- bonds can be converted
to trans- bonds producing trans fats
vegetable oil are formed via
partial hydrogenation
Trans fats are known to raise “bad” (LDL)
cholesterol. Thus, too much dietary
intake of trans fat is not healthy.
In some applications, oils

are being ____________
_____________ to have a
“trans fat free” product.

Oxidation
➢ double bonds in TAGs are oxidized by molecular oxygen (O2 from air) as the oxidizing agent
➢ leads to C=C __________ producing aldehyde and carboxylic acid products
• such products have objectionable odors: ________________

• To avoid rancidity, ____________ are added as preservatives.
• During perspiration, rapid oxidation of the TAGs in sweat is promoted

by microorganisms in the skin, generating “body odor”.

Hydrolysis
Saponification
Hydrogenation
Oxidation

Lipids Recall
What are the important triacylglycerol reactions?
A) hydrolysis, hydrogenation, oxidation

B) hydrogenation, saponification, hydrolysis
C) hydrolysis, saponification, hydrogenation, oxidation
D) hydrolysis, saponification, oxidation, hydrohalogenation
47 of 108
Lipids Bonus Quiz (worth 1 pt)
Cell Membrane | 48 of 108

Lipids
Discussion Outline
2. Fatty Acids
3. Triacylglycerols
6. Messenger Lipids
7. Biological Waxes
49 of 108
phospholipids
steroid hormones
eicosanoids
cholesterol
50 of 108
Lipids Membrane Lipids ➢ comprise _____ of the cell membrane
(the rest are primarily proteins)
Three common types of membrane lipids:
Phospholipids Sphingoglycolipids Cholesterol
Membrane Lipids | 51 of 108

Lipids Phospholipids ❑ glycerol / sphingosine backbone
❑ one or more fatty acid/s
❑ phosphate group
❑ alcohol attached to the phosphate group
Glycerophospholipid Sphingophospholipid
Membrane Lipids: Phospholipids | 52 of 108

Lipids Phospholipids
Glycerophospholipid • structurally looks like a triacylglycerol
Differences:
o TAG has ________
____________
o 3 ester linkages
o TAG as __________
____________
o TAG is __________;
glycerophospholipid
is _______

Glycerophospholipid
Phosphoric acid is the parent

source of phosphate.
forms an ester
linkage with the
glycerol backbone
phosphate group

Glycerophospholipid

Glycerophospholipid
If the glycerophospholipid contains choline, it is called
phosphatidylcholine
✓ also known as _________

✓ waxy solid that forms colloidal
suspensions in water
✓ prevalent in the cell membrane
✓ good dietary sources: egg yolk, soybeans
✓ also used as emulsifiers in mayonnaise,

custard, ice cream

Glycerophospholipid
If the glycerophospholipid contains ethanolamine, it is called
phosphatidylethanolamine
✓ both are known as _________

If the glycerophospholipid contains serine, it is called
✓ found in heart and lung tissues,
high concentration in the brain phosphatidylserine
✓ important in blood clotting
Glycerophospholipid
polar non-polar
(hydrophilic) (hydrophobic)

Sphingophospholipid
forms the amide

linkage with the forms an ester
fatty acid linkage with the
phosphate group

Sphingophospholipid
If the sphingophospholipid contains choline
(esterified to the phosphate group), it is called
sphingomyelin
✓ sphingomyelins are
found in all cell
membranes
✓ important structural
component of
_______________
protective and insulating

coating surrounding the
neurons

Sphingophospholipid

Lipids Sphingoglycolipids ❑ sphingosine backbone
❑ one fatty acid
❑
Membrane Lipids: Sphingoglycolipids | 62 of 108

Lipids Sphingoglycolipids
cerebroside - single monosaccharide unit
(either __________________)
galactocerebroside
✓ occurs primarily in the brain (7% of dry mass)

Lipids Sphingoglycolipids
ganglioside - complex sphingoglycolipid
- with branched chain of up to
______ monosaccharide residues
✓ occurs in the gray matter

of the brain as well as in
the myelin sheath

Lipids Cholesterol
• third major type of membrane lipids Cholesterol is a steroid.
• a specific compound rather than a family
of compounds A steroid is a lipid whose structure is based on
a fused-ring system of three 6-membered rings
and one 5-membered ring.
❑ ___________
__________
❑ no ______ or
sphingosine
backbone
❑ lack of a large polar group causes cholesterol

to have limited water solubility
Membrane Lipids: Cholesterol | 65 of 108

Lipids Cholesterol
• third major type of membrane lipids
• a specific compound rather than a family
of compounds ✓ important in human cell membranes, nerve
tissue, brain tissue
✓ important in chemical synthesis of various
hormones and vitamins
• Liver synthesizes ~1 g of cholesterol every

day; thus, ________________ to consume
cholesterol from the diet
• Cholesterol ingestion __________ cholesterol

biosynthesis, but the reduction is less than
the amount ingested.
• ↑dietary intake of cholesterol

↑ total body cholesterol level
Membrane Lipids: Cholesterol | 66 of 108

Lipids Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
✓ lipid-based structure that separates aqueous interior of a cell from the
aqueous environment surrounding the cell
✓ __________________________ into and out of the cell
up to 80% of plasma membrane is

lipid material

Lipids Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
fluid → cell membrane is _________ and molecules can move
Fluid-Mosaic Model around and within it
mosaic → membrane contains ____________________

Lipids Cell Membrane
➢ Lipid Bilayer
up to 80% of plasma membrane
is lipid material
phospholipids
sphingoglycolipids
Lipid bilayer
• 6-9 nanometers thick
• contains at least one
polar head unsaturated fatty acid
(hydrophilic)
with the bends (due to the cis
bonds) in the carbon chain,
non-polar tail tight packing of the FA chains
(hydrophobic) is prevented (_____________)

Lipids Membrane Lipids ➢ comprise 80% of the cell membrane
(the rest are primarily proteins)
Three common types of membrane lipids:
Phospholipids Sphingoglycolipids Cholesterol
Membrane Lipids | 70 of 108

➢ Cholesterol
- helps regulate membrane fluidity
and permeability
- fused-ring system does not allow
rotation of fatty acid tails in the
vicinity
- fits between fatty acid chains of
the lipid bilayer preventing them
to stiffen when in contact
If ________, too many molecules

would pass into the cell.
If _______, not enough molecules
can pass into the cell.
➢ Membrane Proteins Integral Membrane Protein
___________ the cell membrane
- responsible for moving substances
(nutrients, electrolytes) across the Peripheral Membrane Protein
membrane located ___________ of the cell membrane
- act as receptors that bind

hormones and neurotransmitters
- involved in cell-cell recognition

Lipids Transport Across the Cell Membrane


Passive Transport Facilitated Transport Active Transport
Concentration high → low conc high → low conc low → high conc
gradient (with the gradient) (with the gradient) (against the gradient)
Cellular energy none none involves energy supplied
expenditure by ATP
Protein help none protein carriers/ protein pumps
transporters
Molecules/ions that O2, N2, urea, ethanol glucose, chloride (Cl–), Na+, K+, H+
cross through the bicarbonate (HCO3–)
process
Lipids
Discussion Outline
2. Fatty Acids
3. Triacylglycerols
6. Messenger Lipids
7. Biological Waxes
76 of 108
phospholipids
steroid hormones
eicosanoids
cholesterol

Lipids Bile Acids ➢ Emulsification Lipids
Emulsifier – substance that can _________________ water-insoluble
substances as colloidal particles in an aqueous solution
Bile Acid
_____________________ that
functions as an emulsifying agent
that makes dietary lipids soluble
in an aqueous environment of the
digestive tract
• Approx. 1/3 of cholesterol produced
by the liver is converted to bile acids.
similar to the action of soap in
washing process
Emulsifying Lipids: Bile Acids | 78 of 108
Lipids Bile Acids
➢ tri- or dihydroxy
cholesterol derivatives
➢ The ___________ side chain is oxidized to a carboxylic acid
Simple (free)
Bile Acids
Simple bile acids are not the actual emulsifying agents in lipid digestion.

Lipids Bile Acids
➢ The oxidized acid side chain
is bonded to an amino acid
(either _______ or _______)
through an amide linkage
➢ Complexed bile acids have

enhanced emulsifying ability
due to stronger hydrophilicity Complexed
Bile Acids

Lipids Bile Acids
Bile
➢ fluid containing emulsifying agents secreted by the _____, stored in the
_____________, and released into the small intestine during digestion
➢ bile acids, bile pigments (breakdown products of hemoglobin)
Schematic representation
of the enterohepatic
circulation of bile acids

Lipids Quick Quiz
What cholesterol derivative(s) function as a lipid-emulsifying

agent in the aqueous environment of the digestive tract?
A. Cholic acid
B. 12-deoxycholic acid
C. 7-deoxycholic acid
D. All of these
Bile Acids | 82 of 108

Lipids
Discussion Outline
2. Fatty Acids
3. Triacylglycerols
6. Messenger Lipids
7. Biological Waxes
83 of 108
phospholipids
steroid hormones
eicosanoids
cholesterol

Lipids Messenger Lipids
Hormones – biochemical substances produced by a ductless gland
that has a messenger function; serve as a means of communication
between various tissues
(Some, but not all, hormones are lipids)
Steroid hormone Eicosanoid

derivative of _________ derivative of _________
Arachidonic acid
Messenger Lipids | 85 of 108

Lipids Steroid Hormones
Sex Hormones control reproduction and secondary sex characteristics
Three major subclasses:
Estrogens Androgens Progestins
• _____________________ • _________________ • _________________
• synthesized in ovaries and • synthesized in testes • synthesized in ovaries
adrenal cortex
and adrenal cortex and placenta
• dev’t of female secondary sex
characteristics at puberty • dev’t of male secondary • prepare the lining of
• regulation of menstrual cycle sex characteristics at uterus for implantation
• stimulate dev’t of mammary puberty of fertilized ovum
glands during pregnancy • suppress ovulation
• promote muscle growth
• induce esterus (heat) in
animals
Messenger Lipids: Steroid Hormones | 86 of 108


Testosterone and estradiol are ___________ to either

males or females. Only when the proportion of these
two hormones becomes upset can one observe
symptoms of ________________________.

Oral Contraceptives
Estrogens Progestins
generally a _________ of synthetic
estrogen and progestin
to prevent ________, thus creating
a false state of pregnancy

Anabolic Steroids Androgens

include illegal steroid drugs used by some
athletes to build up muscle strength and
enhance endurance, but are known to
have some serious side effects

Adrenocorticoid Hormones
➢ produced by _________________
➢ 28 different hormones have been isolated from the adrenal cortex
Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids
• control the balance of Na+ • control glucose metabolism
and K+ ions in cells and counteract inflammation

Adrenocorticoid Hormones
➢ produced by adrenal glands
➢ 28 different hormones have been isolated from the adrenal cortex
Glucocorticoids
Steroidal Anti-
inflammatory Drugs • control glucose metabolism
and counteract inflammation

Lipids Messenger Lipids
Hormones – biochemical substances produced by a ductless gland
that has a messenger function; serve as a means of communication
between various tissues
(Some, but not all, hormones are lipids)
Steroid hormone Eicosanoid

derivative of cholesterol derivative of fatty acids
Arachidonic acid
Messenger Lipids | 93 of 108

Lipids Eicosanoids
➢ _______________ (20:4) derivatives
➢ hormone-like molecules that exert their effects in the tissues where they are
synthesized
➢ usually have a ________________
➢ have profound physiological effects at extremely low concentrations
Include mediation of:

• inflammatory response
• production of pain and fever
• regulation of blood pressure
• induction of blood clotting
• control of reproductive functions, such as induction of labor
• regulation of sleep/wake cycle
Messenger Lipids: Eicosanoids | 94 of 108

Lipids Eicosanoids
Precursor

Lipids Eicosanoids
Prostaglandin
C20 fatty acid derivative containing
_____________ ring and oxygen-
containing functional groups
Involved in:
• raising body temperature
• inhibiting secretion of gastric juices
• increasing secretion of protective
mucus layer into the stomach
• relaxing and contracting smooth muscle
• directing water and electrolyte balance
Some steroidal (cortisone) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs) (aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen) target the
• intensifying pain and enhancing
prostaglandin synthesis. inflammation responses
They have anti-pyretic (fever reducing) and mild analgesic
(pain relieving) properties).
Lipids Eicosanoids
Thromboxane
______________ ring and oxygen-
containing functional groups
Produced by blood platelets to promote

formation of blood clots

Lipids Eicosanoids
Leukotriene
__________________________
and hydroxy groups
Promote inflammatory and

hypersensitivity (allergy) responses

Lipids
Discussion Outline
2. Fatty Acids
3. Triacylglycerols
6. Messenger Lipids
7. Biological Waxes
99 of 108
phospholipids
steroid hormones
eicosanoids
cholesterol
Classifications of Lipids 100

| of 108
Lipids Biological Waxes ➢ Protective-Coating Lipids
➢ ___________ of a long-chain fatty acid and a long-chain alcohol
Ester linkage
Fatty acids in biological waxes: Alcohols in biological waxes:

- generally saturated fatty acids - may be saturated or unsaturated
- contain 14-36 carbon atoms - contain 16-30 carbon atoms
Biological Waxes 101

| of 108
Lipids Biological Waxes ➢ Protective-Coating Lipids
➢The water-insoluble and
water-repellent properties
result from the complete
dominance of the
______________ of the
long hydrocarbon chains

| of 108
Lipids
Discussion Outline
2. Fatty Acids
3. Triacylglycerols
6. Messenger Lipids
7. Biological Waxes
103 of 108
Lipids Saponifiable and Non-saponifiable Lipids
Saponifiable Lipids
- lipids that can undergo saponification to yield two or more small
molecules
Linkage makeup:
3 ester bonds
4 ester bonds
1 amide and 2 ester bonds
1 amide, 1 ester, 1 glycosidic bond
1 ester bond

| of 108
Lipids Bonus Quiz (worth 1 pt)
105 of 108
Lipids
END OF CHAPTER
106 of 108

3 - Lipids

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LIPIDS

Structures and Functions

triacylglycerols sphingoglycolipids bile acids biological waxes

Classifications of Lipids | 4 of 108

Saponifiable Lipids Non-saponifiable Lipids

Classifications of Lipids | 5 of 108

o Long-chain fatty acids : C12 to C26

o Two types according to saturation: _________ and ____________

Fatty Acids | 7 of 108

Other possible structural notations:

Fatty Acids | 8 of 108

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFAs)

o Presence of ___ double bond in

Fatty Acids | 9 of 108

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs)

o two or more cis- double bonds

Fatty Acids | 10 of 108

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs)

Therefore, ____ signifies a C18 fatty acid

Fatty Acids | 11 of 108

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs)

omega-3 fatty acid

omega-6 fatty acid

Fatty Acids | 12 of 108

Fatty Acids | 13 of 108

1. Type designation (SFA, MUFA, or PUFA) for the fatty acid

2. Numerical shorthand designation

Fatty Acids | 14 of 108

• ____________ carbon chain

Fatty Acids | 15 of 108

long-chain fatty acids are insoluble

Fatty Acids | 16 of 108

more double bonds,

✓ melting point is lower

Fatty Acids | 17 of 108

A fatty acid is a naturally occurring _________________ acid that nearly

A) monocarboxylic; even; branched

triacylglycerols sphingoglycolipids bile acids biological waxes

Classifications of Lipids | 20 of 108

Glycogen is the most widespread Triacylglycerols are more efficient in

Triacylglycerols are the _________________

Fats and Oils | 24 of 108

Effect in melting point _______________ ______________

Fats and Oils | 25 of 108

Fats and Oils | 26 of 108

decrease in the no. of double bonds,

Fats and Oils | 27 of 108

Determinants of body ❑ _____ of dietary fat

Dietary Considerations and Triacylglycerols | 28 of 108

Polyunsaturated FAs can be “Good

Dietary Considerations and Triacylglycerols | 30 of 108

Dietary Considerations and Triacylglycerols | 31 of 108

Both are needed for proper

Linoleic Acid (18:2) Linolenic Acid (18:3)

Arachidonic acid – major starting EPA and DHA – constituents of the

Dietary Considerations and Triacylglycerols | 32 of 108

Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols | 33 of 108

When carried out in the laboratory, free fatty acids

fatty acid salts

Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols | 34 of 108

Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols | 35 of 108

Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols | 36 of 108

Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols | 37 of 108

o Two types according to saturation: _ and ____

Effect in melting point _