Formula Sheet - Electrical Machines

Electrical Circuits

V = IR

P = IV
1 1 1 1
V = V atage
= + +

RT R1 R2 R3

P = power
RT = R1 + R2 + R3

R = resistance
XL = 2¼f L

RT = T otalResistance
Xc =
2¼f C

XL = InductiveReactance
voltage

V = VR2 + VxL
2 2
triange

Xc = CapacitiveReactance

V2
I2
= XL2 + R2 Impedance

triangle
S = apparentpower

S 2 = P 2 + Q2 Power

Triangle
p = realP ower

P = V ICosµ Q = ReactiveP ower

V
I=
Z
q

cos µ = powerF actor

Z= R2 + XL2

XL

Sinµ = P haseAngle
sin µ =

Electromagnetism

mmf = IN

mmf = magnetomotivef orce
©
B=
B = f luxdensity
a

mmf
© = f lux
H=
a = area
1

M0 = 4¼ £ 10¡7
H = magneticf ieldstrength

M0 = permeabilityof f reespace
B = M 0H

M
Mr = relativepermeability
= Mr

M0
M = permeabilityof material


B
= M 0M r

S = reluc tan ce
H
l = length
mmf

S=
ST = totalreluctance
©

© = Ba
Sm = reluctance of material

mmf = Hl
Sg = reluctanceof airgap

1 l
emf = electromotivef orce
S= nonmagnete
M0 a

F = F orce

1 l
S= magnetic V = velocity

M 0M r a
t = time

ST = S1 + S2 N = number of turns

1 1 1 ag = area of gap

= +

ST S1 S2

lg = lengf h of gap

mmfT = mmf1 + mmf2

ST = Sm + Sg

1 l

Sm =

M 0M r a

1 lq

Sg = ¢

M0 a g

F = BIl

Emf = BlV

N©

Emf = ¡

N (©2 ¡ ©1)

AuerageEmf = ¡

Inductance

L (I2 ¡ I1)

E=¡
t E = induced Emf
N© L = Inductance
L= N = number of turns
I © = f lux
N 2 M 0A M0 = permeability of f reespace
L= non ¡ magnexi
l m = mutual inductance
N 2 M 0M r A l = length of conductor
L= magnenc Mr = relative permeability
l
N2 = number of turns on second coil
¡m (I2 ¡ I1)
E= K = coupling coef f icient
t I = current
N2 (©2 ¡ ©1) A = cross sectional area
E=¡
t

N2 (©2 ¡ ©1)

m=

I2 ¡ I1

K= p

L 1L 2

Transformers
E = 4 ¢ 44N ©mf
©
E=
t
N©
E=
t
1
T =
f
Average value = 0:637 £ peak
RM S = 0:707 £ peak
RM S 0:707
formfac = =
Avg 0 ¢ 637
rate of change of f lux = 4©mf
power output (p0)
ef f iciency (´) =
power input (pi)

pi = p0 + loss

P 0 = I2V2 cos µ
= I 2V 2 £ P f ¢
I2V2 £ P f ¢
´=
I2V2 + loss
total loss = copper loss + core loss
P c + I12 R1 + I22 R2

I2V2 + pf
´=
I2V2 £ pf + P c + I12 R1 + I22 R2

I2 N1 E1
= =
I1 N2 E2