ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Displacement current

ofB.de?=uoilt)id- Cod 0tEi- ic-id=ic+Eod0uE-

-

Ampere Manwell Law § B. dt-uoic-u.to#E-

Manwell 's Equations

1) / E. dA→ =
9- 3) §E?dl→= -

d¥B_
Eo

2) Of B. dA→= 0 4) $B?dl→ =
Moic +
Mofo
d¥E_
Electromagnetic
wave
r

E→
Eosinlkz wt )
En = -

Bo Sin Ckz wt )
By
-
=

>

2¥
K=
B-

speed of proptgation -

V=¥ cut

Eg =ERYs_
C=
Bo =
Barras
JIE

Energy and
Energy density of EM waves

12B¥
'

ME
÷ to E MB
= =
 OPTICS

Ray optics
a- Relation between
curvature
focal length and Radius of
f- =
Rz
Mirror Equation 1
± ¥
2 + =

Linear
3
Magnification m=h÷= In -

Sini
Reflection where
◦
& Laws of = M 21 Mz , refrain re
sin a index of medium 2
( Snell 's Law ) wait .
medium 1 .

5 Refractive Inder

uzi
↳ and v2 are
speed of light in
medium 1 and 2
respectively
6
Apparent depth
Apparent depth d- d
Real
depth -
=

u
d
R D A D
( 1-
÷)
- . -
- .
=

7 TIR
Sin 90 : critical
ie , z =

sin :
where i is
angle .

8
Refraction at
spherical Surface
Mz Mi MI
%
-
-

U
R
Thin lens formula ¥
9 = I -
I
v u

10
Magnification produced by a lens

m=¥=%
 lens
11 Power
of P = 1

f-

Combination lens 1
12
of =

¥ ¥-1 +
in terms focal f-
- -
- -

of ,

in terms
length
Power P =P, Pat Pzt
of + - - -

in terms of M = Mi -

mz.ms - - - .

magnification
13
Refraction through Prism i. =
Sm -1A
2

Sm =
Cuz ,
-
1. A applicable for small
angles where
d- is
angle of prism .

A Lens Makers formula ; =

-11£ -1%1
,

15
Optical Instruments
i. The
simple Microscope
m = a- + D
f-
→ Linear
Magnification
Angular
Magnification Art . = ⑦i
-00
=D
f-
*1
Compound Microscope
linear
magnification due to Objective

mo=h÷=¥
linear
magnification due to
eyepiece
D
me =

te

I. I
Net
magnification =
mome =

to te
Iii , Telescope
me
Pg hfe ¥=f%
= .

tube
length =
fe +
to

Have Optics
1 . Snell 's Law Un = Sini
Sinn

Speed in
of light
vacuum
Zo u
f-
=
=

speed of light in medium

where c = Vd

in Vacuum
Also , U =

÷
=

Wavelength in medium
wavelength
in medium
wavelength ÷
'
,
d =

3 .
Optical path ( in vacuum ) =
µ ✗
Path in medium

a.
Amplitude and
Intensity at
any point in an
Interference
pattern .

a = at -1 a } + 2a.az Cos $

I = I, t
Iz + 2 I , I z Cos

when I, =
Iz = Io
,
I = 2 Iol I + lost) =
4 Io
WEIL
's double
5 .

Young split experiment

i for
bright fringe path difference , p = nd

i :) For dark
fringe , p
= 2h -
l
¥ n =
1,2 , 3 ,
- - .

Ciii ) Distance
screen
of
nth
bright fringe from the centre
of the
1

yen =
n
DX N = 9- 12 , 3 ,
-
.
-

l
d
Cir ) the
Distance
screen
of
nM dark
fringe from the centre
of
i
win = 2h -
I DX
2d

v
fringe width . P =

Ddd
ri
wavelength of light need ,
D=
Bpd
crii )
Angular position of nth bright fringe ,

on
?g- =L
=

viii )
Angular position of nth dark fringe
oh =

k = 12h
-1¥
Ratio maxima and minima
6.
Intensity at

Imax =
( A, -1925 =
h -11
2

Imi n la ,
-

qzgz h -
I

7.
path difference when a thin
transparent
index
sheet
of
thickness t and
refractive u

p
=
Ill 1) -
t

8 .

Displacement of the central

bright fringe
An =

¥1m - 1) t =

¥1M -
1) t

and Fresnel 's distance

9. Diffraction of light
in Diffraction at a
'

slit width a'

single of .

→ Condition
for nth minimum is

a sin -0 =
nd where n =
1,2 3 , , -
- -

→ condition for nth

secondary maximum is

sin -0 =/
a 2h + 1)
¥ Where n =
1,2 , 3 ,
- - -
 direction nth minimum
→

Angular position or
of .

On =

had
→ Distance
screen ,
of nth minimum
from the centre
of the

Nn =
NDI
a

→
Angular position of nth
secondary maximum

-0h =
( 2n + 1) I
29

Distance
centre
of nth
secondary maximum
from the

of the
screen
,

n'n =/ 2m + 1) DX
2 a

central
width
of maximum P 2ps 2¥
=
=

spread of central side

→
Angular maximum on either ,

-0 = I
÷
Total
angular spread of central Maximum

2¥
2-0 =

For diffraction circular diameter d

10 . at a
aperture of
Angular spread of central Mani mum
→

-0
1.22£
=

Linear
→
spread a- DO

→ Areal
spread u2=(DOT
distance at which the
where Dis the
considered .
effect is

11 .
Fresnel distance Dr. = AZ
T
12 . Size of Fresnel zone ap =
,
ID
 Resolving power of telescope
13 . a D
=

1.22T

Limit of Resolution of a
telescope
do = D

14 .

Resolving power of a
microscope d±=2ufn
of Resolution microscope
Limit
of a

d
zµ÷o
=

15 . Law of maths I = Io Cos 2-0

16 . Brewster Law u = tan ip

90°
ip +
rp
=

17 .

Diopter 's effect of light

% =

0¥ = ±
I =

d÷=±E
Dual Nature
Photons And
light
of Photoelectric effect
1. →
Energy of photon ,
E = hv =

had
No emitted
per second
N =P
of photons
→ .

E-

Momentum
of photon hi 1-
→
, p = me =
=

→
Equivalent mass
of a
photon ,
m =
HI
C.
2

work function Wo h Vo
h÷
→ =
=
 → kinetic
Energy of photoelectrons is
given by Einstein 's
photoelectric equation
Kmax hv h( V
¥mÑma× Wo Vo )
h[f- § ]
= = -
=
- = -

If Yo is
stopping potential the maximum
• the
,

kinetic
Energy of the
ejected photoelectrons ,

K=1z_mÑma× = ell o

of radiation
Intensity Energy %w÷
→ = =

Area ✗ time

Incident Tescident
power =

intensity ✗ area

Have
2. de -

Broglie
kinetic
Energy ,
k=÷mx2 =

LIM
momentum ,
P =
J 2m K

→ de -

Broglie wavelength ,
I =

hp-=÷=÷m-k
electron beam accelerated
→
Broglie
de -

wavelength
potential
of an

through a difference of v volts is

¥* 1,13¥
d = =
nm

→
Bragg 's equation for crystal diffraction is

2d Sino order
= nd ,
n is
ofthe spectrum .

ATOMS
1. Distance
of closest Approach and impact parameter
→ K.E.
of ✗ particle
- K
Izmir g÷↳ 21m¥
,
=
= .

→ Distance
of closest approach . no =

;÷ 2k¥ =a÷£.tn?-fI
.
 →
Impact parameter

b=÷↳Ze4ot%=g÷g¥¥¥ K

2. Bohr 's
theory of Hydrogen atom

kZe2
=m¥
→

a-
→
L=m"r=Z÷
→ hv = En ,
-

En ,

→ kn = n2h2 =
mho
4172M Kzez

→
Un = 271 Kid
nh

kinetic kzet
•
Energy =

2M

Potential
Energy
'
→ = -
KZE

Total En 2172m 1<222 e4 Rhc

→
Energy = -13.6 ell
-
-

= =

n 2h2 M2 M2

Also ,
En = -
KE ; PE = -
2K E .
= 2 En
-

272m 1<2 et
Frequency 1)
→ V =
I
,
-

h3 .
n ? n}

Number
.J=1_,=R[ ÷ ÷;]
→ wave -

Where R =
272m K2 @ 4
ch 3

→ Ionisation potential =

-13%6-22 volt

→
Tn = 2 Tl rn = n 3h3 =
Tp n
3

% 9712m Kzzeg
 NOCHE
1 .
Einstein 's mass -

energy equivalence
E = me

%) C- 12 atom
2. 9- amu =

¥-2 ✗ Mass of

113
Iii ) Nuclear radius R= Ro A- where Ro = 1.2×10 -15m
,

Iii:) Nuclear density , Snu = Nuclear mass =

Mna
Nuclear yoem
g- IT R3

3. • Mass Defect
Am =
[ Zmp + A -2
mn -

mm ]

Binding Energy ( Amici

• =

Binding B. E
•
Energy =

A
Nucleon
fraction
Packing
Arana
• =

Radioactivity
.

%) Displacement laws radioactive transformations

for are

as follow -

• ✗ -

decay
: Ix →
A -4

2- 2¥ -1 { He
Text
d-
IX
0

p decay Y J
: → + +
• -
e
Ztp →

•
r -

decay :
I✗ →
:X + r

( Excited ( Ground
state ) state )