PERIODIC

TA-B
 Periodic Trends

① ejf

Atomic Radius
Ionization Energy
Electron Affinity

Electronegativity
Nomenclature

History
 Zeitz of
→ Atomic mum → mum Proton → attracts → electrons .

(t) c- 1

Effective Nuclear charge

nucleus
Charge of
•
.

Charge of Proton .

-é attraction
as
well

repulsion forces
as
acts
-

y.ge#enudearchY
-

only attraction
force
 outermost
Ne_tUn force of
nucleus e- in multi e-
• on
system .

Bahubali trick
•

Fnet = f-
attraction
-

Fsrepulsion Ze # = nucleus
I AST
±
•
ZEH =
inner nucleus attraction
outermost e-

$ &

outermost e- inner e-

in
/ The inner e-
•

screening effect shielding effect→

screen
multi e-
system retells outermost electron . by forming a

shield it is called effect

or
screening effect or
shielding
.

Screening effect → s > p ✗ d tf, more divide

less diffused
#
Zeff ✗
÷
01 Comparezeft
)
IS ) 2s )2p ) 3s
> 3p
3d > 4s
Stp > 49 > tf
Trends of Zeff

to R →
zest ↑

T to Bottom → Zeff is Constant

 For different ionic
species

÷%:
•
*

Compau2eH_
Nt
-

> N > N

mgt at
≥

F- < Nat < <

3
< 0-24
-

P÷;¥:÷ f
"
s > > a >
p
 Atomic Radius
in bonded molecule
defined
.

→ a =

internuclear distance
→
half of
Atomic Radius

#---
Covalent Vanderwall Metallic Ionic
Radius
Radius Radius Radius

O_O o_O
8✓>fm
A A B
B
→
*

rc=dz
His)a=% C "
)☐=ᵈg 2m¥
 Covalent Radius

= .

Homo atomic Hetero atomic

o_O O_O

/ /
H Cl HBR , HI
Enisdift
% when ,
" .

" " "" " ""

d=8AᵗrB
d- ra +43
-
-009
GEN )
Stevenson 8 Schumaker

Egn
 n.io#Radius-- Anionic Radius
Cationic Radius

m¥a
size ✗ size 4
Mag of charge
.ge

anion size > neutral

cation size < neutral

Fanion > Neutral > Ration

 isoelectronic species
have electron
series same no
of
Anion > Neutral > Cation
+ t
.

Mag of charge
✗ 2

charge
 TrendsofAtomioRadi_
sized
L to R → zest ↑
sized ,
±g
T to B → number of sheet / ↑ size ↑
" +3
Nat > mg > A /

N -3>0-2 > F- > we >

p
-3
> s
-2
> c ,
-

> Ar > K+ > cat }scᵗ3

Lit > Beth

>
Crt > ert > cotb
 Atomic size in Periods

Period H < He inert

gas → nonpolar
→ Vanderwall
force
F
PI Li Be B C N O Ne

B > c > Nso > F

Ne > Li > Be >

Si P S Ar
PI Na Mee Al Cl

Na > m9 > At > si P > s > a

Ar >
>

11 Sc > Ti > v > er > Mn > Fe =

co=Ni( cutzn
2eH< ééreplsn
Zest > e- e-
repulsion zeH= e- e-
repulsion
 sizeingroupe
GI
-
GI GI GI GIS
-
GI GI GI
O he
Li Be B C N f
n
n
n n
^
^ ^ ^
Ne
aa S Cl
wa si
my n
p n

^
n
AI n
n
^ ^ Ar
Br
K ca in Ge As se ^

^
^
n n n ^ Kr
n
Rb Tt I ^
Sr Sn Te
gb
✗e
^
^ n n
n
n
" ^
Ba Po At
pb Bi
Rn
 Gi GG Gt 48 Ga Glo GH 412
43 Gu

Sc Ti ✓ Cr Mn Fe co Nicu 2h
^ ^
^ ^ ^
^ n n n
^

Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
Y zr Nb Mo
" " 11 "
N 11 11 11 11 11

La Re
n
Hf Ta w Os Ir Pt An
Hy
AC
5M$ 6ᵗʰ Period is
Group 4-
Group 12 → size
of
equal
Reason Lanthanide Contrition size #
dsesdseriesisegnal
of
→
→
 aR
Companies
① B C Ai Si

⑦ n <

P S
② N O
At > si > B> C

{
size is
}
-

-
H

③ 1-1+2 H < H similar to size N o

④ c- 4 > N -3 0-2 > F-

⑤ F- < a-
-

µ
-
④ ④ >

[ ☐ r
g
p>s>
 lonizationEnagy_
• min energy required to remove an electron from
of isolated atom
gaseous
outermost shell , an
.

◦
Ionization
potential / Ionization Enthapy .

_¥ 5- attraction ( to overcome force we

attraction ,

provide ionization Energy )

outermost e-
Ionization Energy is always Sado thermic
DH-
 Succenirelonizatimmu
+ 19 -
Mtcg ,
+ e-

Mcg ,

+2cg
em
m 1-

mtcg
+ 1 Ez - ,
,

"cg "cg, + IE } - m
,
+ e-

Ionization Energy ✗ Oxidation state

IE } >
lez > IE
, { always }
>
Mtg, > Mt }g ( size )
Meg , ,
 -actorsaY'ᵗiY"+↑E↑
① IE 2
Zeff

① IE 2 1- size ↑ IET,
size ' "
? /i.
d ?t
③ IE &
penetration power a s >
p
> d >
fs
is more as
④ Ionization Energy of Half filled ☆
full filled
neighbours
.

is more , than
compared to partially filled so IE
Compare 131--2,2 B Ct?d%f"c>Be
si mg
B- 352
Al Si > My > At
?⃝
?⃝
Period H < He

B C F we
Li
P2_ ☆
-8 -

FF HF FF

< c. < 0 < NLF < Ne

Lis B. < Be

P3-Na-m-s-A-isi-P-Fciar-3dloconfigurngf.NU
t.PT so
A/ <

< ti
my
i
< si <

v
s

scr
< P < clear

Smn Cfe >

lEzofCu→m
co > Ni
Cupen
GI GI ¥ GÉᵈ Gis 916 417 918

Li Be B C N O F the
✓

ing
" v v u r v
Tt si
Ng P S C1 Ne
" ~ ,
V
v
Ge v v
k Cq
Ga v
~ As Ar
×
✓
se Br
%
:
At Pb ~
Rb ;
~ v
u
✓ ~
"
Cs pig In Sn ! Sb Te
I
Kr
✓
~ ~

Bi Po ye
Rn
 Gs 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Gy

3d ¥ Ti v Cr Mn Fe co Ni cu zn

Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
Yd Y zr

Au
5d La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Hg

4¥
AC

93 39 > yd > 5d " " ""

s
→

G 4. 5.6.10 →
5d > "d > 3d
% > Mo > Cr

97 8. 9111,12 5d > 3d > 4d

, →
d- Compare IE ,
and IEZ Of ① NSO ② crsemn

µ →
1522522103 Cr -33454s '

0 →
ISZZSZZPY Mn→3d5 452
N > ◦
IE , → le → Mn > Cr
,

345
25221,2
Cr →
N → 152
345 ysl
0 →
152252403 Mn →

1Ez→ 0 > N IE > → Cr > Mn

& Compare 19,122 ,
/ Ez of
Na / M9 , AI

Na → 182252 zpb 351 Na

Mg → 152 2522106 352

Namg
152 252
At →
zpb 352
3101
IE , At Na
→
mg > >

lez → Na > At > mg

IE } Na > At
→
Mg >
lsoelectwn.is/oeciesieazeHat-YeYn: ;:Fe+LF-et2
< pets

mntt > mnᵗY > mF2

+
0-2 < 0-1 < o < 0

52 a- < cat ≥
{ As {
 Applicationc.FI metallic

① metallic & non - metallic character

character
✗
¥
Metallic character Size
↳ →→meta"ic↓
↳
✗

let, metallic ↑
② Reducing & oxidizing nature
( metal have
reducing tendency) metallic characters Reducing nature
③ Acidic & basic character
of oxide
↑ acidic
non-fatal oxide ↑

/
( nonmetal oxide) ( metal oxide )

④ Determine Valence e-
no
of
.

✗ metal ↑ Basic oxide ↑

& IE ,
= Sev IE , = 200 kt / not

l5e✓
/ E. 2=350
ksymo,
V
IE , =

Group -2 Boon
metal / Es
Hdine earth 560kg / moy
family
=

1Ey=22o0kJ|m#B
Group
d- IE , = lev element

-IEz=6oev
alkali metal
IE } = goer
 Electron
gain enthalpy
◦ Reverse of Ionization Energy .

released when electron is added to an isolated

•
Energy , an

atom
gaseous
.

A- AH ve

Aeg
=
+ e-
-

(g)
→
)

successive Electron gain enthalpy

+ e-
g AH ve
AH :
looking
-

→ = -

(g)
-

]ag)e\DH=tve9#mo
☐ tiioooktlmn
AH = + re

e- e-
Repulsion
(g)
1ˢᵗ is re
enthalpy
electron
gain
_

1-
Electron affinity is tire

2nd is tree
enthalpy
electron
gain
2nd electron affinity is -
re .

he's
Formation
of polyvalent
ion AH=tre
always
enthalpy
Electron affinity is reverse
of electron
gain ,

in
signs same in
magnitude
.

A- EA
Heg
= -
 + e- cicg , DH ve
-

=
→
Clegg EA = tree

[ Ne ] 3523ps [Ne ]
3523126

Necg , + e- -
Nécg , Dh=tve/ zero

]2s22p6
Che EA
25221063s
=
' ve
Like]
-
I-ac-torsattitinsEA.LA
Zest ✗

°
EA d 1-
size

stable so it will not take

full filled
are
.

Half filled &

•

electron
Therefore
.
affinity is less or Electron
gain
Enthalpy is tv# zest ↑ EA ↑

E- At
PI H 7 He

B
P2_ Li Ee C
I 0
Fine
NesBe< NLLILBLCCOCF

PI Na
mg A, si P
F-
S C ' Ar
Dg F-

Arsmgcp < Na<A1<si< sect

 Altinityingroup
3ʳᵈ than 2nd period
Period element have more
affinity
large size
(
element due to less
repulsion)
GIY 915 916 G 17
G 13
Cl
si P S
AI w
v v v
v o F
N
Se
"
Ga v
v

u
Ge Br
v
As te
In ✓ V
✓
V Sn ✓ I
sb
~
Tl v Po
Pb
Yz Bi g
 has affinity than all 616 Elements
Group elements
.

• 17 more

ONE Compare affinity of F.cl S

electron ,
0 ,

:#
F

>

cs>O
?⃝
 Electronegativity
in covalent bond
attraction of /
shared pair bonded pair
of electron

electronegativity
is called .

EN
E- A
bonded atom
isolated atom property of
.

property of
-

• .

attracts electrons
It accepts e- gt only
• .

• .

sAHectiyEN_
◦ EN 2 zeltectire •
EN 4 tre oxidation

¥4S ¢34S
25%5 state
EN t
¥e
•

↑
•
EN 2 % s character ( sp > Spe > Sp)
 - Zest ↑ ENT

size ↑
1
"
EN ↓
 E
GI GI

B f
v
si
Al 11

Ge
n

na
in
a
^

In Pb
^

Tl
"◦
1-121
1. g- z
.nV{!Fˢ 3.0 3.5 ( main )
Li De B C N O F → Y

z.sc
P S / → 3.0

2. I

I 52h Br → 2.8

t⑦
I
2.5
Cs → 0.7

( min Em) F > 0 > N=c1 > Br > I =s=c > H =P

lb# obit 1%2417 £2T Himachal Kadesh

 Nature oxide
of
- nonmetallic ↑ acidic
↑

Acidic EN ✗ oxidate
✗
nature
"
metallic
↑
basic ↑
503 > Seo ] > Jeong
tectoy > 1113804 > HIOY

HNOS > 17203 > 1731303

 +3 +9 1-5
1-2
NO { Nzoz { Nz Oy
( Nz 05

neutraxide → NO CO NZU H2O

61¥ asf 0112T

§Ñ

Hata 31¥ d- Etas i$K# song

Amphoteric
Oxide
→

Zn Al Ga Be Lr Pb Sn
 scale
Electronegativity
rdaulingale ENA -

ENB = 0.017
É✗E☐
Mullikanale EN =

1E{EA_

(EN)mgkan_ lE¥¥A_
EN
panting =

% ionic character = 16
( ENA - EN B) 1- 3.5 ( ENA -

ENB)ʰ
6 ( BEN ) +3.5 ( DEN)2
 IUPAC Nomenclature

( N)
→ nil
6 → hex ( h)
I → Un (U)
7 →
Sept ( s )
2 bi (B) ( O )
Oct
-

g →

3 _ tri ( T
) 9 enn (E)
→

100 Unnilnilium ( Unm )

4 -

quad (a)
102 Unnilbium ( Unb ) Remove one 's
5 -

pent ( P) 112 Ununbium ( Uab )

118 Ununoctium ( Uuo )
 Mendelevium Bohr 107 Bohrium
men 101

Hass 108 Hasshium

noble / 02 nobelium

law Lawrencium meit 109 meitnerium

103

Drama 110 Dram stadium

Rutherford 04 Rutherfordium
Ront 111
Rontegiam
Dub 105 Dubenium

coper
112 copernicium
sea 106
Seaborgium
 PT
History of
Joberiner'sTñad_
•
classified elements in group of 3. (Triad )
middle element is arithmetic
• 9h triad .
atomic wtof
1st A 3rd element
mean
of
.

Be 9
Ca YO 435-5
Li 7
Sr 88 Mg 29
By go
NG 23
C9 40
Ba 137 I 127
k

4101-291=24.5
39

71-321=23 131-+21
88.5
vt+3{
81.25
Demerit → valid only in
group
→
only valid
for few elements .

F → 19

CI → 35.5 80¥ = 49.5

Br
(fait )
→ 80
 Newland law octaves
of
RE GA MA PA DHA Ni
A
2 3 4 5 6 7
I

§A
atomic wt
He arranged elements in increasing order
of
and
found
1st element .
that
every
81h element has similar
fsnfsatuto
Li Be B C N O F
Si P S Cl
Al
Na mg
K car
 Twodemerit
① Failed after discovery of inert
gas
.

② valid calcium
only upto .

¥
www.mayercurven
"

d- M :*
,
# Crest ( alkali )

/
•
"
"

i
:*
# descending → ( alkaline )
earth metal
i. d
•'
µ
.
:&.*: * ascending →
halogen
.

Transition elements
.

# Trough →

_atwt Demerit → no
practical
me
.
 Mendeelevpt
MPI :
Properties of elements are
periodic function of their
atomic
weight
.

•
9 vertical columns $ 7 horizontal rows .

elements 8 left
Men He
predicted about some undiscovered
P.T.
①
some blank
space in

Eka Aluminium →
Galium Heat 0114¥

Eka Boron →
scandium B. so

£17T Ñ
oka Silicon → Germanium
bka Technitium m.te.ch
manganese
→
 atomic wt some elements in PT
merit He corrected of
②
U Be In Au Pt

d% no separate place for isotope

.

② position of hydrogen
.

some elements were

placed
in left of
③ Higher atomic wt
of art
lower atomic
.

| §
Ni Ar K Te I
co
58.9 58^6 40 126.9
39 1276
Moderno
Moseley
•

JT ✗ 2

◦
modernaw→ properties of elements are
periodic
function of their atomic number .

$ 18 Vertical columns
7
.

• rows

-
× - x -
THEE.mn?-