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#I Chapter
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④ JJ Thomson Model :

1. Atom :
Neutral

er e-
↓
-

e- ④ ②
e- protons electrons·
er

er
model
.
2
Plum-Pudding
.
3 .
Discarded
② Rutherford's Contributions :

=>
Setup Alpha:Particle
Scattering Experiment
Zinc Sulphide : Screen

7
& ·

L <
particles =>
E
I

from Bi
Nucleus- Gold foil
(thickness : Molecular level)

Proposed by
- Rutherford
-particle scattering Experiment↳ Performed by
Geiger & Marsden .
=> Observation & Conclusions :

1.
Majority of
the
particles go undeflected
4 in atom is
majority of the an
space
empty.

(0 14 % ) show 831
2 .
.

-particles the atom

↳ the nucleus present at the centre of
carries a charge ,
due to which it repels
at distance.
the 4-particles a
-

S > 90
.
3 1 out of 8000
particles
:

↳ atom is
majority of the mass
of an

concentrated on it's centre

=>
Impact Parameter : (b) >
-

Perpendicular distance byw the

initial
velocity of -particle
and line
parallel to it which
is
cutting the centre
of the
nucleus -

FD
· ... ---------- .. N

b =
X

8 = 0

.........
·= -.............
-

Ib
Gold Nucleus
Head on collision
-
&
↳
·
. 8 = 180

*b = 0
·E...
E -
-
----

... I
... --
-
...
83
...........
.....
=.............. --- ...
82
(Si
......

=............

* More is b ; Lesser is
going
to be the
angle of deflect
for the -particles
= Distance of Closest
Approach :

< ro -

o
·iner
KE = E
KE = 0
· ·
mug

f
# .
(distance ; 8)
Gold Nucleus
Ee) (e) +
KEo + PEO
(
+ =

/R (
Elle
> :
0 +
.

Motion of 4-particle :
Against Frepulsion
MEO =
MEo
MED =
KEg + PEq

E O E = + .

ZaZu
= +
YE0 ro

ro = .
g E
Queston :
KE4 + E -

↳ 4E -> (vo) new ? =

4

MEG =
MEro
same
1 2 c In
KE =
.
.

+ °

YπEr ro

Pod1
KE
 O

Y
MEG = MEo

1 Ex
1mv2
.

= --

YTTE ro
③ Bohr's Model of atom :

Only valid for single e-system

&
Modified the Rutherford's theory of atom .

fixed
~ Energy shells. 1
,
2 , 3, 4 , 5
...
Remain same .
Energy of

d
1 .
an e-in an orbit :

. Electron will Revolve in

++
those orbits,
2
only x

Ee- the line n

n(t) ) this explains
= ~

14 1
Spectrum Shown by any .
6 x
atom .

Electron from
·
3
. Orbit-1 to Orbit-1
f umps , a

is to be .
involved 1 X
photon going
-

Ephoton = IE , -Eal
 e-in atom
=>
Energy of an :
an

A .

Selectrol =

Fentripetal
qv k(e)(e) =
Me V .

F - -

>
T
-
-
e x= A p

H-Atom
&

1
MeV = Re
@ r

MV Re TEG- PEy-tKEe

3
=

Kee-
=
=
-

2r . =
Re2 +
-
Le2
T 2
PE = R(-e( + e) =
-
Re

-e
-

r p I
 +22
KE =

20 4 N

Je22)
PE
*
:

TE = PE + K

=
( 2x)
- + (2)

TE =
] (- x)
=

x
=

: =

2r
 mum
= 3 . Yer

.
KE = x

y TE = -
x

↳
PE =
( 2x)
-

KE = + 3 YeV
.

PE--2 13 .
Yer) = -6 Ser
.
 ↓
mmm -

↓ -

↓
KE

PE
=

--
H

2x
↳
=
k= -
I
 Properties of
=> an e-in an orbit

* Energy
zzat do na do
Ee-422
-

n2

- atomic number
TE O
themas bound
E =

n Eo .

-
↳ shell number
to the nucleus

13 6 CV
.

(2 = ( ; n =
1)
 3
(1)
=
n
13 6 0 85 ev
= -

-1
.
.
-
I

(4)

-
Y

13 n4
=
n

-
-

- -
1
5/ev
.

6 (1)
E less O
13
T2)2
.

=
=
3
·

nie .

4
er
E

Stability of -
I
13 6

89
- .

=Y5
net .

Ger 51
-102ment Edifft
-
.

ne er
-
mustn
Atom z = 1
 1
21
Question :
ofO
E and orbit
H E,

One
=
-
3t
E 4th orbit of Be

4 2

E 222

·
-

na

Y 2

1212
( + 1 4
: +
=
* Radius the orbit
of
:

r L N
-

~
0 .
33 % = 0 53
.
X10"om
I
= .
2 &st shell , H-atom
 2023

m
ro
- quie
- -
-
↳ n2
I
I 2 = 1
r -
z

r = ro .
n2
E
=
10 .
53 x 10-1 (3)2
-

I
 e-in orbit
*
Velocity of
:
an an

V - Wazan

V =

n Vo .
Z

↳ 2 2
.
x 10% m/s
 )(2)
%
V = Vo (2) = (2 . 2 x10
-
Ts
 4
Energy Ration
Radius value Based
Velocity

All they
Ratio
quantifies
~
Only
* Time
period ,
any
ular
velocity and frequency of
revolution e-in Orbit
of an an

r
Ver :

n2 I
T 4 - .
-

V 2 z

U . 22
T (13 --

n3
22
W < 22
n3
* current due to an e-in an orbit

........
2-
I
=
I
!
Izat do
Id z nahi to
,

n3
↓
current
padega
 the atom
*
Magnetic field at the centre of ,
due
orbit
to the current produced by an e-in an

-I Bcentre = Hol
--

........ 2R
R

BL =
R

2 &
BC z - -

n3 n2

Bezzatise naach
BC23
45
④ Electron transitions :

-
0 .
85 2 V

·
Y
=
n

Eincrease
-
1 5/eV
.

② Edecrease absorb : Eancrease

Ephoton
nie . YeV
.....
E
-
3

release,5
Epnotonnet
13 62 V
decrease
.
-

Es
ne
-
mustn
=
#Atom
* e- (Low energy State >
-

High Energy State]

H
photon will -
be absorbed

#
② = ne = HC
T

*
e-(Highenergy State >
- Low
Energy State].
H
photon will be emitted.
H

② he = he
T
3rd postule of Bohr :
Ephoton =
Ediff P/w two shells -
 1 St shell
& Het ion ?

C 3rd shell ?
e-
Ec (2)
i
Ei =
me -x

(1)
= 4E0 = 4) -

13 .

62V)
relased absorbed ?
Is the photon or
mm

Ef
Eok
=

6eU) 41-13 GeV)

Ephoton ? -(3
-
.

"( 62U)
A
YEo =
-
13 .

6)
=

22 (13
=

T
.

Aphoton ? A :

100 :

a
100
 2 Ep 3 Nev
.
⑨
(n G Atom
=
-

⑳
= .

Hatom->

Dual
n = E =
-

13 .
GeV
,
Nature
↓ photon emitted

it falls on a metal with Wo = 3eV

10 Lev
Ee-(decrease) = .

↓
what isUs for photo-electron ? Ephoton-emit = lo Eer

10 Zer
Ep = .

photon ⑤
unfue ??
Vs =
-
7 &V
.

Wo : Bev

KEe : 10 GeV-BeV .

=
7 . EeV
=> Balmer
equation :

cn)
·
Cna C nan , u
E
Photon

constant R 189677cm +
Rydberg's
=
,

= it atomic number 2
 Spectral
Series
E - -

-
N = E
-

n
G
= -

n
=
E &

-
Y
=
n
&
A

Brackete Fund <

Pasch
W

nie
-

Balme I

net -

man
ne Li I

-
mustn
#Atom
 Ephoton Maximum
ECt 1 Line 2nd 30 :
Line Line Lastline

I
1 2 1 +3 1 4 1 0 or
Region
Lyman
- - +

Aminimum

Balmer 2 + 32 + Y 2+ 33 - 04 visible

Region
↓

shortest

&
Paschen 3 + Y 3 + 53 + 63 +8

Infrared
Brackett y+ 34- 6 y - 7 4 - N
Region
5 + 63 + 7 5 + 8578
PFund

Minimum Xmax ->

longest
Ephoton : >
-
 Y
m
un

A
n =
2 - n = 0

~
=
= 10 "
(
( 1) =

10 x 100 m 3 x 100m
+
 2023

1
X2 YX/

I
=

-
X
* =

R(t2 Get
i R(5
=
-

-2)
x2 =
Yx
-
:
i
-- Y
T1 "/x2 i
 1 =
(
x, =
2.
x

# Rft - - R(t )
=
= -

#x 36

= # I
=

YX R/144
= =

I Y

# Aug
C
= = 20
F
,
 X,

I
12
XC

&
Fis +
+ o
k>

# RIt-Tel i B/t= -2)(I2

-

=
=

T
X2
=
=> Number
ofSpectral lines (Na-Mil (12-1 + )
(na > M1)
=
/

!
n =

n 4

?
=

lines
no .

of spectral
n = 3

=
(B3 -
1 + 1)
n = 2
2
n = 1

= (4) (5) = 10 SL

E
⑤ De-Broglic wave associated with an e-

!
Xn
Un

2πrn = 2 .
Xn
⑰
n = 3

- n= 3 -
 Class End
- X -

X-