Matter and the

Atomic Structure
CHEMISTRY FORM 4 KSSM
 Content Standard

Basic concepts of matter 2.1

The historical development
of the atomic model
2.2
Structure of atom 2.3
Isotopes and its uses 2.4
2.1 Basic
Concepts
of Matter

Prepared by:
Nurulkamilah binti Khairir
2.1 Basic Concepts of Matter

2.1.1 Describe matter briefly

2.1.2 Explain the changes in the states

of matter

2.1.3 Determine the melting point and

freezing point of naphthalene
through activity
What is matter (with matter)?

Changes in state of matter

The change of state of matter
is caused by heating & cooling

Example
Four states of matter
Plasma is an ionized gas. Ice cream melts because it absorbs heat
Most stars exist as plasma energy and changes from solid to liquid
state. Water vapour in the air that comes
in contact with cold surface loses heat and
State of matter forms water droplets on the surface.
Matter can exist in three
states; solid, liquid and gas

Meaning
Matter is something that Matter consist of particles that are tiny and
has mass and occupies discrete
space
 Conversion between states of matter
Deposition
Condensation

Freezing

Gas

Liquid
Boiling/
Evaporation
Solid
Melting

Sublimation

Key:
Heat energy absorbed
Heat energy released
State of matter Solid Liquid Gas

Particles closely Particles closely

Arrangement of Particles are far
packed in an packed but not in
particles apart
orderly manner an orderly manner

Higher than solid

Kinetic energy Low Very high
state

Attraction force Strong but less

Strong Weak
between particles than solid state
Activity 2.1
Page 25 Form 4 KSSM Chemistry Text Book
 Classification of matter
Matter

Element Compound

Atom Molecule Molecule Ion

Carbon, C Oxygen, O2 Water, H2O Sodium chloride, NaCl

 Melting Point and Freezing Point

Melting Point
Melting point is the constant temperature when
Your Picture Here
a substance changes from solid state to
become liquid at a specific pressure Your Picture Here

Freezing Point
Freezing point is a constant temperature when
a substance changes from liquid state to
become solid at a specific pressure
Activity 2.2
Page 26 Form 4 KSSM Chemistry Text Book
 Discussion
1. During the heating of naphthalene, C10H8:
(a) Why is naphthalene, C10H8 not heating directly using the Bunsen burner?
(b) Why is a water bath used?

(a) Naphthalene is a flammable substance

(b) Water bath method helps to distribute heat evenly. This ensures even
heating
2. During the cooling of naphthalene, C10H8:
(a) Why is the boiling tube put into a conical flask?
(b) Why is a naphthalene, C10H8 stirred continously?
(c) Predict what would happen if naphthalene, C10H8 is not stirred continously
(a) To ensure even cooling
(b) To distribute heat evenly
(c) Supercooling will happen

3. Explain why the temperature becomes constant when melting and freezing
of naphthalene, C10H8 take place.

During melting, heat energy that is absorbed by the naphthalene particles

C10H8 is used to overcome attraction force between the particles so that the
solid changes to liquid.
During cooling, heat energy that is released to the surroundings is balanced by
the heat energy released when particles attract each other to form a solid.
 Test Yourself 2.1 (page 29)
1. State the types of particles that exist in a copper wire.

Atom

2. Lily dries her hair with a hair dryer

(a) Name the process involved during hair drying
(b) Sate the changes in the movement of water particles when hair is dried

(a) Evaporation
(b) Water molecules move more freely and faster
3. Lauric acid, C12H24O2 is heated from room temperature to 50 oC. At 43 oC,
lauric acid, C12H24O2 starts to melt.
(a) Draw a heating curve for lauric acid, C12H24O2.
(b) Why is the temperature constant at 43 oC?

(b) Heat energy that is absorbed

by the lauric acid particles,
C12H24O2 is used to overcome
attraction force between the
particles until the solid
changes to liquid.
2.2 The
Development of
the Atomic Model
2.1 Basic Concepts of Matter

2.2.1 State the subatomic particles in

atoms of various elements

2.2.2 Compare & contrast the relative

mass and relative charge of proton,
electron and neutron
2.2.3 Sequence the atomic structure
models based on Atomic Models of
Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr
and Chadwick
Subatomic Particles
Activity 2.3
Page 29 Form 4 KSSM Chemistry Text Book
Development of
the Atomic
Structure of
Model
 John Dalton
(1766 – 1844)

• Matter is made up of • Same elements have the

particles called atom same atoms

• An atom is the smallest

spherical body that
cannot be created,
destroyed nor divided
further
 J.J. Thomson
(1856 – 1940)

• Discover negatively-
charged particles called
electrons

• Atom is a positively-
charged sphere with
several electrons in it
 Ernest Rutherford
(1871 - 1937)

• Nucleus is the centre of • Electrons move outside

the atom the nucleus

• Discovered positively-
charged particles called
protons in the nucleus

• Almost the whole of

atomic mass is
concentrated in the
nucleus
 Niels Bohr
(1855 – 1962)

• Electrons in an atom
move in shells around
the nucleus
 James Chadwick
(1891 – 1974)

• Discovered neutral
particles, that are
neutrons in the nucleus

• Neutrons contribute
almost half of the mass
of an atom
Activity 2.4
Page 31 Form 4 KSSM Chemistry Text Book
 Test Yourself 2.2 (page 32)
1. Figure 2.10 shows the atomic structure of nitrogen.
(a) Name X.
(b) State the subatomic particles found in the nucleus of nitrogen atom
(c) Compare X and subatomic particles mentioned in (b) from the aspect of
relative charge and relative mass

(a) Electron
(b) Proton and neutron
Subatomic Electron Proton Neutron
particles
Relative charge -1 +1 Neutral
Relative mass 0 1 1
2.
• Electrons move around the nucleus in shells
• Nucleus of an atom consists of protons and neutrons

The statement above show the information on an atomic structure model.

(a) Which scientist identified it?
(b) Draw this atomic structure model

(a) James Chadwick

2.3 Atomic
Structure

Prepared by:
Nurulkamilah binti Khairir
 2.3 Atomic Structure
2.3.1 Define proton number and
nucleon number

2.3.2 Determine the nucleon number,

proton number and number of
electrons in an atom

2.3.3 Write the standard representation

of an atom

2.3.4 Construct an atomic structure

diagram and electron arrangement
Proton Number and Nucleon Number
An atom is neutral when the number of electrons is the same with the
number of protons. For example, an oxygen atom has 8 protons and also 8
electrons.
 Type of particle Sodium atom, Na Sodium ion, Na+
Number of proton 11 11
Number of neutron 12 12
Number of electron 11 10
Standard Representation of an Atom

The symbol of carbon element is C

The nucleon number of a carbon atom is 12
The proton number of a carbon atom is 6
23
11 Na
Activity 2.5
Page 34 Form 4 KSSM Chemistry Text Book
Atomic Structure and Electron
Arrangement
Proton number of aluminium is 13
An aluminium atom has 13 electrons
The electron arrangement of aluminium atom is 2.8.3
Number of valence electrons of aluminium atom is 3
Activity 2.6 & 2.7
Page 36 Form 4 KSSM Chemistry Text Book
 Test Yourself 2.3 (page 36)
Table 2.3 shows the number of protons and the number of neutrons for
elements X, Y and Z.

1. What is the nucleon number of atom Y?

23

2. Write is the standard representation of element Z.

3. Atom Y donates one electron to form ion Y+. State the number of protons,
neutrons and electrons for ion Y+

Number of proton = 11, number of neutrons = 12, number of electrons = 10

 Test Yourself 2.3 (page 36)
4. (a) Write the electron arrangement of atom X.
2.8

(b) Draw the electron arrangement

for atom X

(c) Draw the atomic structure of atom X. Label

all the subatomic particles in the diagram
2.4 Isotopes and
Its Uses
2.4 Isotopes and Its Uses

2.4.1 Deduce the meaning of isotopes

2.4.2 Calculate the relative atomic mass

of isotopes

2.4.3 Justify the usage of isotopes in

various field
 Meaning of Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the
same number of protons but different number of
neutrons.
Activity 2.8
Page 37 Form 4 KSSM Chemistry Text Book
Relative Atomic Mass of Isotopes
Uses of Isotopes
Medicine
Cobalt- 60 : In radiotherapy to kill cancer without surgery
: Sterilising surgical tools
Iodine-131 : Treatment of thyroid disorders such as
hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer

Agriculture
Phosphorus-32 : Study plant metabolism

Nuclear
Uranium-235 : Generating electricity through nuclear
power generator

Archeology
Carbon-14 : Estimation of artifacts or fossils’ age
Lead-210 : In determining the age of sand and earth
layers up to 80 years
Industry
Hydrogen-3 : As a detector to study sewage and liquid wastes

Engineering
Sodium-24 : In detecting leaking in underground pipes
 Medicine

Cobalt- 60 : Sterilising surgical tools

Cobalt- 60 : In radiotherapy to kill
cancer without surgery
 Medicine

Iodine-131 : Treatment of thyroid disorders such as

hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer
Agriculture
 Nuclear

Uranium-235 : Generating electricity through nuclear power generator

 Archaeology

Carbon-14 : Estimation of artifacts or fossils’ age

 Archaeology

Lead-210 : In determining the age of sand and earth layers up to 80 years

 Industry

Hydrogen-3 : As a detector to study sewage and liquid wastes

 Engineering

Sodium-24 : In detecting leaking in underground pipes

 Test Yourself 2.4 (page 39)
1. Define isotopes.
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same proton number / same
number of protons but with different nucleon number / number of neutrons.

2. Based on Table 2.6, which atoms are isotopes? Explain your answer.
Atoms W and X
This is because the atom W and X have the same
number of protons / same number of protons but
different nucleon number / number of neutrons.
3. Atoms of oxygen-16, oxygen-17 and oxygen-18 are isotopes. Compare and
contrast these three isotopes.

Similarity:
• This atom is from the same element, that is oxygen
• The number of protons in the nucleus of this atom is the same
• The chemical properties of these atoms are the same
Differences:
• The nucleon number of all three atoms is different. The nucleon number for
oxygen-16 is 16, the nucleon number for oxygen-17 is 17 and the nucleon
number for oxygen-18 is 18.
• The number of neutrons in the nucleus of all three atoms is different. Oxygen-
16 has 8 neutrons, oxygen-17 has 9 neutrons and oxygen-18 has 10 neutrons.
• The physical properties of all three atoms are different.
4. Magnesium exists naturally as three isotopes, which are 79.0% of 24Mg,
10.0% 25Mg and 11.0% 26Mg. Calculate the relative atomic mass of
magnesium.
Relative atomic mass of magnesium

5. Madam Maimunah was diagnosed with bone cancer.

(a) What isotope is used to treat Madam Maimunah?
(b) Explain the positive and negative effects of using the isotope in (a).
Achievement Test 2

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TEXT BOOK

40 -41
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