Formula Sheet: Physics 133 A.

Carmichael

Electric Force and Field: Fundamentals Electric potential of q V = kq/r

1 X kqi qj
Force on charge q F~ = q E
~ P.E. of point charges U=
2 rij
~ = kqr̂/r2 i6=j
Electric field of charge q E
X kqi
Electric field of element dq dE~ = kdqr̂/r2 Potential of charges V =
i
ri
Electric potential of element dq dV = kdq/r
P. E. and potential U = qV Potential: Useful Results
P. E. and P. D. ∆U = q∆V
1 p cos θ
Field & potential ~ = −∇V
E Dipole V (r) =
4πε0 r2
∂V 1 Q
Component of field Ex = − etc. Charged ring V (z) = √
∂x
Z 4πε0 R2 + z 2
Potential difference ∆V = − E ~ · d~l σ hp 2 i
Charged disk V (z) = z + R2 − z
I 2ε0
Line integral (Kirchhoff Loop) ~ · d~l = 0
E V (0) hp 2 i
Charged disk V (z) = z + R2 − z
I R
~ = 1 Qenclosed
 
~ · dA σ
Surface integral (Gauss’ Law) E Infinite sheet V (z) = V (0) − z
ε0 2ε0
energy 1 kQ R
Energy Density u= = ε0 E 2 Uniform sphere r ≥ R V (r) = = Vsurface
volume 2 r  r
r2

kQ
Electric Field: Useful Results Uniform sphere r ≤ R V (r) = 3− 2
2R R
Infinite plane E = σ/2ε0
Uniform Field
λ
Long charged wire E=
2πε0 r P.E. of q in uniform field U (x) = −qEx + U (0)
1 2~ p
Dipole, on axis E≈ Potential in uniform field V (x) = −Ex + V (0)
4πε0 r3
1 p~ Force in 1D F = Fx = −dU/dx
Dipole, ⊥ to axis E≈ Field in 1D E = Ex = −dV /dx
4πε0 r3
1 Q PE ∆U = qEd = qEs
Uniform sphere r ≥ R E=
4πε0 r2
1 Q Capacitors (notation V = |∆V |, radius b > a)
Uniform sphere r ≤ R E= r
4πε0 R3
1 Qz Capacitance Definition C = Q/V
Ring on axis E=
4πε0 (z + R2 )3/2
2 Parallel plate capacitor C = εr ε0 A/d
 
σ z P.D. parallel plate V = Ed
Disk on axis E= 1− √
2ε0 z 2 + R2 Energy Stored U = 21 QV = 12 QEd = 12 CV 2
1 Q Field, parallel plate E = σ/ε0
Rod a from end E=
4πε0 a(a + l)
Capacitors parallel C = C1 + C2 + ...
1 Q
Rod, bisector E= 1 1 1
Capacitors series = + + ....
p
4πε0 x (L/2)2 + x2
C C1 C2
ρ λ λ
 
b
Uniform Cylinder r ≤ R E(r) = r= r Cylindrical capacitor V = ln
2ε0 2πε0 R2 2πε0 a
λ C 1
Cylinder r ≥ R E(r) = Cylindrical capacitor = 2πε0
2πε0 r l ln (b/a)
Charge density: 1D: λ, 2D: σ, 3D: ρ Q b−a
Spherical capacitor V =
4πε0 ab
ab
Fields due to point or spherical sources Spherical capacitor C = 4πε0
b−a
Isolated sphere C = 4πε0 a
Coulomb’s Law F = kqq 0 /r2
Electric P.E. two charges U = kqq 0 /r
Electric field of charge q E = kq/r2

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Formula Sheet: Physics 133 A. Carmichael

DC Circuits Lorentz force law F~ = q E

~ + q~v × B
~
dq Magnetic Force and Field: Useful Results
Current I=
dt
µ0 I
Current density J~ = I/A
~ = nq~v = ne~v Field of a long wire r > R B=
2π r
Current I = nAvq = nAve µ0 I
Ohm’s “law” ∆V = IR Field inside wire r < R B = r
2πR2
~ = 1E F µ0 II 0
Ohm’s “law” J~ = σ E ~ Force between wires =
ρ l 2π r
Power (general) P = I · ∆V Field in a long coil B = µ0 nI = µ0 N I/l
Power in a resistor P =I R 2 µ0 N IR2
Field on axis, flat coil Bz =
RA 1 2 (z + R2 )3/2
2
Resistivity ρ= = µ0 N I
L σ Field, centre of flat coil B=
ne2 τ 2 R
Conductivity σ=
m Field of dipole, far on axis ~ ≈ 0 2m
B
µ ~
eEτ 4π z 3
Drift velocity v= Radius of motion of charge r = mv/qB
m
Resistors Series R = R1 + R2 + ... Frequency of circular motion ω = 2πf = qB/m
1 1 1
Resistors Parallel = + + .... Electric and Magnetic Dipoles
R R1 R2
Terminal voltage ∆V = E − Ir Electric Dipole Moment p = qa
1 dR Magnetic Dipole Moment m = IA
Temperature coefficient α=
R dT Torque on Electric Dipole ~Γ = p~ × E
~
Temperature coefficient R(T ) = R(T0 ) (1 + α∆T )
Torque on Magnetic Dipole ~Γ = m~ ×B ~
1
Hall Voltage VH = BI P.E. of electric dipole U = −~
p·E~ = −pE cos ϕ
nte
P.E. of magnetic dipole U = −m
~ ·B~ = −mB cos ϕ
RC DC circuits
Inductors
Charging voltage VC (t) = E(1 − e−t/τ )
Definition L = N ΦB /I
Discharging voltage VC (t) = V0 e−t/τ = Ee−t/τ
Charge on capacitor q(t) = VC (t)C Inductance of a coil L = µ0 N 2 A/l
Energy Stored U = 21 LI 2
Charging/discharging I(t) = I0 e−t/τ
Field in a long coil B = µ0 nI = µ0 N I/l
Charging/discharging VR (t) = I(t)R = Ee−t/τ
Inductors series L = L1 + L2 + ...
Time constant τ = RC
1 1 1
Max current Imax = I(0) = I0 = E/R Inductors parallel = + + ...
L L1 L2
Max charge qmax = Q = EC dΦB
Faraday’s Law E = −N
dt
Magnetic Force and Field: Fundamentals dI
Emf, inductor E = −L
dt
Force on charge F~ = q~v × B
~
Emf, moving conductor E = Blv
Force on current element dF~ = Id~l × B
~
Tansformer E1 /E2 = N1 /N2 = I2 /I1
Force on straight current F~ = I~l × B~ Induced E, rotating coil E = ωBAN sin(ωt + θ0 )

Biot-Savart Law for q B~ = µ0 q~v × r̂ RL DC Circuits

4π r2
~ Current growth I(t) = Imax (1 − e−t/τ )
Biot-Savart Law for element dB~ = µ0 Idl × r̂
I 4π r2 Current decay I(t) = I0 e−t/τ = Imax e−t/τ
Ampère’s Law B~ · d~l = µ0 I Voltage across inductor VL (t) = Ee−t/τ
I Voltage across resistor VR (t) = I(t)R
Gauss’ Law ~ · dA
B ~=0
Time Constant τ = L/R
energy 1 1 2 Steady state current Imax = E/R
Energy density u= = B
volume 2 µ0

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Formula Sheet: Physics 133 A. Carmichael

AC Circuits Maxwell equations (static case)

Current I = Imax cos(ωt) Integral form Differential form Name

I Z
Circular Frequency ω = 2πf = 2π/T ~ · dA
E ~= 1 ρ(~r)d3 x ∇·E ~ = ρ Gauss
Imax Vmax ε0 ε0
rms for sinusoidal A.C. Irms = √ ; Vrms = √ I
2 2 ~ · dA
B ~=0 ~ =0
∇·B Gauss
rms for square wave A.C. Irms = Imax ; Vrms = Vmax I
“Ohm’s Law” Vrms = Irms Z ~ · d~l = 0
E ~ =0
∇×E Kirchhoff
Power P = Irms Vrms cos ϕ I Z
q ~ ~
B · dl = µ0 J~ · dA ~ ~ = µ0 J~
∇×B Ampère
2
Impedance, RLC series circuit Z = R2 + (XL − XC )
Angle by which V leads I tan ϕ = (XL − XC )/R Maxwell equations (sourceless, time dependent case)
√
Oscillations, LC circuit ω0 = 1/ LC
Integral form Differential form Name
I
~ · dA
E ~=0 ~ =0
∇·E Gauss
Element Reactance “Ohm’s Law” Phase of V I
~ · dA
B ~=0 ~ =0
∇·B Gauss
Resistor R VR = IR in phase with I
Leads I by 900
I Z ~
Inductor XL = ωL VL = Imax XL ~ · d~l = − d
E ~ · dA
B ~ ~ = − ∂B
∇×E Faraday
Capacitor XC = 1/ωC VC = Imax XC Lags I by 90 0 dt ∂t
I Z ~
~ · d~l = µ0 ε0 d
B ~ · dA
E ~ = µ0 ε0 ∂ E
~ ∇×B Maxwell
Flow equations differential form (1D) dt ∂t
dq dV A dV Maxwell’s equations
Electric = I = −σA =−
dt dx ρ dx I Z I
dQ dT ~ · dA
E ~= 1 ρ(~r)d3 x B~ · dA~=0
Heat = −κA ε0
dt dx I Z
dV πr4 dp ~ · d~l = − d
E ~ · dA
B ~
Fluid (vol.) =− dt
dt 8η dx I Z Z
dm ρπr4 dp ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ · dA
~
Fluid (mass) =− B · dl = µ0 J · dA + µ0 ε0 E
dt 8η dx dt

Fluids: ρ = density, η = viscosity, V = volume Auxilliary Maxwell equations

Electric: ρ = resistivity, V = potential, σ = conductivity
Lorentz force law F~ = q E
~ + q~v × B
~
Heat: κ = conductivity, T = temperature, Q = heat
Ohm’s law J~ = σ E
~ = −σ∇V
Flow equations integrated form Scalar potential (static case) ~ = −∇V
E
∆q A ∆V ∆V dq dV
Electric I= =− =− Displacement current I= =C
∆t ρ l R dt dt
∆Q ∆T EM Waves
Heat = −κA
∆t l
∆V πr4 ∆p Wavenumber k = 2π/λ
Fluid (vol.) =−
∆t 8η l Angular Frequency ω = 2π/T = 2πf
∆m ρπr4 ∆p Frequency, period f = 1/T
Fluid (mass) =−
∆t 8η l Wave Speed c = fλ
Flow equations general form Dispersion relation ω = ck
Intensity=power/area I = P/A
Electric J~ = σ E
~ = −σ∇V
Point source I = Psource /4πr2
Heat J~ = −κ∇T Radiation pressure (full absorption) p = I/c
 2
r Radiation pressure (full reflection) p = 2I/c
Fluid J~ = − ∇p
8η

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Formula Sheet: Physics 133 A. Carmichael

Trigonometry Inverse trig functions where α = principal value

opp. adj. opp. sin θ cos θ = cos α =⇒ θ = ±α + 2nπ
sin θ = cos θ = tan θ = =
hyp. hyp. adj. cos θ sin θ = sin α =⇒ θ = (−1)n α + nπ
tan θ = tan α =⇒ θ = α + nπ
θ(rad) 2π π 2π π
= = 1 rpm = rad/s = rad/s Binomial formulae
θ(deg) 360o 180o 60 30
1
√ (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + n(n − 1)x2 + ... if |x|  1
2!
cos(±π/6) = sin π/3 = sin(2π/3) = 3/2 n
X
cos(±π/3) = sin π/6 = sin(5π/6) = 1/2 (a + b)n = n
Cr an−r br integer n
√ r=0
cos(±π/4) = sin π/4 = sin(3π/4) = 1/ 2
Cominatorics
√ n! n!
cos(±5π/6) = sin(−π/3) = sin(−2π/3) = − 3/2 n
Cr = n
Pr =
r!(n − r)! (n − r)!
cos(±2π/3) = sin(−π/6) = sin(−5π/6) = −1/2
√
cos(±3π/4) = sin(−π/4) = sin(−3π/4) = −1/ 2 Quadratic equation y = ax2 + bx + c
√
b b2 − 4ac
2 2 Roots at x=− ±
a = b + c − 2bc cos A Law of cosines 2a 2a
a b c max, min at x = −b/2a
= = Law of sines
sin A sin B sin C
Linear Equation y = mx + b

sin (θ ± φ) = sin θ cos φ ± cos θ sin φ Given m, (x1 , y1 ) y − y1 = m(x − x1 )

 
cos (θ ± φ) = cos θ cos φ ∓ sin θ sin φ y2 − y1
Given (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ) y − y1 = (x − x1 )
x2 − x1
sin(θ ± π) = − sin θ sin(θ ± π/2) = ± cos θ Exponential behaviour
cos(θ ± π) = − cos θ cos(θ ± π/2) = ∓ sin θ
y(t) = y(0)e−t/τ = y(0)e−λt Exponential decay
sin(π ± θ) = ∓ sin θ sin(π/2 ± θ) = cos θ
−t/Thalf
cos(π ± θ) = − cos θ cos(π/2 ± θ) = ∓ sin θ y(t) = y(0)2 Exponential decay
Thalf = τ ln 2 Half life
 
sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 sin(ωt ± π/2) = ± cos ωt y(t) = ymax 1 − e−t/τ Exponential growth
sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ cos(ωt ± π/2) = ∓ sin ωt
Percent difference between quantities A, B
2 2
cos 2θ = cos θ − sin θ sin(ωt ± π) = − sin ωt
|A − B| |A − B|
cos(ωt ± π) = − cos ωt % diff (A, B) = × 100 = × 200
av(A, B) A+B
Sum to product
Percent error
   
θ±φ θ∓φ |measured − true|
sin θ ± sin φ = 2 sin cos % error = × 100
2 2 true
   
θ+φ θ−φ
cos θ + cos φ = 2 cos cos Mathematical constants
2 2
1o = 1.745 × 10−2 rad
   
θ+φ θ+φ e = 2.71828...
cos θ − cos φ = −2 sin sin
2 2 π = 3.14159... 10 = 2.9089 × 10−4 rad
Product to sum log10 e = 0.434... 100 = 4.8481 × 10−6 rad
ln 10 = 2.3025... 1 rad = 57.296o
2 cos θ cos ϕ = cos(θ − ϕ) + cos(θ + ϕ)
ln 2 = 0.693... π/6 rad = 30o
2 sin θ sin ϕ = cos(θ − ϕ) − cos(θ + ϕ)
e−1 = 0.368... π/3 rad = 60o
2 sin θ cos ϕ = sin(θ + ϕ) + sin(θ − ϕ)
(1 − e−1 ) = 0.632... π/4 rad = 45o
Small angle formulae for small θ  1 (in radians) √
3/2 = 0.866... 1 rpm = 0.1047 rad/s
√
sin θ ≈ θ cos θ ≈ 1 − θ2 /2 tan θ ≈ θ 1/ 2 = 0.707... 1 rad/s = 9.549 rpm

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Formula Sheet: Physics 133 A. Carmichael

Possibly useful integrals deci d 10−1

Z
dx ±x centi c 10−2
= √
2 2
(x ± a ) 3/2
a x2 ± a2
2 milli m 10−3
10−6
Z
xdx 1 micro µ
2 2 3/2
= −√
(x ± a ) x ± a2
2
nano n 10−9
Greek alphabet pico p 10−12
femto f 10−15
Letter Upper case Lower case
Alpha A α atto a 10−18
Beta B β
Gamma Γ γ Abbreviations used:
Delta ∆ δ SHM = Simple Harmonic Motion
Epsilon E , ε GPE = Gravitational Potential Energy
Zeta Z ζ SPE = Strain (Spring) Potential Energy
Eta H η EMF = ElectroMotive Force (voltage)
Theta Θ θ EM or E&M = ElectroMagnetism
Iota I ι PE = Potential Energy
Kappa K κ PD = Potential Difference
Lambda Λ λ AC = Alternating Current
Mu M µ DC = Direct Current (or Detective Comics)
Nu N ν con. = conservative (force)
Xi Ξ ξ STP = Standard Temperature and Pressure (20o C, 1 atm)
Omicron O o atm.=atmosphere (pressure)
Pi Π π N1,N2,N3= Newton’s laws of motion
Rho P ρ T0,T1,T2,T3= the laws of thermal physics
Sigma Σ σ K1,K2,K3= Kepler’s laws of planetary motion
Tau T τ
Upsilon Y υ
Phi Φ φ, ϕ
Chi X χ
Psi Ψ ψ
Omega Ω ω

SI units and derived units

Quantity Symbol Unit Name Basic Units
Mass m kg kilogram kg
Length l m meter m
Time t s second s
Force F N Newton kg ms−2
Energy E J Joule kg m2 s−2
Power P W = Js−1 Watt kg m2 s−3
Pressure p Pa = N/m2 Pascal kg/ms2

Metric Prefixes

exa E 1018
peta P 1015
tera T 1012
giga G 109
mega M 106
kilo k 103
hecto h 102

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Formula Sheet: Physics 133 A. Carmichael

Position, velocity and acceleration Uniform circular motion at = 0, α = 0

∆x/∆t = vav ∆v/∆t = aav Forces and Momentum

dx/dt = v(t) dv/dt = a(t)
Newton’s 2nd Law F~net = m~a
Z Z
a(t)dt = ∆v v(t)dt = ∆x
Potential energy and force (1D) F = −dU/dx
Uniformly accelerated linear motion (a=const.) Potential energy and force (3D) F~ = −∇U
Linear Momentum p~ = m~v
v = u + at s = ut + 12 at2
u+v Newton’s second law (general) F~ = d~
p/dt
v 2 = u2 + 2as s= t
2 Impulse for constant force J~ = ∆~
p = F~ ∆t
Alternative form Friction (static) fs ≤ fs,max = µs n
Friction (kinetic) fk = µk n
v = v0 + at x = x0 + v0 t + 12 at2
  Weight w = mg
v0 + v
v 2 = v02 + 2a(x − x0 ) x = x0 + t
2 Grav. fields due to point or spherical sources
Projectile motion 2D (uniform field g=const.)
Force between masses F = Gmm0 /r2
ay = −g = const. ax = 0 = const. Gravity field of mass m g = Gm/r2
vy (t) = vy (0) − gt vx (t) = vx (0) = const. G.P.E. two masses U = −Gmm0 /r
y(t) = y(0) + vy (0)t − 21 gt2 x(t) = x(0) + vx (0)t Grav. potential of m V = −Gm/r

In terms of v(0) and θ Orbital motion

ay = −g = const. ax = 0 = const. Kepler’s 2nd Law K2 T 2 = (4π 2 /GM )r3

vy = v(0) sin θ − gt vx = v(0) cos θ = const. Orbit (circular) v 2 = GM/r
1 2
y = y(0) + v(0)t sin θ − 2 gt x = x(0) + v(0)t cos θ Escape velocity v 2 = 2GM/r

v 2 (y) = v 2 (0) − 2g(y − y0 ) Constants related to gravity

vy2 (y) = vy2 (0) − 2g(y − y0 ) Universal const. of gravitation G = 6.67 × 10−11 N · m2 /kg2
Trajectory and velocity equations for x(0) = y(0) = 0 Earth surface gravity g = 9.81 m/s2

vy (0)
 
1 g
 Earth mass & G GME = 3.98 × 1014 m3 /s2
y(x) = x− x2 Solar mass & G GM = 1.33 × 1020 m3 /s2
vx (0) 2 vx2 (0)
GM$ = 4.91 × 1012 m3 /s2
 
1 g Moon mass & G
y(x) = x tan θ − x2
2 v 2 (0) cos2 θ
Work and energy
Range R, height h, flight time T
Kinetic energy K = 21 mv 2
h = vy2 (0)/2g h = v 2 (0) sin2 θ/2g Z
R = 2vx (0)vy (0)/g R = v 2 (0) sin 2θ/g Work W = F~ · d~r
T = 2vy (0)/g T = 2v(0) sin θ/g
Power P = dE/dt = W/∆t

h=
R
tan θ Instantaneous Power P = F~ · ~v = Fk · v
4 Work-energy theorem Wnet = Wc + Wnc = ∆K
Circular motion Work done by con. forces Wc = −∆U
2 2 Mechanical energy Emech = K + U
Centripetal acceleration ar = v /r = rω
Arc length s = rθ Conservation of mech. energy Ki + Ui + Wnc = Kf + Uf
Tangential speed v = rω = 2πr/T Work done by non-con. forces Wnc = ∆Emech
Tangetial acceleration at = rα GPE uniform field U (y) = mgy + U (0)
Angular frequency ω = 2πf = 2π/T GPE uniform field ∆Ugrav. = mgh = mg∆y
Frequency and time period f = 1/T Spring (strain) P.E. Uspring = 21 kx2

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Formula Sheet: Physics 133 A. Carmichael

Mechanical energy Emech. = K + Utotal v =⇒ ω K = 12 mv 2 =⇒ Kr = 12 Iω 2

a =⇒ α p~ = m~v =⇒ L~ = I~
ω
Theorems for variable forces Moments of inertia
Z
Impulse-momentum J~ = ∆~
p = F~av ∆t = F~net (t)dt Moment Object Axis
2
Z I = MR Uniform ring/tube Through centre
Work-energy Wnet = ∆K = F~net · d~r 1 2
I= 2MR Uniform disk/cylinder Through centre
1 2
Centre of mass I= 12 M L Uniform rod Through centre
1 2
Z I= 3ML Uniform rod Through end
~ cm = 1 ~ cm = 1
X
R mi~ri R ~rρdV I= 2 2
M M 5MR Uniform sphere Through centre
2 2
I= 3MR Hollow sphere Through centre
Types of collision
1 2
I= 3Ma Slab width a Along edge (door)
• totally elastic: No loss of K.E. , e = 1
Rotational motion with (α = const.)
• inelastic: Some loss of K.E., 0 < e < 1
ω = ω0 + αt ∆θ = ω0 t + 21 αt2
• completely inelastic: v1 = v2 = v, e = 0 Max K.E. loss ω0 + ω
ω 2 = ω02 + 2α∆θ ∆θ = t
Collision conservation laws (1D & 2D) 2
Simple harmonic motion (SHM)
Momentum m1 ~u1 + m2 ~u2 = m1~v1 + m2~v2
2
K.E. (elastic only) 1
2 m1 u1 + 12 m2 u22 = 12 m1 v12 + 21 m2 v22 Hooke’s Law F (x) = −kx
acceleration a(x) = −ω 2 x = −n2 x
Newton’s collision law (1D only) p
Velocity v(x) = ±ω A2 − x2
Newton’s collision law (1D) (v2 − v1 ) = −e(u2 − u1 )
SPE for a spring U (x) = 12 kx2
1D collision, stationary target (u2 = 0) Total energy E = 21 kA2 = 12 mω 2 A2
m1 − em2 (1 + e)m1 Position x(t) x(t) = A sin(ωt + ϕ)
v1 = u1 v2 = u1 Velocity v(t) v(t) = Aω cos(ωt + ϕ)
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
Acceleration a(t) a(t) = −Aω 2 sin(ωt + ϕ)
r
∆K m2 1 2π m
loss of K.E. = (1 − e2 ) Period, mass-spring T = = = 2π
Ki m1 + m2 f ω k
s
Rotational motion 1 2π l
Period, simple pendulum T = = = 2π
f n g
1 2
Rotational K.E. Kr = 2 Iω s
Moment of inertia I = Σ mr 2 1 2π I
Period, physical pendulum T = = = 2π
Z f n mgr
Moment of inertia I = r2 ρdV
Elasticity
Magnitude of torque Γ = rF sin ϕ = rF⊥
Work done by a torque W = Γ · ∆θ = ∆Kr Hooke’s law (cables) F = (Y A/l) · δl = k · δl = λδl/l
Rotational power P = Γω Tensile stress stress = F/A
N2 for rotation Γ = Iα Tensile strain strain = δl/l
N2 for rotation (general form) ~Γ = dL/dt
~ Young’s modulus Y = stress/strain
Angular momentum L = Iω Strain energy W = U = 12 F · δl = 21 kx2
~
Conservation of L Ii ωi = If ωf
Rolling without slipping vcm = Rω, acm = Rα

Substitutions for rotational dynamics

s =⇒ ∆θ F~ =⇒ ~Γ
u =⇒ ω0 m =⇒ I

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Formula Sheet: Physics 133 A. Carmichael

Fundamental and other Constants

Gravitation
Earth surface field strength g 9.80665 m/ss = N/kg
Gravitational constant G 6.674 × 10−11 N · m2 /kg2

Thermal Physics

Boltzmann’s constant kB 1.381 × 10−23 J/K

−15
4.136 × 10 eV/K
23
Avogadro’s number NA 6.022 × 10 molecule/mol
Gas constant R 8.314 J/K · mol
0.08206 litre · atm/(K · mol)
−8
Stefan-Boltzmann σ 5.670 × 10 W/m2 T4
Wien constant b 2.898 × 10−3 m·K
≈ 2900 µmK

Electricity and magnetism

Speed of light in a vacuum c 299, 792, 458 ≈ 3 × 108 m/s

−19
Magnitude of electron charge e 1.602 × 10 C
2 −12
Permittivity of vacuum ε0 = 1/µ0 c 8.854 × 10 C2 /(N · m2 ) = F/m
Coulomb constant k = 1/4πε0 8.988 × 109 N · m2 /C2
ke2 = e2 /4πε0 2.307 × 10−28 N · m2
Permeability of vacuum µ0 4π × 10−7 T · m/A = H/m

Particle masses

Mass of the electron me 9.109 × 10−31 kg

−27
Mass of the proton mp 1.673 × 10 kg
−27
Mass of the neutron mn 1.675 × 10 kg
Neutron-electron mass ratio mn /me 1839 −−
Proton-electron mass ratio mp /me 1836 −−
2
Proton rest energy mp c 938.27 MeV
2
Neutron rest energy mn c 939.57 MeV
2
Electron rest energy me c 0.5110 MeV
−27
Hydrogen atom mass mH 1.674 × 10 kg

Quantum physics and Bohr atom

Planck’s constant h 6.626 × 10−34 J·s

−15
4.136 × 10 eV · s
−34
Reduced Planck’s constant ~ 1.055 × 10 J·s
−16
6.582 × 10 eV · s
Ground state energy E1 = −hcR − 13.6 eV
Rydberg constant R 1.097 × 10 7
m−1
Bohr radius r1 5.29 × 10−11 m
6
Electron Bohr velocity v1 2.19 × 10 m/s
~c ~c 197 MeV · fm
hc hc 1240 eV · nm

version: Monday 19th June, 2017 15:14 Page 8 CalPoly Department of Physics
Formula Sheet: Physics 133 A. Carmichael

Unit Conversions (table 2)

Quantity Units Conversion or value

Length inch, cm 1 in. = 2.54 cm
Length foot, cm 1 ft = 30.48 cm
Length mile, km 1 mile = 1.609 km
Energy electron-volt, Joule 1 eV = 1.602 × 10−19 J
Energy atm-litre, Joule 1 atm · litre = 101.325 J
Energy calorie, Joule 1 cal = 4.1868 J
Energy British thermal unit, Joule 1 Btu = 1055 J
Energy foot-pound, Joule 1 ft · lb = 1.356 J
Energy kilowatt-hour, Joule 1 kW · h = 3.600 MJ
Power horsepower, Watt 1 hp = 746 Watt
Mass atomic unit, kg 1 u = 1.6605 × 10−27 kg
Force pound, Newton 1 lb = 4.442 N
3 3
Density g/cm → kg/m 1 g/cm3 = 1000 kg/m3
Pressure Pascal, psi 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 = 1.450 × 10−4 psi
Pressure atmosphere, Pascal 1 atm = 101, 325 Pa = 760 Torr = 14.7 psi
Pressure psi, Pascal 1 psi = 6.895 × 103 Pa
Pressure mm Hg 1 torr = 1 mm Hg = 0.0394 in Hg = 1.333 × 102 Pa
Pressure bar 1 bar = 105 Pa
Volume litre 1 l = 103 cm3 = 10−3 m3 = 1.057 qt (US)
Volume quart (US) 1 qt (US) = 946 ml
Volume gallon (US) 1 gal.(US) = 3.758 l
Magnetic Field Gauss, Tesla 1 G = 10−4 T
Angle rev, rad, deg 1 rev = 360o = 2π rad

Miscellaneous Data (table 3)

Density of pure water at 4o C 1, 000 kg/m3 = 1 g/cm3 = 1 g/ml

Density of sea water (approx.) 1, 025 kg/m3 = 1.025 g/cm3 = 1.025 g/ml
Density of ice 917 kg/m3 = 0.917 g/cm3 = 0.917 g/ml
Density of copper (20o C) 8960 kg/m3 = 8.96 g/cm3 = 8.96 g/ml
Density of aluminium (20o C) 2700 kg/m3 = 2.70 g/cm3 = 2.70 g/ml
Latent heat of fusion of water lf 333.7 kJ/kg
Latent heat of vaporization of water lv 2256 kJ/kg
Specific heat capacity of water 4.186 kJ/(kg · K)
Specific heat capacity of ice 2.093 kJ/(kg · K)
Specific heat capacity of aluminium 900 J/kg · K
Speed of sound in air at STP 343 m/s
Refractive index of pure water 1.33
Refractive index of glass (typical) 1.50
Resistivity of copper (20 C) o
1.68 × 10−8 Ω · m = 16.8 nΩ · m
Electrical conductivity of copper (20o C) 5.96 × 107 S/m = 5.96 × 107 (Ω · m)−1
Resistivity of aluminium (20o C) 2.82 × 10−8 Ω · m = 28.2 nΩ · m
Electrical conductivity of aluminium (20o C) 3.55 × 107 S/m = (Ω · m)−1

version: Monday 19th June, 2017 15:14 Page 9 CalPoly Department of Physics
Formula Sheet: Physics 133 A. Carmichael

Derived units (table 4)

Quantity Symbol SI Unit SI Unit Name Elementary Units

Mass m kg kilogram kg
Length l m meter m
Time t s second s
Charge Q C Coulomb As
Force F N Newton kg ms−2
Energy E, K, U, W J Joule kg m2 s−2
Power P W = Js−1 Watt kg m2 s−3
Potential Difference V V = J/C Volt kg m2 s−3 A−1
Capacitance C F = C/V Farad kg−1 m−2 s4 A2
Current I A Amp A
Resistance R Ω = V/A Ohm kg m2 /A2 s3
Conductance G S = Ω−1 Siemens kg−1 m−2 s3 A2
Electric field ~
E NC−1 = Vm−1 kg ms−3 A−1
Magnetic Field ~
B T Tesla kg s−2 A−1
Electric Flux ΦE NC−1 m2 = Vm kg m3 s−3 A−1
Magnetic Flux ΦB Wb = Tm2 = Vs Weber kg m2 s−2 A−1
Inductance L H = Vs/A Henry kg m2 s−2 A−2

version: Monday 19th June, 2017 15:14 Page 10 CalPoly Department of Physics
Formula Sheet: Physics 133 A. Carmichael

Symbols used in mechanics, fluids and solids: Symbols for E&M:

A Amplitude for SHM A Area (of loop)
A, A1 , A2 Cross sectional area of pipe a Charge separation (in electric dipole)
a Acceleration B Magnetic field
at Tangential component of acceleration C Capacitance
ar Radial component of acceleration c Speed of light
e Coefficient of resitution E Electric field
E Total energy I Electric current or field intensity
F , Fav Force, average force Imax Maximum current
f Frequency (rev/second or cycles/second) Irms Root mean square current
f Friction (force) I0 Current at time t = 0
G Universal gravitation constant k = 1/4πε0 Coulomb’s constant
g Gravitational field strength L Inductance
h depth or height l Length
I Moment of inertia m Magnetic dipole moment
J~ Impulse N Number (of turns)
K Kinetic energy n number density (n = N/l)
Kr Rotational kinetic energy n index of refraction
k Spring constant P Power
k wavenumber 2π/λ p Electric dipole moment, momentum
~
L Angular momentum Q, q Electric charge
l Length R Resistance
M, m Mass U Potential energy
n Normal force U Energy of EM wave or field
P Power V Electric potential or potential difference
Pav Average power Vmax Maximum voltage
p Momentum Vrms Root mean square voltage
r radius V0 Voltage at time t = 0
s Displacement Z Impedance
T Time period/ time of flight ρ Resistivity
T tension σ Conductivity or charge density
U Potential energy ε0 Permittivity of free space
u velocity at time t = 0 E EMF (voltage), battery voltage for DC
v velocity at time t ω Angular frequency
W Work
Wc Work done by a con. force(s)
Wnc Work done by non-con. force(s)
Wnet Work done by net force
Y Young’s modulus
α Angular acceleration (rad/s2 )
∆ change in...
µk Coefficient of kinetic friction
µs Coefficient of static friction
ω Angular speed at time t (rad/s)
ω0 Angular speed at time t = 0 (rad/s)
∆θ angular displacement ∆θ = θ − θ0
θ0 Angular position at time t = 0
Γ Torque
ρ density (mass/volume)

Andrew Carmichael
California Polytechnic University
San Luis Obispo
Monday 19th June, 2017
Updates on my profile at:
https://www.academia.edu
https://calpoly.academia.edu/AndrewCarmichael

version: Monday 19th June, 2017 15:14 Page 11 CalPoly Department of Physics
 The periodic table
www.webelements.com
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Formula Sheet: Physics 133

Hydrogen Helium
1 2

H He
1.008 Key: 4.0026
Lithium Beryllium Element Name Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
3 4 Atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10

version: Monday 19th June, 2017 15:14

Li
6.94
Be
9.0122
Symbol
Atomic weight (mean relative mass)
B
10.81
C
12.011
N
14.007
O
15.999
F
18.998
Ne
20.180
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.990 24.305 26.982 28.085 30.974 32.06 35.45 39.948
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.098 40.078(4) 44.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845(2) 58.933 58.693 63.546(3) 65.38(2) 69.723 72.63 74.922 78.96(3) 79.904 83.798(2)
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Rb
85.468
Sr
87.62
Y
88.906
Zr
91.224(2)
Nb Mo Tc
92.906(2) 95.96(2) [97.91]
Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
101.07(2) 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41
In
114.82
Sn
118.71
Sb
121.76
Te
127.60(3)
I
126.90
Xe
131.29

Page 12
Caesium Barium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
55 56 57-70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

Cs Ba * Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.91 137.33 174.97 178.49(2) 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23(2) 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98 [208.98] [209.99] [222.02]
Francium Radium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium
87 88 89-102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118

Fr Ra ** Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Fl Uup Lv Uus Uuo

[223.02] [226.03] [262.11] [265.12] [268.13] [271.13] [270] [277.15] [276.15] [281.16] [280.16] [285.17] [284.18] [289.19] [288.19] [293] [294] [294]

Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
*lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
138.91 140.12 140.91 144.24 [144.91] 150.36(2) 151.96 157.25(3) 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.05
Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
**actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
[227.03] 232.04 231.04 238.03 [237.05] [244.06] [243.06] [247.07] [247.07] [251.08] [252.08] [257.10] [258.10] [259.10]

Symbols and names: the symbols and names of the elements, and their spellings are those recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC - http://www.iupac.org/). Names have yet to be proposed for elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 and so those used
here are IUPAC’s temporary systematic names. In some countries, the spellings aluminum, cesium, and sulphur are usual.
Group labels: the numeric system (1–18) used here is the current IUPAC convention.
Atomic weights (mean relative masses): these are the IUPAC 2009 values and given to 5 significant figures. The last significant figure of each value is considered reliable to ±1 except where a larger uncertainty is given in parentheses. Representative values for those elements having an
atomic weight interval are given (H, Li, B, C, N, O, Si, S, Cl, Tl). Elements for which the atomic weight is given within [brackets] have no stable nuclides and are represented by the element’s longest lived isotope reported in the IUPAC 2009 values.
©2012 Dr Mark J Winter [WebElements Ltd and University of Sheffield]. All rights reserved. For updates to this table see http://www.webelements.com/nexus/Printable_Periodic_Table (Version date: 7 June 2012).

CalPoly Department of Physics

A. Carmichael