Magnetostatics in Ponderable Media Time dependent fields

r r r r
Magnetization M = ∑ Ni mi Magnetic flux F = ∫ B ⋅ n da
i
S
r r
Magnetic permeability µ Electromotive force ε = Ñ∫ E ⋅ dl
C
Magnetic susceptibility χ M = ∂M ∂H Faraday induction law ε = − dF dt
r r r r
Magnetic Field H = µ10 B − M r r ∂B
r r r r r ∇× E + =0
Maxwell equations in media ∇× H = J ∇⋅B = 0 ∂t
r r r r Coefficients of Self- & Mutual Inductances
isotropic & linear media B = µ H M = χ M H
r r r
N N N

Boundary conditions (
B2 − B1 ⋅ n 21 = 0) W= 1
2 ∑ Li Ii2 + ∑∑ M ijI iI j
i =1 i =1 j > i
r r r r
(
n21 × H2 − H1 = α ) Mutual inductance M ij = Fij I j = M ji
r r r r r r r r Fij is flux from “j” linked with circuit “i”
B2 ⋅ n21 = B1 ⋅ n21 B2 × n21 = µµ21 B1 × n21
or r r r r r r r r EMF by inductance coefficients ε ij = − dFij dt
H 2 ⋅ n21 = µµ21 H1 ⋅ n21 H 2 × n21 = H1 × n21
r Constant geometry ε ij = − M ij
dI i
ε ii = − Li
dI i
Magnetic Scalar Potential J = 0 → H =−∇Φ M dt dt
linear media ∇ 2 Φ M = − ρM dM ij dL
r r Constant currents ε ij = − I j ε ii = − I i i
Effective magnetic charge density ρM = −∇⋅ M dt dt
Solution for Scalar
r potential
r r r r Maxwell Eqt. and Gauge Transformations
r 1 ∇ ′ ⋅ M ( r ′) 3 n′ ⋅ M ( r ′ ) r r r r
4π Ñ∫S r − r ′
1
ΦM ( r ) = −
4π ∫V r − r ′
r r d r′ + r r da′ ∇⋅ D = ρ ∇ ⋅B = 0
Maxwell Eqt. r r r ∂Dr r
r r r r r r ∂B
Energy of the field W = 12 ∫ H ⋅B d 3r = 12 ∫ J ⋅ A d3 r ∇× H = J + ∇× E + =0
r r ∂t ∂t
Change in Energy W = 12 ∫ M ⋅ B 0 d 3r in vacuum, no sources
r
putting object with M ≠ 0 into magnetic field r r r r ∂E
∇⋅ B = 0 ∇ × B = ε 0µ 0
∂t
Useful Relations r
Spherical ↔ Cartesian r r r r ∂B
∇⋅ E = 0 ∇× E = −
rˆ = cosϕ sin θ xˆ + sin ϕ sin θ yˆ + cosθ zˆ r∂t r
r ∂ B
2 r ∂2 E
θˆ = cosϕ cosθ xˆ + sin ϕ cosθ yˆ − sin θ zˆ Wave Equations ∇ B = µ 0ε 0 2 ∇ E = µ0ε 0 2
2 2

ϕˆ = − sin ϕ xˆ + cos ϕ yˆ ∂t ∂t
Velocity of light c = 1 µ0ε 0
xˆ = cos ϕ sin θ rˆ + cosϕ cos θ θˆ − sin ϕ ϕˆ
r r ∂Λ
yˆ = sin ϕ sin θ rˆ + sin ϕ cos θ θˆ + cos ϕ ϕˆ Gauge Transformations A′ = A +∇Λ Φ′ = Φ −
∂t
zˆ = cos θ rˆ − sin θ θˆ
1 ∂ 2
Polar ↔ Cartesian Delambertian W2 ≡ ∇ 2 − 2 2
c ∂t
rˆ = cos θ ˆx + sin θ yˆ θˆ = − sin θ xˆ + cosθ yˆ r r 1 ∂Φ
Lorenz gauge ∇⋅ A+ 2 =0
xˆ = cos θ rˆ − sin θ θˆ yˆ = sin θ rˆ + cos θ θˆ c ∂t
r r r r
Moving body current J = ρ ⋅v giving W2 Φ = − ρ ε 0 W2 A = − µ 0 J
r r r r r
Rotating body current J = ρ ⋅( ω × r ) Coulomb gauge ∇⋅A =0
r r
Rotating hollow sphere J ϕ = ω Rσ sin θ ⋅ δ ( r − R ) giving ∇2Φ = − ρ ε 0 W 2 A = − µ0 J t
r r r
Rotating hollow cylinder J ϕ = ω Rσ ⋅ δ ( r − R ) Poynting Vector S = E×H
µI
Infinite wire Bϕ ( r ) = 0
2π r
dF µ 0 I1 I 2
Force between 2 wires =
dl 2π d
Finite Solenoid Bz = 12 µ 0 NI ( cos θ1 + cos θ 2 )
 Magnetostatics Expanding Potential to Multipoles
∂ρ r r Point charge expansion
Continuity equation +∇⋅J =0
∂t 1 1 r<l ∗
in magnetostatics
r r
∇⋅ J = 0
r r
r − r′
= 4π ∑ 2l + 1 rl +1 Ylm (θ ′, φ′ )Yl m (θ , φ )
r r >
l. m

(
r µ 0 I dI × r ) 1 1 Y (θ ,φ )
Biot-Savart Law dB =
4π r
3
Potential Φ= ∑
ε 0 l , m 2l + 1
qlm lm l +1
r
r µ q v ×r r r r r
B= 0 1 q p⋅r 1 xi x j 
Moving Charge Field or Φ=  + + ∑ Qij 5 + L
4π r
3
r r 4πε 0  r
3
r r 2 i, j r 
First Ampere’s Law (
dF = I1 dl1 × B ) Multipoles
r
qlm = ∫ Ylm∗ (θ , φ ) r l ρ ( r ) d 3r
r r r
F = ∫ J × B d3r r r r
Force Dipole p = ∫ r ρ ( r ) d 3r
r r r r
Torque (
N = ∫ r× J × B d3r ) r 3nr ( pr ⋅ nr ) − pr
r r Dipole Field E = r r3
r r µ0 r r r − r′ 3 4πε 0 r − r0
Magnetic induction B ( r ) = J (r′ ) × r r 3 d r′
4π ∫ r − r′ r
Quadrupole Qij = ∫ ( 3xi x j − r 2δ ij )ρ ( x ) d 3 x
r r r r r
∇⋅B = 0 ∇× B = µ0 J * Multipole with order “n” is independent on the
r r
Ñ∫ C ⋅rdl = µ0 I
origin of coordinates only if all the multipoles with
Second Ampere’s Law B
r r r lower order vanish.
µ0 J ( r′ ) 3 r
Vector Potential A (r ) = ∫ r r d r ′ +∇Ψ ( r ) Electrostatics in Ponderable Media
4π r − r ′ r r
r r r r r r r P = N pmol
∇ ( ∇⋅ A ) − ∇ A = µ 0 J
Dipole moment density
B =∇× A 2
r r r
r 1 r r r Electric Displacement D = ε 0E + P
Magnetic moment m = ∫ r ′ × J ( r′) d 3r ′
2 Electric susceptibility χ e = ∂P ∂E
r I r r
current loop m = 2 Ñ∫ r × dl Dielectric constant ε ε 0 = 1 + χe
planar loop m = I ⋅ ( Area ) Electric permittivity ε = ε 0 (1 + χe )
r r r r
r q r Maxwell equations in media ∇ × E = 0 ∇ ⋅ D = ρ
number of particles m = L r r r r
r
2M isotropic & linear media D = ε E P = ε 0 χe E
r r
where L total angular momentum
r r + homogeneous media ∇⋅ E = ρε
r r µ0 m × r r r r
Dipole Potential A (r ) = Boundary conditions (D − D1 ) ⋅ n21 = σ EP1 = EP2
4π r
3
r r r
2

r r r r
r r
B (r ) =
µ0  3n ( n ⋅ m ) − m  Induced charge density (
σ ind = − P2 − P1 ⋅ n 21 )
Dipole induction   r r r
4π  r3  Internal Field Ei = 3Pε 0 + Enear
r r r r r
Force on dipole F = ∇ m⋅ B( ) Average polarizability
r
pmol = ε 0 γ mol E + Ei ( )
r r r r r r r
Torque on dipole ( ) ( )
N = ∫  r ′ ⋅B J − r ′ ⋅ J B  d 3r ′ Induced pmol = meω 2 E
2

r r
ind 0

U = −m ⋅ B
2
Potential energy of dipole Permanent moment pmol 0
≅ 1 p0
3 kB T
E
3 ε ε0 −1
Molecular polarizability γ mol =
N ε ε0 + 2
1 p02
Classical model γ mol ≅ γ ind +
3ε 0 k BT
1 r r
Dielectrics Energy W = ∫ E ⋅D d 3 r
2
r r
Change in Energy W = − 12 ∫ P ⋅ E 0 d 3r
putting object with M ≠ 0 into magnetic field
 Electrostatics Green function
r r r r
1 r r − r′ 3 Green first identity
Electric field E ( r ) = ρ (r′ ) r r 3 d r′
4πε 0 ∫ ∂ψ
r − r′
∫ (φ∇ ψ + ∇φ ⋅∇ψ ) d x = Ñ∫ φ
2 3
da
r r r V ∂n S
Gauss Law ∫ E ⋅ nda = εQ0 = ε10 ∫ ρ ( r )dV Green second identity (Green’s Theorem)
r r  ∂ψ ∂φ 
S

∫V (φ∇ ψ − ψ∇ φ ) d x = Ñ∫ S φ ∂n −ψ ∂n da

ρ 2 2 3
∇ ⋅E = ε0
r
r 1 ρ (r′ ) 3
Φ(r ) =
Green Potential
Electric potential
4πε 0 ∫ r r d r ′ + const
r − r′ r
r
ρ ( r′ ) 3  1 ∂Φ ∂  1 
Ñ
1 1
r r Φ (r ) = ∫ r d r′ + ∫ −Φ
V r S  r r  r r 
E = −∇Φ ∇× E = 0 4πε 0 r − r ′ 4π  r − r ∂n ′ ′ ∂ n′  r − r ′ 
Potential Energy Green Function
B
r r r r 1 r r
W = −∫ F ⋅ dl = q  Φ ( B ) − Φ ( A ) G ( r , r ′ ) = r r + F ( r , r ′ ) ∇ ′2 F = 0
A
r − r′
Electrostatic Potential Energy Dirichlet boundary GD = 0 on S
r r r2
W = 12 ∫ ρ ( r )Φ ( r ) d 3r = ε20 ∫ E d 3 r r r r r r ∂G D
∫ ρ ( r ′ ) G ( r , r ′ ) d r ′ − 4π Ñ∫ Φ ( r ′ )
1 1
Φ (r ) = da′
3

r2 ∂n′
D
4πε 0 V S

Energy density w = ε20 E

∂G N 4π
r ∂W Neumann boundary =− on S
Electric force F =− r ∂ n′ S
∂r r r r r ∂Φ
∫ ρ ( r ′ ) G ( r , r ′ ) d r ′ + 4π Ñ∫ GN
1 1
Φ (r ) = Φ + da ′
3

Force per unit area in conductor f = σ2

2 ε0
S
4πε 0 V N S
∂n′
Boundary conditions EP1 = EP2 E⊥2 − E⊥1 = εσ0 Green’s reciprocation theorem
r r ∫ ρΦ′d r + ∫ σΦ′ da = ∫ ρ′Φd r + ∫ σ ′Φ da
3 3
Dipole layer potential Φ ( r ) = − 4πε1 0 ∫ D ( r′)d Ω′ V S V S

r r r
S
Orthogonal Functions Expansion
where D ( r ) = limσ ( r ) ⋅ d ( r ) & Ω is the
d →0
Rectangular Φ = e± iα x e± iβ y e± z α 2 +β 2
solid angle from the observation point ∞

Boundary: Φ 2 − Φ1 = εD0 Polar Φ ( ρ , φ ) = a0 + b0 ln ρ + ∑( an ρ n + bn ρ −n ) ( Asin nφ + Bcos nφ )

n= 1

Poisson & Laplace Eqt. ∇ 2Φ = − ρ ε 0 ∇ 2Φ = 0 Spherical Symmetrical Azimuthally

r r
( )
∞
Point source ∇ 2 1
r r
r −r ′
= −4πδ ( r − r ′ ) Φ ( r , θ ) = ∑  Al r + Bl r
l − (l +1)
 Pl ( cos θ )

l= 0
Q
Capacitance C≡ General Spherical
∆V ∞ l
Φ ( r,θ ,φ ) = ∑ ∑  A − (l +1 )
r + Blm r
l
 Ylm ( θ , φ )
lm 
l =0 m = −l
Orthogonal Function Proprieties 1 ∞ l
1 r<l
Legendre functions Point source r r = 4π ∑∑ Ylm∗ (θ ′, φ′)Ylm (θ ,φ )
′ r−r l =0 m =−l 2l + 1 r>
l +1

(x )
l
1 d
Pl ( x ) =
l
−1
2
l
2 l ! dx
l
Low orders of Orthogonal functions
1
2 Pl+1 − Pl −1 1 5 3 1
∫ P (x ) P (x ) dx = 2l + 1 δ ∫ Pdx = Y00 = Y20 =  cos θ − 
2

−1
l′ l l ′l l
2l + 1 4π 4π  2 2

Pl (1) = 1 Pl ( −1) = ( − 1)
l
3 iφ 15 iφ
Y11 = − sin θ e Y21 = − sin θ cos θ e
1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5L ( l − 1) 8π 8π
Pl ( 0) = ( −1 )
l 2
n-even
2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 Ln 3 1 15 2 iφ
Y10 = cos θ Y2 2 = sin θ e
2

Spherical harmonics 4π 4 2π
Ylm (π − θ ,φ + π ) = ( −1) Ylm (θ , φ )
l

P0 = 1 P1 = x
Ylm (π − θ ,φ ) = ( −1) Ylm ( θ , φ )
l +m

P2 = 1
( 3x 2
− 1) P3 = 12 ( 5 x 3 − 3 x )
Yl ,− m = ( −1) Y
m ∗ 2
lm

Ylm (θ , φ + π ) = ( −1) Ylm (θ , φ )

m