Topic 1

Particulate
Nature of
Matter
 Matter

States of Brownian
Diffusion
Matter Motion
 Properties

Structure

Changes of
States of Matter
states: curve
Matter

Changes of state:
Brownian Motion
kinetic theory
Pressure &
Diffusion
Temperature
 Kinetic Theory of Particles

• All matter is made from invisible tiny particles. The particles can be
called atoms, molecules or ions and can be different sizes.

• The particles move all the time. High temperature = fast movement

• At any temperature, heavier particles move slower than lighter ones.

 Properties

Structure

Changes of
States of Matter
states: curve
Matter

Changes of state:
Brownian Motion
kinetic theory
Pressure &
Diffusion
Temperature
1.1.1 Structure and Properties of Matter

Learning Targets :

• State the distinguishing properties of solids,

liquids and gases
• Describe the structure of solids, liquids and
gases in terms of particle separation,
arrangement and types of motion
 Matter

Solid Liquid Gas

 Shap
e
Volum Arrangemen
e t

States
of Intermolecular
Compressio matter spaces
n

Intermolecula
Movemen r forces
t
WS 1.1.1 Structure and Properties of Matter
https://www.liveworksheets.com/vl1708845qo
 Properties

Structure

Changes of
States of Matter
states: curve
Matter

Changes of state:
Brownian Motion
kinetic theory
Pressure &
Diffusion
Temperature
1.1.2 Changes in States of Matter

Learning Targets :

• Describe changes of state in terms of melting,

boiling, evaporation, freezing, condensation and
sublimation
• Explain changes of state in terms of the kinetic
theory
Changes of State
GAS

bo
il i

n
ng

tio
sa
en

n
nd

ti o

co
co

ma

nd
e
bli

ns
a
su

tio
n
melting
SOLID LIQUID
freezing
What to look for?
CHANGES OF STATE

Solid to liquid = melting

Liquid to gas = boiling or evaporation
Gas to liquid = condensation
Liquid to solid = freezing

Sometimes a solid may change directly into a gas – missing out

the liquid stage.
This is called SUBLIMATION. Iodine is a black solid. It sublimes to
form a purple gas.
Heating Curve
Phase A
• Solid
• Temperature
increases
• Heat energy is
y
absorbed
• Heat energy → kinetic
E energy
x
D • Particles vibrate
faster about a fixed
C
point
B • Particles move further
A
apart
• Increase in volume
• Expansion of solid
As temperature increases, heat energy absorbed causes movement in
particles.
Heating Curve Phase B
• Solid + liquid
• Temperature is
constant, x°C (melting
point)
y • Heat energy
absorbed is sufficient
to weaken the strong
E
x
D
force of attraction
• Particles move out of
C their fixed positions
• Particles slip and slide
B
over each other in a
A continuous random
motion
• Solid starts to melt
Heating Curve Phase C
• Liquid
• Temperature starts to
increase
• Heat energy is
y absorbed
• Heat energy → kinetic
energy
E
x
D
• Particles move
around closely to each
C other
• Particles move further
B
apart
A • Increase in volume
• Expansion of liquid
Heating Curve
Phase D
• Liquid + gas
• Temperature is
y constant, y°C (boiling
point)
• Heat energy
E absorbed is sufficient
x
D
to break the force of
C
attraction
• Particles move in
B
random motion
A • Liquid starts to boil
Heating Curve
Phase C
• Gas
• Temperature starts to
y increase
• Heat energy is
absorbed
E • Heat energy → kinetic
x
D
energy
C • Particles move in
random motion
B
• Increase in volume
A • Expansion of gas
Value of melting point and boiling point depends on the intermolecular
forces between particles
A pure substance melts and boils at definite temperatures.
An impure substance lowers melting point and rises boiling point.
 Sublimation - in terms of
Kinetic Particle Theory
• When the solid is heated, heat
energy is absorbed. Particles
gain kinetic energy and move
faster.
• At a certain temperature the
vibrations become so violent that
the particles break free
completely from each other, and
move randomly.
The solid then becomes a gas
directly. Sublimation occurs.
Evaporation vs Boiling
Similarity : Both involve the change of state from
liquid to gas.

Differences :
Boiling Evaporation
Takes place at boiling Takes place at any
point of the liquid temperature below
takes place throughout the takes place at the surface
liquid of the liquid
very fast process very slow process
Predicting physical states
Substance X has m.p. -460C and b.p. 1670C.
What is its physical state at
(i) room temperature (ii) -100C (iii) -500C ?
Predicting physical states
Substance X has m.p. -460C and b.p. 1670C.
What is its physical state at
(i) room temperature (ii) -100C (iii) -500C ?

SOLID LIQUID GAS

- 460C 250C 1670C

sl lg
WS 1.1.2 Changes in States of Matter
 Properties

Structure

Changes of
States of Matter
states: curve
Matter

Changes of state:
Brownian Motion
kinetic theory
Pressure &
Diffusion
Temperature
1.1.3 Pressure & Temperature of Gas
Learning Targets :

• Describe qualitatively the pressure and

temperature of a gas in terms of the motion of its
particles
All gases exert pressure
The pressure depends on :
• temperature of the gas
• the volume it takes up
• particles are moving fast
• hit the walls of the container
-exert pressure on them
• Heat – increase in
temperature
• particles move even faster
• hit the walls more often, and
with more force
• gas pressure increases

• Large spaces between

particles
• Compression – reduce
volume
• hit the walls more often, gas
pressure increases
Conclusion ….

• When you heat a gas in a closed container, its

pressure increases. T↑, P↑
• When a gas is compressed into a smaller
space, its pressure increases. V↓, P↑
WS 1.1 Exercise
 Matter

States of Brownian
Diffusion
Matter Motion
1.2 Brownian Motion

Learning Targets :

• Show an understanding of the random motion of particles

in a suspension (sometimes known as Brownian motion) as
evidence for the kinetic particle (atoms, molecules or ions)
model of matter
• Describe and explain Brownian motion in terms of random
molecular bombardment
• State evidence for Brownian motion
• Particles in a fluid (liquid or gas) will move around
in random directions and collide with each other
and their surroundings.
• When they collide, they change direction.
• This random movement will cause them to spread
out or diffuse through a liquid, this can be
observed through a colour change or by a
reaction occurring where two substances meet.
Describe and explain Brownian motion in terms of random
molecular bombardment 
Describe and explain Brownian motion in terms of random
molecular bombardment 
State evidence for Brownian motion
 Matter

States of Brownian
Diffusion
Matter Motion
1.3 Diffusion

Learning Targets :

• Describe and explain diffusion

• Describe and explain dependence of rate of diffusion

on molecular mass
Diffusion
Spreading of gas or liquid particles from more concentrated area
to less concentrated one
The particles mix and
spread by colliding
with other moving
particles and
bouncing off in all
directions.
 Diffusion in solid

•The blue colour of copper(II) sulphate fills up the entire test tube after a few days
•Copper(II) sulphate crystals are made of copper(II) ions and sulphate ions which
are tiny and discrete.
•The particles in the copper(II) sulphate crystal will separate to become ions and
diffuse randomly upwards until the whole agar turns blue.
Diffusion in liquids

• Blue crystals dissolve, sulfate particles fill inter molecular spaces of water
• Both water and sulfate particles are in a continuous random motion& collide
• Blue colour of copper sulfate spreads gradually as the blue particles diffuse
in water
• Water becomes uniformly blue.
Diffusion in gas
Diffusion
Mass
Rate of
Gas > diffusion
Temperatur
liquid > e
solid
 (Mr of ammonia = 17,
Mr of hydrogen
chloride = 36.5).

• The particles in hydrogen chloride gas are twice as heavy as those in ammonia gas.
• Cotton wool soaked in ammonia solution is put into one end of a long tube (at A below). It gives off
ammonia gas.
• At the same time, cotton wool soaked in hydrochloric acid is put into the other end of the tube (at B).
It gives off hydrogen chloride gas.
• The gases diffuse along the tube.
• White smoke forms where they meet: The white smoke forms closer to B. So, the ammonia particles
have travelled further than the hydrogen chloride particles – which means they have travelled faster.
The lower the mass of its particles, the faster a gas will diffuse. When particles collide and bounce
away, the lighter particles will bounce further. The particles in the two gases above are molecules.
The mass of a molecule is called its relative molecular mass. The lower its relative molecular mass,
the faster a gas will diffuse
WS 1.3 & 1.4 Exercise