Physics

Chapter 1
1- Current Intensity:
Q Q
I = t = VR = Nt.e = nAve where: e = 1.6 × 10 −19 C, N= e

2- Voltage (Electric Potential):

V= WQ
= NW.e =IR

3- Resistance:
V ρe . l ρe l2 ρ ρe m
R= I
= A
= m
= ρA2
, ρe = Resistivity, ρ = Density

4- Conductivity & Resistivity:

ρe = R.A
l
l
, σ = R.A , σ = ρ1e * lwire = N × 2πrcoil

5- Ratio Between Two Resistors:

R1 ρe1 .l1 .A2 ρe1 .ρ1 .l21 .m2 ρe1 m1 ρ2 A22
R2 = ρe2 .l2 .A1 = ρe2 .ρ2 .l22 .m1
= ρe2 m2 ρ1 A21
, ρe = Resistivity, ρ = Density

6- Resistors Connection:
Series Parallel
It I 1 = I 2 = I 3 .... I 1 + I 2 + I 3 + ....
Vt V 1 + V 2 + V 3 ..... V 1 = V 2 = V 3 .....
Req R1 + R2 + R3 ..... −1
( 1
R1
+ 1
R2
+ 1
R3 )
+
R1 .R2
At 2 parallel resistors: R1 +R2
7- Ohm’s Law for the closed-circuit:
VB
● Ammeter Reading: I = Req + r
● V b = I Req + Ir
● P.D across a discharging battery: V = V b − I r
● P.D across a charging battery: V = V b + I r

8- Ef iciency of a battery:
W out V out R
Ef f battery = W Battery
= VB
= R+r

9- Current Divider (2 Parallel Resistors):

R2 R1
I1 = R1 +R2
× It , I2 = R1 +R2
× It

10- Voltage Divider (2 Series Resistors):

R1 R2
V1 = R1 +R2
×Vt , V2 = R1 +R2
×Vt

11- Electrical Potential Energy (work done):

V 2 .t
W = V .Q = V .I.t = I 2 .R.t = R
= Pw t

12- Electric Power:

V2
P w = V I = I 2R = R
= W
t
pw1 R1 p R2
Same(I): pw2
= R2
, Same(V): pw1 = R1
w2

13- Power delivered and consumed:

PD = PC Then:
● P D = V BI
● Charging battery: P C = V B I
● External resistance: P C = I 2 R
● Internal resistance: P C = I 2 r
 Chapter 2
1- Magnetic Flux:
ϕm = B A.sinθ

2- Magnetic lux density:

From Ampere’s circular law( ∫ B dl = μ I ):

μI
1. B wire = 2πd
= 2 × 10−7 dI where μair = 4π × 10−7

From Biot Savart law:

μN I lwire θ 1
1. B Circular loop = 2r
where N = 2πr
= 360
, Nα r

μN I N
2. B solenoid = l
=μnI where n = l

3- Magnetic lux density operations:

● Total magnetic lux:
○ Same direction: B T = B 1 + B 2
○ Opposite direction: B T = B 1 − B 2
○ Perpendicular to each other: B T =

B
Circular loop
● Reshaping (circular loop ⇔ solenoid): B = 2rlsc
solenoid
I wire
● At wire tangent to a circular coil: r=d, N I circular coil = π
● Solenoid turns are touching each other: l = N × 2r

4- Force due to magnetic ield:

I 2R
F = B Ilsinθ = v
, Where v is the velocity of the wire
5- Mutual Force between 2 wires:
μI 1 I 2 l
F= 2πd
, Where l is the length of the smaller wire

6- Suspending wire in the air:

F = F g → B Il = mg = ρV ol g = ρAlg
Then: B I = ρ Ag = ρπr2 g where: ρ = Density, g = gravity

7- Torque:
τ = B IAN sinθ
Sin θ Cos θ
Coil & ⊥ Field Coil & Field
⊥ Coil & Field ⊥ Coil & ⊥ Field

8- Magnetic dipole moment:

∣m ∣ = IAN = τ
∣ d∣ Bsinθ

9- Galvanometer:
Sensitivity = θI

10- Conversion of Voltmeter to Ammeter:

Rs = II v−RI vv

11- Conversion of Ammeter to Voltmeter:

V −I A RA
Rm = IA
12- Ammeter:
Rg RS
● R∖ = Rg +RS
I g Rg V
● Rs = I −I g = I sg
Ig RS
● I
= Rg +R = sensitivity
S
R
● I = I g (1 + Rgs )
● At I =n I g ⇒ Rg = (n − 1)Rs

13- Voltmeter:
Vm
● R∖ = Rg + Rm = Ig
V −V g
● Rm = Ig
Vg Rg
● V
= Rg +Rm
● V = I g (Rg + Rm )
● At V =n V g ⇒ Rm = (n − 1)Rg

14- Ohmmeter:
● Rdevice = Rstandart + Rg + Rv + r
VB
● At Rx = 0 → I = Rd
VB
● At Rx =/ 0 → I = Rd + Rx
I Rdevice
● I max =Rdevice +Rx
VB
● Rx = I − Rd
● ( )
At I = 1n I max ⇒ Rx = (n − 1)Rdevice
 Chapter 3
1- Electromagnetic Induction(faraday’s law):
Δϕ
emf av =− N Δt

2- Induced Emf for a moving wire:

Emf = - B vl sin θ

3- Special rule:
QR = -N × Δ B × A

4- Mutual induction:
Emf 2 = − M × ΔI
Δt
Where: (M) is the coef icient of mutual induction, N 2 Δϕ2 = M .ΔI

μ N 1 N 2 A2
● For solenoid: M = l1
μ N 1 N 2 A2
● For Circular coil: M = 2r
1

5- Self Induction:
Emf = − L × ΔI Δt
Where: (L) is the coef icient of self Induction, N Δϕ = L.ΔI

μ AN 2 μ AN 2 Emf L1 A1 N 21 l2 r21 N 21 l2
L= lsolenoid
= 2rcircular
= ΔI , L2
= A2 N 22 l1
= r22 N 22 l1
Δt

6- The rate of change in current intensity at a given moment(n):

ΔI V B − L× ΔI
V B = V R + V i → nV R = V B − L × Δt → nI = R
Δt
7- Dynamo:
Emf max = NBA ω =NBA. 2πf
Emf inst = Emf max sinθ = Emf max sin(360f t)
I = I max sinθ

1
Where: f = T
= nt , θ = 360f t, ω= 2π
T
= 2πf = V
r

Sin θ Cos θ
Coil & ⊥ Field Coil & Field
⊥ Coil & Field ⊥ Coil & ⊥ Field

Emf avg( 1 , 1 ) = 4BAN f , Emf avg( 3 ) = 43 BAN f

2 4 4

, Emf av( 1 , 1 ) = π2 Emf max = 2√π 2 emf ef f

Emf max I mac
Emf ef f = , I ef f =
√2 √2 2 4
N max N zeros
sec
= 2f , sec
= 2f + 1
2 Emf 2ef f
P w = Emf ef f .I ef f = I R = R
Pw
W = P wT = f

8- Electric Transformer:
V Is Np
● General: η V ps = Ip
= Ns
Vp Is Np
● Ideal: η = Vs
= Ip
= Ns
, P wp = P ws1 + P ws2 + ...
V sI s V sN p
● Non-Ideal: η = V pI p
= V pN s
, ηP wp = P ws1 + P ws2 + ...

Energy s P owers
η= Energy p
× 100 = P owerp
× 100
Where: η is the ef iciency of the transformer
9- Transformer connected to a dynamo(Eff):
N d BA.2πf Is Np
η = Ip
= Ns
V s .√2

10- Electric Power Transmission:

V Consumer = V Station − V wire Where: V = IR

P Consumer = P Station − P wire Where: P = VI
P Consumer
Ef iciency of transmission = P station
Rwires = R1Km × DistanceKm × N umber of wires
 Chapter 4
1- Inductive reactance ( X L ):
X L = ω L = 2πf L , I max = N LBA
Series parallel
−1
x∖L = xL1 + xL2 + xL3 + .... x∖L = ( 1
xL1
+ 1
xL2
+ 1
xL3 )
+ ...
−1
L∖ = L1 + L2 + L3 + .... ∖
L = ( 1
L1
+ 1
L2
+ 1
L3
+ ... )
2- Capacitance (C):
Q
C= V

3- Capacitive reactance( X c ):
1
X c = ωC = 2πf1 C , I max = N BAω 2 C

Series parallel
−1
xc∖ = xc1 + xc2 + xc3 + .... x∖C = ( 1
xC1
+ 1
xC2
+ 1
xC3
+ ... )
−1
C ∖ = C 1 + C 2 + C 3 + ....
∖
C = ( 1
C1
+ 1
C2
+ 1
C3 )
+ ...

4- R-L circuit:

√ √
VL XL
V = V 2R + V 2L , Z = R2 + X 2L , tanθ = VR = R

5- R-C circuit:
V = √ V 2R + V c2 , Z = √ R2 + X c2 , tanθ = −V c
VR
= −X c
R
6- R-L-C circuit:
V = √ V 2R + (V L − V c ) , Z =
V L −V c X L −X c
2
√ 2
R2 + (X L − X c ) ,
tanθ = VR = R

7- Resonance:
● F∘ = 1 , ω = 1
2π √LC √LC

√ √
2
F1 L2 C 2 N 2 A2 l1 C 2
● F2
= L1 C 1
= N 21 A1 l2 C 1

1 μN 2 A XL
● L= 2 2
4π F ∘ C
= l
= 2πf
1 Q
● C= 2 2
4π F ∘ L
= V
= 2πf1X c
 Chapter 5
1- Speed Of Light (C):
no of vibrations
c = λυ Where υ = time
, c = 3 × 108

2- Wien’s Law:
λmax 1 T2
λmax 2
= T1
, K ∘ = C ∘ + 273

3- Energy of photon:
E = hυ light = λhc Where h = 6.625 × 10−34
light

4- Kinetic energy of electron:

K .E electron = 12 me v 2 = eV

Then:
me v 2
● V = 2e

● v=
√ 2K.E
me
=
√ 2eV
me

Where me = 9.1 × 10−31 , e = 1.6 × 10−19 , v = v elocity , V = P .D.

5- Work Function of metal ( E w ):

E w = hυ c = hc
λc

6- Photoelectric Effect:
K .E electron = E photon − E w
Then: 12 me v 2 = hυ light − hυ c , eV = h λ c − h λcc
light
7- Compton Effect:
(E photon + K.E electron )
bef ore collision
(
= E photon + K.E electron )
af ter collision

8- Law of conservation of Energy:

E = mc2 = hυ = hcλ = P L c

9- Mass of photon:
m = cE2 = hυ
c2
= cλh

10- Momentum of photon( P L ):

P L = mc = Ec = hυc = hλ

11- Power of photon( P w ):

P w = ϕL E = Et = hυt = hυϕL Where ϕL = N
Δt
= F
2P L

12- Force of photon(F):

ΔP L 2mc 2hυ 2hυϕl 2hϕl 2P w
F = Δt
= t
= c.t
= c
= λ
= c
 Chapter 6
[Hydrogen Atom]
1- Radius of the orbit:
nλ nh
rn = 2π = 2πm ev

2- Energy of a Level in a Hydrogen atom:

E n = −13.6
n2
(eV )

3- Difference in energy between 2 energy levels(Photon Energy):

E photon = ΔE = E Higher − E Lower

Then(Hydrogen Atom):
1- Highest energy (shortest wavelength):
E ∞ − E 1 = hcλ = hυ , E photon = − 13.6 × 1.6 × 10−19 [ n21 ]
lower

2- Lowest energy (longest wavelength):

E 2 − E 1 = hcλ = hυ , E photon = − 13.6 × 1.6 × 10−19 [ n2 1 − n21 ]
higher lower

4- Longest wavelength (Hydrogen atom):

[ ]
19
1
= −13.6×1.6×10− 1 1
λ hc n2higher − n2lower

5- Number of spectral lines:

n2 −n
N= 2

6- In Coolidge tube:
1- Continuous spectrum (Soft radiation):
K E e = eV = 12 me v 2 = E photon

2- Line spectrum (Hard radiation):

hc
E photon = ΔE = E Higher − E Lower , E photon = hυ x−ray = λx−ray
Then:
1- Highest frequency:
E photon eV me v 2
υ x−ray = h = h = 2h
2- Shortest wavelength:
λx−ray = E hc = eV
hc
= 2hc
me v 2
photon

7- Ef iciency of x-ray tube:

P x−ray
Ef f = P Electric × 100

8- Heat Power produced due to X-ray:

P Electric = V I
P Heat = P Electric − P X −ray

Chapter 7
1- Inverse square law(Light Intensity & distance):
1 I1 d22
Iα d2
Then: I2
= d21

2- Phase difference:
Phase difference = 2πλ × Path difference
 Chapter 8
1- Law of mass action:
n = p = ni ⇒ np = n2i

2- Semiconductors Rules:
P-Type N-Type
Electron n ≃ N +D n=
n2i
concentration N −A

Holes n2i
p= + p ≃ N −A
concentration ND

Return Pure N −A = N +D N +D = N −A

3- Transistor As Amplifier:
● Emitter current (I E )
IE = IB + IC
● Collector current (I C ) :
I C = αe I E
● Base Current (I B ) :
I B = (1 − αe )I E
● Current Division (αe ) :
IC βe
αe = IE
= 1+ β e
● Current Gain (Amplification) (β e ) :
IC αe
βe = IB
= 1− αe

4- Transistor As Switch:
V CC = V CE + I C RC
 Other
1- Percent error (approximation error):
% = ∣∣
Actual value − Expected value ∣
Expected value ∣ × 100

2- Lorentz force(EKB chapter 2):

F = Q(E + v × B ) where: E=external electric ield, v=velocity

3- Coulomb’s law (Electric force) & Newton’s gravitational Law

(EKB Chapter 1&6):
Q1 Q2 m1 m2
F =K d2
, Fg = G r2

4- Electric ield(EKB chapter 1):

F Q
E= Q
= K d2

5- Electric Potential(EKB chapter 1):

Q 1 Q 1
V = E × d = K d = 4πε ∘ d
, where K is a constant = 4πε∘
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