Chapter 1

States of matter
1.1 Kinetic model of matter
1.2 Changes of state
1.3 Heat curve
1.4 Diffusion

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1.1 Kinetic model of matter B) Liquid
Matter is made up of particles
A) Solid
Particles are loosely
packed
Particles are closely
They have less
packed
arrangement or order
They have regular
arrangement or order
There are less strong forces of
There are strong forces of attraction attraction between particles
between particles Particles only vibrate about their
Particles only vibrate about their positions and move from one point to
positions another
Liquids are very difficult to compress
Solids are incompressible
They have high density
They have high density
They can flow
They cannot flow 2
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1.1 Kinetic model of matter
C) Gases Behaviour of Gas
1) Volume of gas is directly
Particles have large proportional to its temperature
distance between them

They have no
V ∝ T Charles Law
At higher temperature, particles gain
arrangement kinetic energy and they tend to move
farther apart
The forces of attractions between 2) Pressure of gas is inversely
particles are negligible proportional to volume of gas at
constant temperature
Particles move around at high speeds in
random directions due to uneven
collisions
P ∝ V
1 Boyles law

They have very low density At higher pressure the distance

Gases can flow between particles reduces hence the
volume decreases
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1.2 Changes of state Melting point:

E It is the fixed and constant

temperature at which a pure solid
changes into liquid

Boiling point:
A B
It is the fixed and constant
temperature at which a pure liquid
D C
changes into gas

Note:
Solids Liquids Gases An impurity can lower the melting
point and increases the boiling point
F of a substance

A: Melting An impure water will boil at range of

B: Boiling
temperatures above 100°C ( 104°C to
C: Condensation D: Freezing 108°C)

F: Solidification An impure ice will melt at range of

E: Sublimation
temperatures below 0° C
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1.2 Changes of state
Determining state of matter at room
temperature (25°C) Examples for room temperature

A) If m.p and b.p are both below room i) Cl2 m.p: -101°C b.p: -35°C
temperature the substance will be in a State at room temperature: Gas
Gaseous state at room temperature

B) If m.p is below room temperature and ii) I2 m.p: 114°C b.p: 184°C
b.p above then the substance will be in a
State at room temperature: Solid
Liquid state at room temperature

C) If m.p and b.p are both above room iii) Br2 m.p: -7.2°C b.p: 59°C
temperature the substance will be in a
State at room temperature: Liquid
Solid state at room temperature

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 Temp ° C
1.3 Heat curve
F
It represents temperature of substance
against time in different states D
100° -
E

B
0° -
C

-15° Time/ min

Ice at -15° A
A to B: Solid State, Heat is absorbed to increase
temperature of substance (increase in Kinetic
energy)
B to C: Bond breaking solid to liquid: melting
C to D: Liquid State, Heat is absorbed to increase
temperature of substance
D to E: Bond breaking liquid to gas: Boiling
E to F: Heat is absorbed to increase temperature
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1.4 Diffusion
A process by which particles of liquid e.g Arrange following gases
or gas move from region of higher in order from slow to fast.
concentration to region of lower
O2, N2, Cl2, NH3, SO3, He, CH4, H2
concentration
1) O2 = 16 x 2 = 32
Factors affecting rate of diffusion
2) N2 = 14 x 2 = 28
1) Temperature 3) Cl2 = 35.5 x 2 = 71

At higher temperature, the rate of 4) NH3 = 14 + (1 x 3) = 17

diffusion is higher as particles have 5) SO3 = 32 + (16 x 3) = 80
greater kinetic energy and hence
6) He = 4
move faster
7) CH4 = 12 + (1 x 4) = 16
2) Molecular mass of particles
8) H2 = 1 x 2 = 2
Heavier particles tend to diffuse at a
slower rate.
SO3, Cl2, O2, N2, NH3, CH4, He, H2
Slow
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