Physics‌ 

‌
Chapter‌‌1 ‌ ‌
1-‌‌Current‌‌Intensity:‌  ‌
Q Q
‌I‌‌=‌ t =‌ VR =‌ Nt.e ‌where:‌‌e‌‌=‌‌1.6‌× 10 −19 C,‌‌N=‌ e   ‌
 ‌
2-‌‌Voltage‌‌(Electric‌‌Potential‌‌difference):‌  ‌
V=‌ WQ
=‌ NW.e =IR‌   ‌ ‌
 ‌
3-‌‌Resistance:‌  ‌
ρ  . l ρe l2 ρ ρe m
R=‌ VI =‌ eA = m
= ρA2
,‌ ‌ρe = Resistivity,  ρ = Density   ‌
 ‌
4-‌‌Conductivity‌‌&‌‌Resistivity:‌‌   ‌
ρe = R.A
l
l
,‌‌σ = R.A ,‌‌σ = ρ1e ‌* lwire = N × 2πrcoil   ‌ ‌
 ‌
5-‌‌Ratio‌‌Between‌‌Two‌‌Resistors:‌  ‌
R1 ρe1 .l1 .A2 ρe1 .ρ1 .l21 .m2 ρe1 m1 ρ2 A22
R2 = ρe2 .l2 .A1 = ρe2 .ρ2 .l22 .m1
= ρe2 m2 ρ1 A21
,‌‌ ‌ρe = Resistivity,  ρ = Density   ‌

 ‌
6-‌‌Resistors‌‌Connection:‌  ‌
 ‌ Series‌  ‌ Parallel‌  ‌
It   ‌ I 1 = I 2 = I 3  ....   ‌ I 1 + I 2 + I 3  + ....   ‌
Vt  ‌ V 1 + V 2 + V 3  .....   ‌ V 1 = V 2 = V 3  .....   ‌
Req   ‌ R1 + R2 + R3 .....   ‌ −1
( 1
R1
+ 1
R2
+ 1
R3 )
+  
R .R
At‌‌2‌‌parallel‌‌resistors:‌‌ R 1+R2   ‌
1 2

 ‌
 ‌
7-‌‌Ohm’s‌‌Law‌‌for‌‌the‌‌closed-circuit:‌  ‌
VB
● Ammeter‌‌Reading:‌‌I = Req + r
 ‌
● V b = I Req   +  Ir   ‌
● P.D‌a‌ cross‌‌a‌‌discharging‌‌battery:‌V = V b − I r   ‌
● P.D‌‌across‌‌a‌‌charging‌‌battery:‌V = V b + I r   ‌
 ‌
8-‌‌Efficiency‌‌of‌‌a‌‌battery:‌  ‌
W out V out R
Ef f battery = W Battery
= VB
= R + r
 ‌
 ‌
9-‌‌Current‌‌Divider‌‌(2‌‌Parallel‌‌Resistors):‌  ‌
R2 R1
I1 = R1 +R2  
× I t ‌,‌‌I 2 = R1 +R2
× It   ‌
 ‌
10-‌‌Voltage‌‌Divider‌‌(2‌‌Series‌‌Resistors):‌  ‌
R1 R2
V1 = R1 +R2  
× V t ‌,‌‌V 2 = R1 +R2
×Vt  ‌
 ‌
11-‌‌Electrical‌‌Potential‌‌Energy‌‌(work‌‌done):‌  ‌
V 2 .t
W = V .Q = V .I.t = I 2 .R.t = R
= P w  t   ‌
 ‌
12-‌‌Electric‌‌Power:‌  ‌
V2
P w = V I = I 2R = R
= W
t
  ‌ ‌
p R1 p R2
Same(I):‌‌ pw1 = R2
,‌ ‌Same(V):‌ pw1 = R1
 ‌
w2 w2

 ‌
13-‌‌Power‌‌delivered‌‌and‌‌consumed:‌  ‌
P D = P C  ‌ Then:‌  ‌
● P D = V BI   ‌
● Charging‌‌battery:‌‌P C = V B I   ‌
● External‌‌resistance:‌‌P C = I 2 R   ‌
● Internal‌‌resistance:‌‌P C = I 2 r   ‌
 Chapter‌‌2 ‌ ‌
 ‌
1-‌‌Magnetic‌‌Flux:‌  ‌
ϕm = B A.sinθ    ‌ ‌
 ‌
2-‌‌Magnetic‌‌flux‌‌density:‌  ‌
 
From‌‌Ampere’s‌‌circular‌‌law(‌∫ B  dl = μ I ):‌  ‌
 
μ I
1. B wire = 2πd
= 2 × 10−7 dI ‌ ‌where‌‌μair   =  4π × 10−7   ‌
 ‌
From‌‌Biot‌‌Savart‌‌law:‌  ‌
μ N  I lwire θ
1. B Circular loop = 2r
‌where‌‌N = 2πr
= 360
,‌‌N α  1r   ‌
 ‌
μ N  I N
2. B solenoid = l
= μ n I ‌where‌‌n = l
 ‌
 ‌
3-‌M
‌ agnetic‌‌flux‌‌density‌‌operations:‌  ‌
● Total‌‌magnetic‌‌flux:‌  ‌
○ Same‌‌direction:‌‌B T = B 1 + B 2   ‌
○ Opposite‌‌direction:‌‌B T = B 1 − B 2   ‌
○ Perpendicular‌‌to‌‌each‌‌other:‌‌B T =   ‌
 ‌
B Circular loop
● Reshaping‌‌(circular‌‌loop‌‌⇔ solenoid):‌ B =‌ 2rlsc   ‌
solenoid
I wire
● At‌‌wire‌‌tangent‌‌to‌‌a‌‌circular‌‌coil:‌‌r=d,‌‌N I circular coil = π  ‌
● Solenoid‌‌turns‌‌are‌‌touching‌‌each‌‌other:‌‌l = N × 2r   ‌
 ‌
4-‌‌Force‌‌due‌‌to‌‌magnetic‌‌field:‌  ‌
I 2R
F‌‌= B Ilsinθ = v
,‌ ‌Where‌‌v is‌‌the‌‌velocity‌‌of‌‌the‌‌wire‌  ‌
5-‌‌Mutual‌‌Force‌‌between‌‌2‌‌wires:‌  ‌
μI 1 I 2 l
F‌= 2πd
,‌‌ ‌Where‌‌l is‌‌the‌‌length‌‌of‌‌the‌‌smaller‌‌wire‌  ‌
 ‌
6-‌‌Suspending‌‌wire‌‌in‌‌the‌‌air:‌  ‌
F = F g ‌→ ‌B Il = mg = ρV ol  g = ρAlg   ‌
Then:‌‌B I = ρ Ag‌‌= ρπr2 g ‌where:‌‌ρ =‌‌Density,‌‌g‌‌=‌‌gravity‌  ‌
   ‌
7-‌‌Torque:‌  ‌
τ = B IAN  sinθ   ‌
Sin‌θ   ‌ Cos‌‌θ   ‌
Coil‌‌&‌‌⊥ Field‌  ‌ Coil‌‌&‌‌Field‌  ‌
⊥ Coil‌‌&‌‌Field‌  ‌ ⊥ Coil‌‌&‌‌⊥ ‌Field‌  ‌
 ‌
8-‌‌Magnetic‌‌dipole‌‌moment:‌  ‌
 ∣ m   ∣ =‌‌IAN‌‌=‌‌ τ   ‌
∣  d ∣  Bsinθ
 ‌
9-‌‌Galvanometer:‌  ‌
Sensitivity‌‌=‌‌ θI   ‌
 ‌
10-‌‌Conversion‌‌of‌‌Voltmeter‌‌to‌‌Ammeter:‌  ‌
Rs = II v−RI vv    ‌ ‌
 ‌
11-‌‌Conversion‌‌of‌‌Ammeter‌‌to‌‌Voltmeter:‌  ‌
V −I A RA
Rm = IA
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
12-‌‌Ammeter:‌  ‌
Rg RS
● R∖ = Rg +RS
 ‌
I R V
● Rs = Ig−I gg = I sg   ‌
Ig RS
● I
= Rg +R = sensitivity‌‌   ‌
S
R
● I   = I g (1 + Rgs )   ‌
● At‌‌I‌‌=n‌I g ‌⇒ Rg = (n − 1)Rs   ‌
 ‌
13-‌‌Voltmeter:‌  ‌
Vm
● R∖ = Rg + Rm = Ig  ‌
V −V g
● Rm = Ig  ‌
Vg Rg
● V
= Rg +Rm
 ‌
● V = I g (Rg + Rm )  
● At‌‌V‌‌=n‌V g ‌⇒ Rm = (n − 1)Rg   ‌
 ‌
14-‌‌Ohmmeter:‌  ‌
● Rdevice = Rstandart + Rg + Rv + r   ‌
VB
● At‌‌Rx = 0 → I = Rd
 ‌
VB
● At‌‌Rx =/ 0 → I = Rd + Rx
 ‌
I Rdevice
● I max = Rdevice +Rx   ‌
V
● Rx = I B − Rd   ‌
● ( )
At‌‌I‌‌=‌‌ 1n I max ⇒ Rx = (n − 1)Rdevice   ‌

 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 Chapter‌‌3 ‌ ‌
 ‌
1-‌‌Electromagnetic‌‌Induction(faraday’s‌‌law):‌  ‌
Δϕ
emf av =− N Δt   ‌
 ‌
2-‌‌Special‌‌rule:‌  ‌
QR‌‌=‌‌-N‌× Δ B‌‌× A‌  ‌
 ‌
3-‌‌Induced‌‌Emf‌‌for‌‌a‌‌moving‌‌wire:‌  ‌
Emf‌‌=‌‌-‌B vl ‌sin‌θ   ‌
 ‌
4-‌‌Mutual‌‌induction:‌  ‌
Emf 2 =   − M × ΔI Δt
   ‌ ‌
Where:‌‌(M)‌‌is‌‌the‌‌coefficient‌‌of‌‌mutual‌‌induction‌,‌ ‌N 2 Δϕ2 = M .ΔI   ‌
 ‌
μ N 1 N 2 A2
● For‌‌solenoid:‌‌M‌‌=‌‌ l 1
 ‌
μ N 1 N 2 A2
● For‌‌Circular‌‌coil:‌‌M‌‌=‌ 2r  ‌
1

 ‌
5-‌‌Self‌‌Induction:‌  ‌
Emf   =   − L × ΔIΔt
 ‌
Where‌:‌‌(L)‌‌is‌‌the‌‌coefficient‌‌of‌‌self‌‌Induction‌,‌ ‌N   Δϕ  = L.ΔI   ‌
 ‌
μ AN 2 μ AN 2 Emf L A1 N 21 l2 r21 N 21 l2
L‌‌=‌‌ l =‌ 2r =‌ ΔI ,‌‌ L1 = A2 N 22 l1
= r22 N 22 l1
    ‌
solenoid circular Δt 2

 ‌
6-‌T
‌ he‌‌rate‌‌of‌‌change‌‌in‌‌current‌‌intensity‌‌at‌‌a‌‌given‌‌moment(n):‌  ‌
ΔI V B − L× ΔI
V B = V R + V i   →  nV R = V B − L × Δt   → nI = R
Δt
 ‌
 ‌
7-‌‌Dynamo:‌  ‌
Emf max ‌=‌‌NBA‌ω =NBA.‌2πf   ‌
Emf inst   = Emf max  sinθ = Emf max sin(360f t)   ‌
I = I max sinθ   ‌
 ‌
Where:‌‌f = T1 = nt ,    θ = 360f t,    ω = 2π
T
= 2πf   = V
r
, w
‌ idth=2r‌  ‌
Sin‌θ   ‌ Cos‌‌θ   ‌
Coil‌‌&‌‌⊥ Field‌  ‌ Coil‌‌&‌‌Field‌  ‌
⊥ Coil‌‌&‌‌Field‌  ‌ ⊥ Coil‌‌&‌‌⊥ ‌Field‌  ‌
 ‌
Emf max
Emf avg( 1 , 1 ) = 4BAN f     ‌ Emf ef f =  ‌
2 4 √2
I max
Emf avg( 1 , 1 ) = π2 Emf max = √π emf ef f
2 2
I ef f =  ‌
√2
 ‌

2 4

Emf avg( 3 ) = 43 BAN f   ‌ N max

sec = 2f   ‌
4

Emf
avg( 1 , 1 )   Nsec
zeros
= 2f + 1   ‌
Emf avg( 3 ) = 3
2 4
 ‌
4

 ‌
2 Emf 2ef f Pw
P w = Emf ef f .I ef f = I R = R
,‌ ‌W‌‌=‌‌P w T = f
 ‌
 ‌
8-‌‌Relation‌‌between‌‌number‌‌of‌‌coils‌‌and‌‌commutator:‌  ‌
● Number‌‌of‌‌sections‌‌of‌‌commutator‌‌= 2  × Number‌‌of‌‌coils‌  ‌
∘
360
● Angle‌‌between‌‌number‌‌of‌‌coils‌‌=‌‌ 2 × N umber of  coils
 ‌
  ‌
  ‌
  ‌
  ‌
  ‌
9-‌‌Electric‌‌Transformer:‌  ‌
Step-Up‌‌   ‌ Step-Down‌  ‌
NP < NS   ‌ NP > NS   ‌
VP <VS  ‌ VP >VS  ‌
IP > IS   ‌ IS < IP   ‌
 ‌
V Is Np
● General:‌‌η V ps = Ip
= Ns
 ‌
Vp Is Np
● Ideal:‌‌η = Vs
= Ip
= Ns
,‌‌P wp = P ws1 + P ws2 + ...   ‌
V sI s V sN p
● Non-Ideal:‌‌η = V pI p
= V pN s
,‌‌ηP wp = P ws1 + P ws2 + ...   ‌
 ‌
Energy s P owers
η= Energy p
× 100 = P owerp
× 100   ‌
Where:‌‌η is‌‌the‌‌efficiency‌‌of‌‌the‌‌transformer‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
10-‌‌Transformer‌‌connected‌‌to‌‌a‌‌dynamo(Eff):‌  ‌
N d BA.2πf Is Np
η  = Ip
= Ns
   ‌ ‌
V s .√2
 ‌
11-‌‌Electric‌‌Power‌‌Transmission:‌  ‌
I station = I f actory = I wire   ‌
V f actory = V Station − V wire ‌Where:‌‌V‌‌=‌‌IR‌  ‌
P f actory = P Station − P wire ‌Where:‌‌P‌‌=‌‌VI‌  ‌
P
Efficiency‌‌of‌‌transmission‌‌=‌‌ Pf actory   ‌
station

Rwires = R1Km × DistanceKm × N umber of  wires   ‌

 ‌
 ‌
 Chapter‌‌4 ‌ ‌
 ‌
1-‌‌Inductive‌‌Reactance‌‌(‌X L ):‌  ‌
X L = ω L = 2πf L ,‌‌I max = N LBA   ‌
Series‌  ‌ parallel‌  ‌
−1
x∖L = xL1 + xL2 + xL3 + ....   ‌ x∖L = ( 1
xL1
+ 1
xL2
+ 1
xL3 )
+ ...  ‌
−1
L∖ = L1 + L2 + L3 + ....   ‌ L ∖ = ( 1
L1
+ 1
L2
+ 1
L3
+ ... )  ‌
 ‌
2-‌‌Capacitance‌‌(C):‌  ‌
Q
C= V
 ‌
 ‌
3-‌‌Capacitive‌‌Reactance(‌X c ):‌  ‌
1
X c = ωC = 2πf1 C ,‌I max = N BAω 2 C   ‌

Series‌  ‌ parallel‌  ‌
−1
xc∖ = xc1 + xc2 + xc3 + ....   ‌ x∖C = ( 1
xC1
+ 1
xC2
+ 1
xC3
+ ... )  ‌
−1
C ∖ = C 1 + C 2 + C 3 + ....    ‌
C  ∖ = ( 1
C1
+ 1
C2
+ 1
C3 )
+ ...  ‌
 ‌
4-‌‌R-L‌‌circuit:‌  ‌

√ √
VL XL
V = V 2R + V 2L  ,‌‌Z = R2 + X 2L ,‌  ‌tanθ = VR = R    ‌
 ‌
5-‌‌R-C‌‌circuit:‌  ‌
V = √ V 2R + V c2 ,‌  ‌Z = √ R2 + X c2 ,‌  ‌tanθ = −V c
VR
= −X c
R
   ‌
6-‌‌R-L-C‌‌circuit:‌  ‌
V = √ V 2R + (V L − V c )  ,‌‌Z =
V L −V c X L −X c
  2
√ 2
R2 + (X L − X  c )   ‌, ‌‌
tanθ = VR = R    ‌
 ‌
7-‌‌Resonance:‌  ‌
● F ∘ = 1 ,‌‌ω = 1   ‌
2π √LC √LC

√ √
2
F1 ω1 L2 C 2 N 2 A2 l1 C 2
● F2
= ω2
= L1 C 1
= N 21 A1 l2 C 1
 ‌
2
1 μN A XL
● L= 2
4π 2 F ∘ C
= l
= 2πf
 ‌
1 Q
● C= 2
4π 2 F ∘ L
= V
= 2πf1X c   ‌
  ‌
  ‌
  ‌
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 ‌
 Chapter‌‌5 ‌ ‌
 ‌
1-‌‌Speed‌‌Of‌‌Light‌‌(C):‌  ‌
no of  vibrations
c = λυ ‌Where‌‌υ = time
,‌‌c = 3 × 108   ‌
 ‌
2-‌‌Wien’s‌‌Law:‌  ‌
λmax 1 T2
λmax 2
= T1
‌,‌‌K ∘ = C ∘ + 273   ‌
 ‌
3-‌‌Energy‌‌of‌‌a‌‌light‌‌photon:‌  ‌
E = hυ light = λhc ‌Where‌‌h = 6.625 × 10−34   ‌
light

 ‌
4-‌‌Kinetic‌‌energy‌‌of‌‌electron:‌  ‌
K .E electron = 12 me v 2 = eV   ‌
 ‌
Then:‌‌   ‌
me v 2
● V = 2e
 ‌
● v=
√ 2K.E
me
=
√ 2eV
me
 ‌
 ‌
Where‌‌me = 9.1 × 10−31 ,  e = 1.6 × 10−19 ,‌‌v = v elocity ,‌‌V = P .D.   ‌
 ‌
5-‌‌Work‌‌Function‌‌of‌‌metal‌‌(‌E w ):‌  ‌
E w = hυ c = hc
λc
 ‌
 ‌
6-‌‌Photoelectric‌‌Effect:‌ 
K .E electron = E photon − E w   ‌
Then:‌‌ 12 me v 2 = hυ light − hυ c ,‌‌eV = h λ c − h λcc   ‌
light

 ‌
7-‌‌Compton‌‌Effect:‌  ‌
(E photon + K.E electron )
bef ore collision
(
= E photon + K.E electron )
af ter collision
 ‌
 ‌
8-‌‌Energy‌‌of‌‌photon:‌  ‌
E = mc2 = hυ = hcλ = P L c   ‌
 ‌
9-‌‌Mass‌‌of‌‌photon:‌  ‌
m = cE2 = hυ
c2
= cλh   ‌
 ‌
10-‌‌Momentum‌‌of‌‌photon(‌P L ):‌  ‌
P L = mc = Ec = hυc = hλ   ‌
 ‌
11-‌‌Power‌‌of‌‌photon(‌P w ):‌  ‌
P w = ϕL E = Et = hυt = hυϕL   ‌Where‌‌ϕL = N
Δt
= F
2P L
 ‌
 ‌
12-‌‌Force‌‌of‌‌photon(F):‌  ‌
ΔP L 2mc 2hυ 2hυϕl 2hϕl 2P w
F = Δt
= t
= c.t
= c
= λ
= c
 ‌
  ‌
  ‌
  ‌
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 ‌
 Chapter‌‌6 ‌ ‌
[Hydrogen‌‌Atom]‌  ‌
1-‌‌Radius‌‌of‌‌the‌‌orbit:‌  ‌
nλ nh
rn = 2π = 2πm ev
 ‌
 ‌
2-‌‌Energy‌‌of‌‌a‌‌Level‌‌in‌‌a‌‌Hydrogen‌‌atom:‌  ‌
E n = −13.6
n2
(eV )   ‌
 ‌
3-‌‌Difference‌‌in‌‌energy‌‌between‌‌2‌‌energy‌‌levels(Photon‌‌Energy):‌ 
E photon =  ΔE  =  E Higher − E Lower   ‌
 ‌
Then(Hydrogen‌‌Atom):‌  ‌
1-‌‌Highest‌‌energy‌‌(shortest‌‌wavelength):‌  ‌
E ∞ − E 1 = hcλ = hυ ,‌‌  ‌E photon =  13.6 × 1.6 × 10−19 [ n21 ]  ‌
lower

2-‌‌Lowest‌‌energy‌‌(longest‌‌wavelength):‌  ‌
E 2 − E 1 = hcλ = hυ ,‌ ‌E photon =   − 13.6 × 1.6 × 10−19 [ n2 1 − n21 ]   ‌
higher lower

 
4-‌‌Longest‌‌wavelength‌‌(Hydrogen‌‌atom):‌  ‌

[ ]    ‌ ‌
19
1
= −13.6×1.6×10− 1 1
λ hc n2higher − n2lower

 ‌
5-‌‌Number‌‌of‌‌spectral‌‌lines:‌  ‌
n2 −n
N= 2  ‌
 ‌
6-‌‌In‌‌Coolidge‌‌tube:‌  ‌
1-‌‌Continuous‌‌spectrum‌‌(Soft‌‌radiation):‌  ‌
‌K E e = E photon            ⇒           eV = 12 me v 2 = hυ x−rays = hc
λx−rays
 ‌
 ‌
2-‌‌Line‌‌spectrum‌‌(Hard‌‌radiation):‌  ‌
hc
‌E photon = ΔE  =  E Higher − E Lower ,‌ ‌E photon = hυ x−ray = λx−ray  
 ‌
Then:‌  ‌
1-‌‌Highest‌‌frequency:‌  ‌
E photon eV me v 2
υ x−ray = h = h = 2h  ‌
2-‌‌Shortest‌‌wavelength:‌  ‌
λx−ray = E hc = eV
hc
= 2hc
me v 2
 ‌
photon

 ‌
7-‌‌Efficiency‌‌of‌‌x-ray‌‌tube:‌  ‌
P x−ray
Ef f = P Electric × 100   ‌
 ‌
8-‌‌Heat‌‌Power‌‌produced‌‌due‌‌to‌‌X-ray:‌  ‌
P Electric = V I   ‌
P Heat = P Electric − P X −ray   ‌
 ‌
 ‌
Chapter‌‌7 ‌ ‌
 ‌
1-‌‌Inverse‌‌square‌‌law(Light‌‌Intensity‌‌&‌‌distance):‌  ‌
I d22
I α  d12 ‌ hen:‌‌ I 1
T = d21
 ‌
2

 ‌
2-‌‌Phase‌‌difference:‌  ‌
Phase‌‌difference‌‌=‌‌ 2πλ × Path‌‌difference‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 Chapter‌‌8 ‌ ‌
 ‌
1-‌‌Law‌‌of‌‌mass‌‌action:‌  ‌
n = p = ni ‌⇒ ‌np = n2i   ‌
 ‌
2-‌‌Semiconductors‌‌Rules:‌  ‌

 ‌
 ‌
3-‌‌Transistor‌‌As‌‌Amplifier:‌  ‌
● Emitter‌‌current‌‌(I E )   ‌
IE = IB + IC   ‌
● Collector‌‌current‌‌(I C ) :‌  ‌
I C = αe  I E   ‌
● Base‌‌Current‌‌(I B ) :‌  ‌
I B = (1 − αe )I E   ‌
● Current‌‌Division‌(αe ) :‌  ‌
IC βe
αe = IE
= 1+ β e
 ‌
● Current‌‌Gain‌‌(Amplification)‌‌(β e ) :‌  ‌
IC αe
βe = IB
= 1− αe
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
4-‌‌Transistor‌‌As‌‌Switch:‌  ‌

 ‌
 ‌
5-‌‌Logic‌‌Gates:‌  ‌

 ‌
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 Other‌  ‌
 ‌
1-‌‌Percent‌‌error‌‌(approximation‌‌error):‌  ‌
% =  ∣∣  
Actual value − Expected value  ∣ 
Expected value ∣ × 100   ‌
 ‌
2-‌‌Lorentz‌‌force(EKB‌‌chapter‌‌2):‌  ‌
F‌= Q(E + v × B ) ‌ here:‌‌E=external‌‌electric‌‌field,‌‌v=velocity‌  ‌
w
 ‌
3-‌F‌ orce‌‌acting‌‌on‌‌a‌‌charged‌‌particle‌‌moving‌‌in‌‌a‌‌magnetic‌‌field:‌  ‌
‌F‌‌=‌‌QvBsinθ,‌ ‌where:‌‌Q‌‌is‌‌charge,‌‌v‌‌is‌‌velocity,‌‌B‌‌is‌‌magnetic‌‌field‌  ‌
 ‌
4-‌C‌ oulomb’s‌‌law‌‌(‌ Electric‌‌force)‌‌&‌‌Newton’s‌‌gravitational‌‌Law‌‌   ‌
(EKB‌‌Chapter‌‌1&6):‌  ‌
Q1 Q2 m1 m2
F  = K d2
,‌ ‌F g = G r2
 ‌
 ‌
5-‌‌Electric‌‌field(EKB‌‌chapter‌‌1):‌  ‌
F Q
E= Q
= K d2   ‌
 ‌
6-‌‌Electric‌‌Potential(EKB‌‌chapter‌‌1):‌  ‌
Q 1 Q 1
V = E × d = K d = 4πε ∘ d
,‌ w
‌ here‌K
‌ ‌i
‌ s‌a
‌ ‌c
‌ onstant‌=
‌ ‌‌ 4πε∘
 ‌
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7-‌‌Current‌‌Intensity(EKB‌‌Chapter‌‌1):‌  ‌
I = nAve    ‌
Where‌‌n‌‌is‌‌the‌‌electron‌‌density,‌‌A‌‌is‌‌Area,‌‌v‌‌is‌‌velocity,‌‌e‌‌is‌‌electron‌‌charge‌  ‌
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8-‌‌Electrical‌‌Symbols:‌ ‌8-‌C‌ olor‌‌Coding‌‌system‌‌for‌‌resistance:‌  ‌

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