CHAPTER – 1 ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS (10 Marks)

I. One Mark Questions;

1. Write the S I Unit of charge. (MARCH -14)
Ans:- coulomb (C).

2. Define S I unit of charge. (MARCH-15)

Ans:- It is the charge which when placed at a distance of one meter in air or vacuum from an
identical charge repels it with a force of 9 × 109 N.

3. What is an electric dipole? (MARCH-16)

Ans:- A pair of equal and opposite charges separated by a small distance.

4. Write the SI unit of Electric field. (JULY-16)

Ans:- newton/coulomb (N/C) or volt/meter (V/m)

5. How does the electrostatic force between two point charges change, when a dielectric
medium is introduced between them? (JULY-17)
Ans:- Force varies inversely with dielectric constant (relative permittivity) of the medium.
OR Force decreases.

6. Write the SI unit of electric flux. (MARCH – 20)

Ans:- Vm OR NC-1m2 OR JC-1m

II. Two MARK Questions;

1. State and explain Coulomb’s law in electrostatics.
(MARCH -14, JULY-15, MARCH-17, MARCH-19, MARCH- 20)
Ans:- Statement; - The magnitude of electrostatic force between any two point charges is directly
proportional to the product of magnitude of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them. The direction of this force is along the line joining the two charges.

Explanation;-
Let q1 and q2 be the magnitude of two point charges separated by a distance r. Let F be the
magnitude of force between them

q1 q2
According to Coulomb’s law; F α
r2

q1 q 2
F=K
r2
1
In S I units, K = in air or vacuum
4𝜋𝜖0
𝟏 𝐪𝟏 𝐪𝟐
F=
𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 𝐫𝟐

Where 𝜖 o is the absolute permittivity or permittivity of free space

2. Write coulomb’s law in vector form. Explain the terms. (MARCH-15)

Ans:- The electrostatic force between two point charges
1 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹⃗ = 𝑟̂
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
where q1 and q2 are the two point charges, 𝜀0 is the permittivity of free space,
r is the distance between the charges and 𝒓 ̂ is the unit vector in the direction of 𝐹⃗
1
3. Sketch the electric lines of force due to a point charge q. If
i) q < 0 and
ii) q > 0 (JULY-16)

q<0 q>0

4. State and explain Gauss’s law in electrostatics. (JULY-17)

1
Ans:- Statement; The total electric flux through any closed surface in free space is equal to
ε0
times the total charge enclosed by the surface.

Explanation:- If q is the total charge enclosed by the closed surface then according to Gauss’s law
q
Electric flux,  = where ε0 = permittivity of free space
ε0

III. Three Mark Questions;

1. Mention any three properties of electric charges. (JULY -14, MARCH-18, MARCH-19)
Ans:- i) Charges are additive.
ii) Charge is conserved.
iii) Charge is quantized.
iv) Like charges repel and unlike charges attract.

2. Give any three properties of electric field lines.

(JULY-15, MARCH-16, 17, JULY-18, JUNE-19, SEP-20)
Ans:- i) Electric field lines starts from a positive charge and end at a negative charge.
ii) Electric field lines can never enter a conductor.
iii) Electric field lines do not form any closed loops.
iv) Two electric field lines never cross each other.

IV. Five Mark Questions;

1. Derive an expression for electric field due to an electric dipole at a point on an equatorial
line. (MARCH-15, JUNE-19, SEP-20)
Ans:-
Consider an electric dipole of dipole moment 𝑃⃗⃗. Let P be
a point on the equatorial line at a distance r from the centre O
of the dipole.
The magnitude of electric field at P due to the charge +q is
1 q
E1 = - - - - > (1) along AP
4πε0 r2 +a2
The magnitude of electric field at P due to the charge – q is
1 q
E2 = - - - - > (2) along PB
4πε0 r2 +a2

By resolving the two fields vertically and horizontally, the vertical components are equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction gets cancels and the horizontal components gets add up. The net
field opposite to the dipole axis is
̂ - - - - - > (3)
𝐸⃗⃗ = - ( 𝐸1 + 𝐸2 )cosθ 𝑃
Substituting equations (1) and (2) in equation (3)
1 q 1 q
𝐸⃗⃗ = - [ + ] cosθ 𝑃̂
4πε0 r2 +a2 4πε0 r2 +a2

2
 1 2q
𝐸⃗⃗ = - cosθ 𝑃̂
4πε0 r2 +a2
1 2q a 𝐴𝑂
𝐸⃗⃗ = - 𝑃̂ ( In ∆ APO, cos𝜃 = )
4πε0 r2 +a2 (r2 +a2 )1/2 𝐴𝑃
1 2aq
𝐸⃗⃗ = - 𝑃̂
4πε0 (r2 +a2 )3/2
1 P
𝐸⃗⃗ = - 𝑃̂
4πε0 (r2 +a2 )3/2
1 ⃗⃗
P
𝐸⃗⃗ = - (Where 𝑃⃗⃗ = P𝑃̂ )
4πε0 (r2 +a2 )3/2

Where P = 2aq is the dipole moment.

For short dipole, r >> a, a2 can be neglected

1 ⃗P⃗
𝐸⃗⃗ = -
4πε0 r3
Where 𝑃̂ is the unit vector along dipole moment.
Negative sign indicates that resultant field is opposite to the direction of dipole moment.

2. State Gauss’ law in electrostatics. Derive the expression for electric field at a point due to a
infinitely long charged straight conductor using Gauss’s law. (JULY-15, JULY-16)
Ans:-
1
Statement; The total electric flux through any closed surface in free space is equal to times the
ε0
total charge enclosed by the surface.
Consider an infinitely long thin straight uniformly charged wire
with linear charge density λ. Let P be a point at a radial distance r
from the wire. To calculate electric field E at P imagine a cylindrical
Gaussian surface as shown in figure.
In general flux through the surface is φ = 𝐸𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Electric flux through the end surfaces of the cylinder is zero
i,e φ1 = 0 (𝐸⃗⃗ ⊥ 𝑆⃗)
The surface area of the curved part is
S = 2πrl - - - - > (1)
Where l is the length and r is the radius of the Gaussian
cylinder.
Flux through the curved part of the cylindrical surface
φ2 = E S cosθ
Thus φ2 = E S = E (2πrl) (𝐸⃗⃗ ∥ 𝑆⃗)
φ2 = 2πrlE - - - - > (2)
The total flux φ = φ1 + φ2
φ = 0 + 2πrlE
φ = 2πrlE - - - - - (3)
The total charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface
q = λl - - - - - (4)
q
According to Gauss’s law, φ = - - - - - (5)
ε0
λ𝑙
Substituting equations (3) and (4) in (5) 2πrlE =
ε0

𝝀
E=
𝟐𝛑𝛆𝟎 𝐫

𝝀
In vector form, ⃗𝑬
⃗⃗ = ̂
𝒏
𝟐𝛑𝛆𝟎 𝐫

3
3. Derive an expression for electric field due to an Electric dipole at a point on the axial line.
(MARCH-16, JULY-17)
Ans:- Consider an electric dipole of dipole moment ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃 = 2aq𝑝̂ where 2a is the distance between
the dipole charges + q and – q. Consider a point P on the dipole axis at a distance r from the centre of
the dipole.

The electric field at P due to + q charge

1 q
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸1 = 𝑃̂ ----- (1)
4πε0 (r−a)2
The electric field at P due to - q charge
1 q
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 = -
𝐸 𝑃̂ ----- (2)
4πε0 (r+a)2
The net field at P due to both the charges 𝐸⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸1 + 𝐸⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2
1 q 1 q
𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝑃̂ - 𝑃̂
4πε0 (r−a)2 4πε0 (r+a)2
q 1 1
𝐸⃗⃗ = [ - ] 𝑃̂
4πε0 (r−a)2 (r+a)2

q (r+a)2 −(r−a)2
𝐸⃗⃗ = [ (r−a)2 ] 𝑃̂
4πε0 (r+a)2
q [(r+a)+(r−a)][(r+a)−(r−a)]
𝐸⃗⃗ = [ (r+a)(r−a)(r+a)(r−a) ] 𝑃̂
4πε0
q 4ar
𝐸⃗⃗ = [ ] 𝑃̂
4πε0 (r2 −a2 )2
2 (2𝑎𝑞)𝑟
𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝑃̂
4πε0 (r2 −a2 )2
1 2P r
𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝑃̂
4πε0 (r −a2 )2
2

1 2P⃗⃗ r
𝐸⃗⃗ = [ Because P𝑃̂ = 𝑃⃗⃗ ]
4πε0 (r −a2 )2
2

For short dipole, r >> a, a2 can be neglected then

𝟏 ⃗⃗
𝟐𝐏
⃗⃗⃗ =
𝑬
𝟒𝛑𝛆𝟎 𝐫 𝟑

Where 𝑝̂ is the unit vector in the direction of dipole moment.

V. Problems;
1. Two point charges qA = 3µC and qB = -3µC are located 20 cm apart in vacuum.
a) What is the electric field at the mid point O of the line AB joining the two charges?
b) If a negative test charge of magnitude 1.5 x 10 -9 C is placed at this point. What is the force
experienced by the test charge? (MARCH-17)
Ans:-

1 𝑄
(a) Electric field; E =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
9 X 109 X 3 X 10−6
Electric field at O due to 3 µC; EA = = 2700 X 103 N/C = 2.7 X 106 N/C act along AB
(10 X10−2 )2

9 𝑋 109 𝑋3 𝑋 10−6
Electric field at O due to - 3 µC; EB = = 2700 X 103 N/C = 2.7 X 106 N/C act along AB
(10 X10−2 )2

4
 Resultant electric field; E = EA + EB = 2.7 X 106 + 2.7 X 106 = 5.4 X 106 N/C act along AB

(b) Force; F = qE = 1.5 x 10-9 x 5.4 x 106 = 8.1 x 10-3 N act along BA

2. Three charges each equal to + 4 nC are placed at the three corners of a square of side 2 cm.
Find the electric field at the fourth corner. (MARCH-18)
1 𝑄
Soln:- Electric field E=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
AC = BD = 2√2 X 10-2 m
1 9 𝑋 109 𝑋4 𝑋 10−9
𝑄𝐴
EA = 4𝜋𝜀 2
=
(2𝑋10−2 )2
= 9 X 104 N/C along AD
0 𝐴𝐷
1 𝑄𝐵 9 𝑋 109 𝑋4 𝑋 10−9
EB =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝐵𝐷2
= 2 = 4.5 X 104 N/C along BD
(2√2𝑋10−2 )
1 𝑄𝐶 9 𝑋 109 𝑋4 𝑋 10−9
EC = = = 9 X 104 N/C along CD
4𝜋𝜀0 𝐶𝐷2 (2𝑋10−2 )2

Resultant of EA and EC at D

EAC= √𝐸𝐴2 + 𝐸𝐶2 = √(9𝑋104 )2 + (9𝑋104 )2 = 12.726 X 104 N/C along BD

As EA = EC, EAC acts along BD
Resultant electric field at D due to all charges
E = EAC + EB = (12.726 X 104) + (4.5 X 104) = 17.226 X 104 N/C along BD

3. Two point charges q A = 5µC and qB = -5µC are located at A and B separated by 0.2 m in
vacuum.

a) What is the electric field at the mid point O of the line joining the charges?
b) If a negative test charge of magnitude 2 nC is placed at O, What is the force experienced
by the test charge? (MARCH-20)
Ans:-

1 𝑄
(a) Electric field; E =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
9 X 109 X 5 X 10−6
Electric field at O due to 5 µC; EA = = 45 X 105 N/C act along AB
(0.1)2

9 𝑋 109 𝑋5 𝑋 10−6
Electric field at O due to - 5 µC; EB = = 45 X 105 N/C act along AB
(0.1)2

Resultant electric field; E = EA + EB = 45 X 105 + 45 X 105 = 90 X 105 N/C act along AB

(b) Magnitude of force; F = qE

F = 2 x 10-9 x 90 x 105 = 180 x 10-4 N act along BA

5
 CHAPTER-2 ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE (11 Marks)

I. One Mark Questions;

1. What is a Capacitor? (JULY -14)
Ans:- It is a device used to store electric charge or electrical energy.

2. What is an equipotential surface? (MARCH-18)

Ans:- An equipotential surface is a surface with constant value of potential at all points on the
surface.

3. Define dielectric constant in terms of capacity of a parallel plate capacitor. (SEP-20)

Ans:- Dielectric constant is defined as the ratio of capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with
dielectric medium between the plates to capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with air
between the plates.

II. Two MARK Questions;

1. On what factors, does the capacitance of parallel plate capacitors depends? (MARCH-17,18)
Ans:-
a) area of the each plate
b) distance between the plates
c) dielectric constant of the medium present between the plates

2. A parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates has a capacitance C. What will be the
capacitance if
a) the distance between the plates is doubled?
b) the space between the plates is filled with a substance of dielectric constant 5?
(MARCH-20)
ε0 A
Ans:- a) The capacitance of a parallel plate air capacitor, C =
d
When d gets doubled, capacitance gets halved OR C’ = C/2
ε0 KA
b) The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with dielectric, C =
d
When K becomes 5, capacitance becomes 5 times the initial value OR C’ = 5C

III. Three Mark Questions;

1. Derive the expression for potential energy of a system of two charges in the absence of the
external electric field. (MARCH -14, JULY-16)
Ans:- Imagine the charges q1 and q2 are initially at infinity. First A B
the charge q1 is brought from infinity to the point A and no work is
done for this. Consider another point B at a distance r from A. Electric q1 r q2
potential at B due to q1 is given by
1 q1
V=
4πε0 r
The work done in bringing a charge q2 from infinity to B is
1 q1 q2
W = Vq2 =
4πε0 r
By definition the above work done is the potential energy of system of two charges q1 and q2

𝟏 𝐪𝟏 𝐪𝟐
U =
𝟒𝛑𝛆𝟎 𝐫

2. Derive the expression for capacitance of parallel plate capacitor. (MARCH-15)

Ans:- The capacitor consists of two parallel plates M and N separated by a distance d and E is the
electric field between them.
Electric field in the interior of the plates is given by

σ
E=
ε0
6
 Q
E= - - - - - - - (1)
ε0 A
Q
Where σ = is the surface density of charge.
A
For uniform electric field, potential difference V = E d - - - - - - -(2)
Qd
Using eqn (1) in eqn (2) V = - - - - - - - (3)
ε0 A
Q
Capacitance of a capacitor C = - - - - - - (4)
V
Using eqn (3) in eqn (4)
𝑄
C= Qd
ε0 A
𝛆𝟎 𝐀
C=
𝐝

3. Derive the expression for energy stored in a charged capacitor.

(MARCH-16, MARCH-17, MARCH-20)
Ans:-
At any instant, the charge stored in the capacitor
q = CV
V = q/C - - - - - - (1)
where V is the potential difference across the capacitor at that
instant.
The work done in transferring an infinitesimally small charge dq is
dW = V dq - - - - - - - (2)
Using equation (1) in equation (2),
q
dW = dq - - - - - - - - (3)
C
The net work done in charging the capacitor from 0 to Q is obtained by integrating the eqn (3)
between the limits 0 to Q
Q Qq
W = ∫0 dW = ∫0 dq
C

𝑄
Q1 1 𝑞2
W= ∫ q dq = ( )
C 0 C 2 0
1 Q2
W= ( − 0)
C 2
Q2
W=
2C
According to work energy theorem, the energy stored in the capacitor
𝐐𝟐
E=
𝟐𝐂
1
Since Q = CV, E = 2CV2
1
Also since C = Q/V, E = 2 QV

4. Obtain the expression for effective capacitance of two capacitors connected in series.
(JULY-18, JUNE-19)
Ans:- Equivalent capacitance is the capacitance of a single capacitor that produces the same
effect as a number of capacitors together produce.

7
 Consider two capacitors of capacitances C1 and C2 are connected in series across a battery of
voltage V as shown in figure. Let Q be the charge on each capacitor and V1 and V2 are the potential
difference across C1 and C2 respectively then

V = V1 + V2 - - - - - - - - (1)
Q
We have, C =
V
𝑄
V=
𝐶
Q Q
Thus V1 = and V2 =
C1 C2
Q Q
Substituting in eqn (1) V = +
C1 C2
1 1
= Q ( C + C ) - - - - - - (2)
1 2
Let CS be the effective capacitance of the combination then
Q
V= - - - - - (3)
CS
Q
From eqns (2) and (3) = Q ( C1 +C )
1
CS 1 2
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝐂𝐬 𝐂𝟏 𝐂𝟐
𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐
Or Cs =
𝑪𝟏 +𝑪𝟐

5. Derive an expression for potential energy of electric dipole placed in an uniform electric field.
(MARCH – 19)
Ans:- Consider an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field E at an angle θ. The torque
experienced by the dipole is given by
τ = PE sinθ
where P is electric dipole moment
Work done in rotating the dipole further through a small
angle dθ against the torque is
dW = τ dθ
Thus total work done by an external torque in rotating the
dipole from an angle θ1 to θ2 is
𝜃 𝜃
W = ∫𝜃 2 𝜏 𝑑𝜃 = ∫𝜃 2 PE sinθ 𝑑𝜃
1 1
𝜃
W = - PE [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]𝜃21
W = - PE (cos θ2 – cos θ1)
W = PE (cos θ1 – cos θ2)
This work done is stored in the dipole as potential energy.
Let the dipole be initially perpendicular to the field ( potential energy = 0) and then deflects through
an angle θ.
The work done in deflecting through θ is
W = - PE cosθ
Hence potential energy of the dipole in an external uniform electric field
U = - PE cosθ
In vector form, U = - 𝑷 ⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑬
⃗⃗⃗

6. Derive the relation between electric field and electric Potential due to a point charge.
(JULY-14,JULY-15, MARCH-17, JULY-17, MARCH-20, SEP-20)

Ans:- Let E be the strength of the electric field, V + dV and V be

the potentials on B and A respectively.
The work done in moving a unit positive charge from A to B
against the field direction is given by
dW = E (-dx)
The negative sign indicates that displacement is opposite to field.
8
 By definition the above work done is the potential difference dV between A and B
Thus dV = - E dx
𝐝𝐕
E=-
𝐝𝐱
Thus the electric field is the negative potential gradient.

IV. Five Mark Questions;

1. Define electric potential due to a point charge and arrive at the expression for the electric
potential at a point due to a point charge. (MARCH-18)
Ans:- Electric potential at a point due to a point charge is the amount of work done in bringing a
unit positive charge from infinity to that point against the direction of field.

Let P be a point at a distance r from the point charge Q in free space. Let A be a point at a
distance x from Q. Let a unit positive charge be placed at A. The force acting on the unit positive
charge at A due to Q
1 Q
F= - - - - - - (1)
4πε0 x2
The work done in moving the unit positive charge from A to B through a small distance dx is given by
dW = - F dx
1 Q
dW = - dx - - - - - - (2)
4πε0 x2
The negative sign indicates that the displacement dx is opposite to the force.
The total work done in bringing the unit positive charge from infinity to P is obtained by integrating
the equation (2) between the limits ∞ to r

𝑟 𝑟 1 Q
i,e ∫∞ 𝑑𝑊 = ∫
∞
− dx
4πε0 x2

Q 𝑟
W=− ∫ x −2
4πε0 ∞
dx

Q x−2+1 𝑟
W=− [ ]
4πε0 −2+1 ∞
Q 1 𝑟
W= [ ]
4πε0 x ∞
1 Q
W=
4πε0 r
By the definition the above work done is the electrostatic potential at P due to the charge Q
Hence the potential at P due to Q is

𝟏 𝐐
V = (𝟒𝛑𝛆 ) 𝐫
𝟎

V. Problems;
1. In a parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates, each plate has an area of 6 × 10 -3m2
and the distance between the plates is 3 mm. Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor. If this
capacitor is connected to a 100V supply, what is the charge on each plate of the capacitor?
(Absolute permittivity of the free space = 8.85 × 10-12Fm-1) (MARCH -14)

9
Solution: -
ε0 A
Capacitance, C =
d
8.85 × 10−12 × 6 × 10−3
C=
3× 10−3
C = 17.7 × 10-12 F
The charge on each plate is equal and opposite
Charge, Q = CV
Q = 17.7 × 10-12 × 100
Q = 17.7 × 10-10 C
Q = 1.77 n C

2. Two charges 3 x 10-8C and -2 x 10-8C are located 15cm apart. At what point on the line joining
the two charges is the electric potential zero ? Take the potential at infinity to be zero.
(JULY -14)
Solution:-

1 𝑞
Electric potential V = 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟
0

1 3×10−8
Potential at P due to charge at A, VA =
4𝜋𝜀0 15−x

1 −2×10−8
Potential at P due to the charge at B, VB =
4𝜋𝜀0 x

For zero potential at P, VA + VB = 0

1 3×10−8 1 2×10−8
- =0
4𝜋𝜀0 15−x 4𝜋𝜀0 x

1 3×10−8 1 2×10−8
=
4𝜋𝜀0 15−x 4𝜋𝜀0 x
3 2
=
15−𝑥 𝑥

x = 6 cm = 0.06 m
The electric potential is zero at a distance of 0.06 m from -2×10-8 C between charges.

3. Two point charges + 1nc and - 4nc are 1m apart in air. Find position along the line joining the
two charges at which resultant potential is zero. (MARCH-15)
Solution:-

1 𝑞
Electric potential V =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

For zero potential at P

VA + V B = 0
(i) at a point between the two charges

1 1×10−9 1 4×10−9
- =0
4𝜋𝜀0 x 4𝜋𝜀0 1−x
1 1×10−9 1 4×10−9
=
4𝜋𝜀0 x 4𝜋𝜀0 1−x
1 4
=
𝑥 1−𝑥
4 x = 1-x
10
 5x=1
x = 0.2 m from 1nC charge.

(2) At a point to the left of the charges

1 1×10−9 1 4×10−9
=
4𝜋𝜀0 x 4𝜋𝜀0 1+ x
1 4
=
𝑥 1+ 𝑥
4 x = 1+x
3x=1
x = 0.33 m from 1 nC

4. ABCD is a square of side 2 m. Charges of 5 nC, +10 nC, and -5nC are placed at the corners A,
B and C respectively. What is the work done in transferring a charge of 5 µC from D to the
point of intersection of the diagonals? (JULY-15)
Solution:-
From the figure
AC2 = CD2 + AD2 = 22 + 22 = 8
AC = 2 √2 m
Hence AO = BO = CO = DO = √2 m
Potential at O,
1 𝑞𝐴 𝑄𝐵 𝑞𝐶
VO = ( + + )
4𝜋𝜀0 𝐴𝑂 𝐵𝑂 𝐶𝑂
5𝑋10−9 10𝑋10−9 5𝑋10−9
= 9 X 109 ( + − )
√2 √2 √2
VO = 63.65 V
Potential at D,
1 𝑞𝐴 𝑄𝐵 𝑞𝐶
VD = ( + + )
4𝜋𝜀0 𝐴𝐷 𝐵𝐷 𝐶𝐷
5𝑋10−9 10𝑋10−9 5𝑋10−9
= 9 X 10 9
( + − )
2 2 √2 2
VD = 31.82 V

Work done = p. d. X charge

= (63.65 - 31.82) X 5 X 10-6
W = 1.59 X 10-4 J

5. When two capacitors are connected in series and connected across 4 kV line, the energy
stored in the system is 8 J. The same capacitors, if connected in parallel across the same
line, the energy stored is 36 J. Find the individual capacitances. (MARCH-16)
Solution:-
1
Energy stored in a capacitor E = 2 CV2
When capacitors are in series,
1
8 = 2 CS X 42 X (103)2
CS = 10-6 F
C1 C2
= 10-6 F - - - - - (1)
C1 +C2
When capacitors are in parallel,
1
36 = 2 CP X 42 X (103)2
CP = 4.5 X 10-6 F
C1 + C2 = 4.5 X 10-6 F - - - - - (2)
Thus C1 C2 = 4.5 X 10-12 - - - - - (3)

(C1-C2)2 = (C1+C2)2 – 4 C1 C2
= 4.52 X 10-12 – (4X4.5) X10-12
= (20.25 – 18) X10-12

11
 = 2.25 X10-12
C1 - C2 = 1.5 X 10-6 F - - - - - (4)

From equations (2) and (4)

C1 = 3 µF and C2 = 1.5 µF

6. Charges 2µ C, 4µ C and 6µ C are placed at the three corners A, B and C respectively of a

square ABCD of side x meter. Find what charge must be placed at the fourth corner so that
the total potential at the centre of the square is zero. (JULY-16)
Solution:-
Electric potential due to a point charge
1 q
V=
4πε0 r
Net potential at O,
1 𝑞 𝑞𝐵 𝑞𝐶 𝑞𝐷
VO = ( 𝐴 + + + )
4πε0 𝐴𝑂 𝐵𝑂 𝐶𝑂 𝐷𝑂
Given VO = 0
1 𝑞𝐴 𝑞𝐵 𝑞𝐶 𝑞𝐷
( + + + )=0
4πε0 𝐴𝑂 𝐵𝑂 𝐶𝑂 𝐷𝑂

Since AO = BO = CO = DO

qA + qB + qC + q D = 0

2 x 10−6 + 4 x 10−6 + 6 x 10−6 + qD = 0

qD = - 12 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 C
Thus a charge of – 12 µC must be placed.

7. In a parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates, each plate has an area 8 X 10 -3m2 and
distance between the plates is 2mm. Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor. If this
capacitor is connected to a 50 V supply, what is the charge on each plate of the capacitor?
(Absolute permittivity of free space = 8.85X10 -12 Fm-1) (JULY-17)
ε0 A
Ans:- Capacitance of the capacitor C=
d
8 𝑋 10−3 𝑋8.854 𝑋 10−12
C= = 35.4 X 10 -12
F
2 𝑋 10−3

Charge on each plate of the capacitor, q = C V

q = 35. 4 X 10-12 X 50

q = 1.77 X 10-9 C

8. The plates of a parallel plate capacitor have an area of 100 cm2 each and are separated by 3
mm. The capacitor is charged by connecting it to a 400 V supply.
a) Calculate the electrostatic energy stored in the capacitor.
b) If a dielectric of dielectric constant 2.5 is introduced between the plates of the capacitor,
then find the electrostatic energy stored and also change in the energy stored. (JULY-18)
𝜀0 𝐴
Soln:- (a) Capacitance C =
𝑑
8.854 𝑥 10−12 𝑥 100 𝑥 10−4
C=
3𝑥10−3
C = 295.13 x 10-13 F
Energy stored U = ½ CV2

12
 295.13 𝑥 10−13 𝑥 4002
U1 =
2
U1 = 23.61 x 10-7 J
𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 𝐴
(b) Capacitance C =
𝑑
8.854 𝑥 10−12 𝑥 2.5 𝑥 100 𝑥 10−4
C=
3𝑥10−3
-13
C = 737.82 x 10 F
Energy stored
737.82 𝑥 10−13 𝑥 4002
U2 =
2
U2 = 59.02 x 10-7 J
Change in energy ΔU = U2 - U1 = 59.02 x 10-7 - 23.61 x 10-7 = 35.41 x 10-7 J

9. In a circular parallel plate capacitor, radius of each plate is 5 cm and they are separated by a
distance of 2mm. Calculate the capacitance and the energy stored , when it is charged by
connecting the battery of 200 V (given ε0 = 8.854 X10-12 Fm-1) (MARCH-19)
Solution;-
Area of the plates,
A = πr2
A = 3.142 x (5 x 10-2)2
A = 78.55 x 10-4 m2
𝜀0 𝐴 8.854 𝑥 10−12 𝑥 78.55 𝑥 10−4
Capacitance, C= =
𝑑 2𝑥10−3
-12
C = 34.8 x 10 F
Energy stored, U = ½ CV 2

34.8 𝑥 10−12 𝑥 2002

U=
2
U = 6.96 x 10-7 J

10. ABCD is a square of side 1 m. Charges of + 3 nC, -5 nC, and + 3nC are placed at the corners
A, B and C respectively. Calculate the work done in transferring a charge of 12 µC from D to
the point of intersection of the diagonals? (JUNE-19)
Solution:-
From the figure
AC2 = CD2 + AD2 = 12 + 12 = 2
AC = √2 m = 1.414 m
Hence AO = BO = CO = DO = 0.707 m
Potential at O,
1 𝑞𝐴 𝑄𝐵 𝑞𝐶
VO = ( + + )
4𝜋𝜀0 𝐴𝑂 𝐵𝑂 𝐶𝑂
3𝑋10−9 5𝑋10−9 3𝑋10−9
= 9 X 109 ( − + )
0.707 0.707 0.707
VO = 12.73 V
Potential at D,
1 𝑞𝐴 𝑄𝐵 𝑞𝐶
VD = ( + + )
4𝜋𝜀0 𝐴𝐷 𝐵𝐷 𝐶𝐷
3𝑋10−9 5𝑋10−9 3𝑋10−9
= 9 X 10 9
( − + )
1 1.414 1
VD = 22.18 V

Work done = p. d. X charge

= (22.18 - 12.73) X 12 X 10-6
W = 1.13 X 10-4 J

13
 11. In a parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates, each plate has an area of
6  10–3 m2 and the distance between the plates is 3mm.
Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor. If this capacitor is connected to a 100 V
supply, what is the charge on each plate of the capacitor?
[ 0 = 8.8510–12 Fm–1] (SEP-20)
Ans:-
𝜀0 𝐴 8.854 𝑥 10−12 𝑥 6 𝑥 10−3
Capacitance, C = =
𝑑 3 𝑥 10−3

C = 17.7 x 10–12 F =17.7 pF

Charge on each plate; Q = C V

Q= 17.7 x 10–12 x 100
Q = 17.7 x 10-10 C = 1.77 nC

14
 CHAPTER - 3 CURRENT ELECTRICITY (14 Marks)
I. One Mark Questions;
1. Define drift velocity of electrons. (JULY -14, MARCH-18, SEP-20)
Ans:- The average velocity with which the free electrons are drifted in a direction opposite to the
applied electric field.

2. What is the condition for the balanced state of a Wheatstone’s network? (JULY-15)
Ans:- Current through the galvanometer is zero. Or Ig = 0.

3. Define electrical resistivity of material of a conductor. (MARCH -19)

Ans:- Electrical resistivity of the material of the conductor is the resistance of the conductor of unit
length and unit area of cross section.

4. How does the resistance of a conductor vary with its length? (JUNE-19)
Ans:- Resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to its length. (R α L)

5. Graphically represent the variation of resistivity of a semiconductor with absolute

temperature. (MARCH – 20)
Ans:-

6. Draw the curve to show the variation of resistivity as a function of temperature for copper.
(SEP-20)
Ans:-

II. Two MARK Questions;

1. Draw Wheatstone’s bridge circuit and write the condition for its
balance. (MARCH -14)
Ans:-
P R
Balancing condition of Wheatstone’s bridge is =
Q S
OR
The current flows through the galvanometer is zero i,e Ig = 0.

2. Give any two limitations of Ohm’s law.

(JULY -14, MARCH -15, JULY-15, JUNE-19, MARCH-20)
Ans:- Ohm’s law is not applicable
i) at very high and at very low temperatures.
ii) for semiconductor devices.
iii) for electrolytes and discharge tubes.
iv) when the relation between V and I is not linear for non ohmic devices.

15
3. State and explain Ohm’s law. (MARCH-17,JULY 18)
Ans:- Statement;- The current through a conductor is directly proportional to potential difference
across its ends provided temperature and other physical conditions remains constant.
Explanation;-
Let V be the potential difference and I be the current
then according to Ohm’s law
IαV
Or VαI
V = IR
Where R is a constant called electrical resistance of the conductor.

4. Define mobility. Mention its S I unit. (MARCH -14, MARCH-17, JULY-17, SEP-20)
Ans:- The magnitude of the drift velocity per unit electric field.
vd
Or µ=
E
where vd is the drift velocity and E is the strength of the electric field.

S I unit of mobility is Nm/Cs

OR m2/Vs
OR Cs/kg

5. What is ohmic device? Give one example. (JULY-17)

Ans:- It is a device which obey Ohm’s law. Ex;- Resistor, voltmeter, ammeter etc.

6. State Kirchhoff’s laws of electrical network. (JULY-17, MARCH-18)

Ans:- (i). Junction rule: The algebraic sum of the currents at a node in an electrical network is
equal to zero.
i. e ∑𝐼 = 0
(ii). Loop rule: In a mesh of an electrical network the algebraic sum of emf’s is equal to the
algebraic sum of products of current and resistance in each parts.
i. e ∑ 𝐸 = ∑ 𝐼𝑅

7. Represent graphically the variation of resistivity with absolute temperature for copper and
nichrome metals. (JULY-18)
Ans:-

8. Write the expression for drift velocity in terms of current, explain the terms used.
(MARCH-19)
Ans:-
𝑰
vd =
𝒏𝑨𝒆
Where I = Current, n = Free electron density, A = Area of cross section and e = Charge of
electron.

16
III. Three Mark Questions;
1. Derive an expression for drift velocity of free electrons in a conductor. (MARCH-16, JULY-16)
Ans:- Consider a metallic conductor connected to a battery.
Force experienced by a free electron
F = - eE
Where E is the strength of the applied field. Negative sign indicates force is opposite to field.
According to Newton’s second law of motion
F = ma
F
a=
m
− eE
a=
𝑚
Drift velocity of electrons
Vd = v0 + aτ
Initially since the electrons are at rest, v0 = 0
− eE
Vd = 0 + τ
𝑚
− 𝐞𝐄
Vd = τ
𝒎

2. Derive the relation 𝒋⃗ = σ ⃗𝑬

⃗⃗ with terms have usual meaning. (JULY-17)
Ans:- The potential difference V = IR
L
But R = ρ
A
L I
V=Iρ = ρL
A A

V = J ρ L - - - - - - - - - (1)

I
where J = is called current density.
A
But the potential difference V = EL - - - - - - - -(2)
where E is the electric field
From equations (1) and (2) E = j ρ
1
J=ρ E
J=σE

In vector form ⃗j = σ ⃗E⃗

where σ = 1/ρ is called conductivity.

IV. Five Mark Questions;

1. Derive the condition for balance of Whetstones’ Bridge using Kirchhoff’s laws.
(JULY -14, MARCH-16, JULY-16, MARCH-17, JUNE-19)
Ans:-
Wheatstone’s bridge consists of four resistors P, Q, R and S
connected in the form of quadrilateral ABCD. Across A and C a cell is
connected and across B and D galvanometer of resistance G is
connected.
Applying Kirchhoff’s current rule to the node B,
I1 = I3 + Ig - - - - (1)
Applying Kirchhoff’s current rule to the node D,
I4 = I2 + Ig - - - - (2)
Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage rule to the loop ABDA
I1P + IgG – I2R = 0 - - - - - - - - (3)
Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage rule to the loop BDCB
IgG + I4 S – I3 Q = 0 - - - - - - - - (4)
where Ig is the current through galvanometer.

17
 The bridge is balanced when Ig = 0.
From equation (1), I1 = I3
From equation (2), I2 = I4

From equation (3),

I1P – I2R = 0
I1P = I2R - - - - - - - - (5)
From equation (4)
I4S – I3Q = 0
I3Q = I4S - - - - - - - - (6)
Dividing equations (5) and (6)
𝐏 𝐑
=
𝐐 𝐒
This is the balancing condition of Wheatstone’s bridge.

2. Assuming expression for drift velocity, derive the expression for conductivity of material
𝐧𝐞𝟐 𝛕
𝝈 = 𝐦 where the symbols have their usual meaning. Define the term mobility.
(JULY-15, JULY-18, MARCH-20)
Ans:-
Consider a conductor of length l area of cross section
A connected to a battery. Le V be the p.d. between the
ends of the conductor, E be the electric field set up inside
the conductor and vd be the drift velocity of the free
electrons.

The electric current, I = nAvde - - - - - (1)

eE
But magnitude of drift velocity, vd = 𝜏
m

where m is the mass of electron and 𝜏 is relaxation time

eE
I = nA( 𝜏)e - - - - - - (2)
m

𝐼 ne2 τE
=
𝐴 m
𝐼 ne2 τE
= J, the current density, J = - - - - (3)
𝐴 m
Also J = σ E - - - - - - (4)
From equations (3) and (4)
ne2 τE
σE=
m

Electrical conductivity
𝐧𝐞𝟐 𝛕
σ =
𝐦

The magnitude of the drift velocity per unit electric field is called mobility.

3. Obtain the expression for the effective emf and the effective internal resistance of two cells
connected in parallel such that the currents are flowing in the same direction.
(MARCH-18) OR
Two cells of emf E1 and E2 and internal resistances r1 and r2 are connected in parallel such
that, they send current in same direction. Derive an expression for equivalent emf of the
combination (MARCH- 19)

18
Ans:-

Consider two cells having emf’s ε1 and ε2, internal resistances r1 and r2 respectively connected in
parallel between the points A and B as shown in the figure.
I1 and I2 are the currents flowing from the positive terminals of the cells into the point A and I the
current flowing out of the point A.
Then, I = I1+ I2 ………….. (1)
The potential difference across any cells is
𝑉 = 𝜀 − 𝐼𝑟
For the first cell,
V = ε1 – I1r1
(ε1 – V)
I1 = ……… (2)
r1
For the second cell,
V = ε2 – I2r2
(ε2 – V)
I2 = ……… (3)
r2
Using the equations (2) and (3) in (1), we get,

𝜖1 − 𝑉 𝜖2 − 𝑉
I= +
𝑟1 𝑟2
𝜀1 𝜀2 1 1
= (𝑟 + ) − 𝑉 (𝑟 + )
1 𝑟2 1 𝑟2
Solving for V, we get,
𝜀1 𝑟2 + 𝜀2 𝑟1 𝑟1 𝑟2
𝑉= ( ) –𝐼 ( ) ………… (4)
𝑟1 + 𝑟2 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
If we replace the combination by a single cell between A and B having internal resistance r eq and
emf εeq, we would have
V = εeq – Ireq ……… (5)
Comparing equations (4) and (5),
𝜀1 𝑟2 + 𝜀2 𝑟1
εeq =
𝑟1 + 𝑟2
𝑟1 𝑟2
and req =
𝑟1 + 𝑟2

4. Derive an expression for equivalent emf and equivalent resistance of two cells connected in
series. (SEP-20)
Ans:-

Consider two cells connected in series as shown in figure. Let E1 and E2 be the emf of the cells and
r1 and r2 be their internal resistances respectively.
Let V (A), V (B) and V(C) be the potentials at points A, B and C respectively
then the potential difference across the first cell
19
 VAB = V (A) – V (B)
= E1 – Ir1 - - - - - - (1)
The potential difference across the second cell
VBC = V (B) – V(C)
= E2 – Ir2 - - - - - - - - (2)
The potential difference between the terminals A and C of the combination
VAC = V (A) – V (B) + V (B) – V (C)
= E1 – Ir1 + E2 – Ir2
VAC = (E1 + E2) – I (r1 + r2) - - - - - - - (3)
If the combination is replaced with a single cell between A and C of emf E eq and internal resistance
req then
VAC = Eeq – I req - - - - - - - - (4)
Comparing equations (3) and (4)
Eeq = E1 + E2 and req = r1 + r2

V. Problems;
1. A battery of internal resistance 3 𝜴 is connected to 20 Ω resistor and potential difference
across the resistor is 10 V. If another resistor of 30 Ω is connected in series with the first
resistor and battery is again connected to the combination, calculate the emf and terminal
potential difference across the combination. (MARCH -14)
Solution:-
𝐸𝑅
Case -1 Terminal potential difference V =
𝑅+𝑟

𝐸 ×20
10 =
20+3

E = 11.5 V
Case – 2
Rs = 20 + 30 = 50 Ω

𝐸 𝑅𝑠
Terminal potential difference V =
𝑅𝑠 + 𝑟

11.5 ×50
V=
50+3

V = 10.849 V

2. Two cells of emf 2V and 4V and internal resistance 1Ω and 2Ω respectively are connected in
parallel so as to send the current in the same direction through an external resistance 10Ω.
Find the potential difference across 10Ω resistor. (MARCH-15)
Solution:-
Applying KVL to the loop ABEFA,
10 I + 1 I1 = 2-------------> (1)
Applying KVL to the loop CBEDC,
2 I2 + 10 I = 4 But I2 = I - I1
2(I - I1) +10 I = 2
-2 I1 + 12 I =2 ----------> (2)
Equation (1) X 2 ==> 2 I1+20 I = 4
Equation (2) ==> - 2 I1+12 I = 2

32 I = 8
1
I=4A
P d across 10 Ω resistor;
V = IR
1
V = 4 X 10 = 2.5 V

20
3. Two identical cells either in series or in parallel combination, gives the same current of 0.5A
through external resistance of 4 Ω, Find the emf and internal resistance of each cell.
(JULY-15)
Solution:-
When both cells are in series
2𝐸
I=
4+2𝑟
2𝐸
0.5 =
4+2𝑟
2 + r = 2 E - - - - - (1)
When both are in parallel
𝐸
I=
4+𝑟/2
𝐸
0.5 =
4+𝑟/2
2 + 0.25 r = E - - - - (2)
Solving equations (1) and (2)
r=4Ω
Substitute r = 4 Ω in equation (1)
2+4=2E
E=3V

4. A wire having length 2.0 m, diameter 1.0 mm and resistivity 1.963x10-8 Ω m is connected in
series with a battery of emf 3V and internal resistance 1Ω. Calculate the resistance of the
wire and current in the circuit. (JULY-16)
Solution:-
Radius of the wire, r = 1.0/2 = 0.5 mm

Cross sectional area, A = π𝑟 2 = 3.142 x 0.52 x 10-6 = 0.785 x 10-6 m2

𝑙 2
Resistance of the wire, R = ρ = 1.963x10-8 x = 5 x 10-2 Ω
𝐴 0.785 x 10−6

𝐸 3
Current in the circuit, I = = = 2.85 A
𝑅+𝑟 0.05 + 1

5. 100 mg mass of nichrome metal is drawn into a wire of area of cross section 0.05 mm2.
Calculate the resistance of this wire. Given density of nichrome 8.4 x 10 3 kgm-3 and resistivity of
the material as 1.2 x 10-6 Ωm. (MARCH-18)
𝑚 𝑚
Soln:- Density D= =
𝑉 𝐿𝐴
𝑚 100 𝑋 10−6
Thus Length of the wire L= =
𝐷𝐴 8.4 𝑋 103 ×0.05 𝑋 10−6
L = 238.09 X 10-3 m = 0.238 m
𝜌𝐿 1.2 𝑋 10−6 𝑋0.238
Resistance R= = = 5.712 Ω
𝐴 0.05 𝑋 10−6

6. In the given circuit, calculate the current through the given galvanometer. (SEP-20)
Ans:- Applying Kirchhoff’s loop rule to the loop ABDA,
I1 + 5 Ig - 4 I2 = 0  (1)
Applying Kirchhoff’s loop rule to the loop BCDB,
2(I1 – Ig) - 3 (I2 + Ig ) - 5 Ig = 0
i.e., 2I1 - 10 Ig - 3 I2 = 0 (2)
Applying Kirchhoff’s loop rule to the loop ADCA,
4 I2 + 3 (I2 + Ig ) + ( I1 + I2 ) = 3
i.e., I1 + 3 Ig + 8 I2 = 3  (3)
Solving the equations (1), (2) and (3),
Current through the galvanometer
Ig = 15/230 A OR Ig = 0.0652 A

21
 CHAPTER-4 MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM (13 Marks)
I. One Mark Questions;
1. What is the nature of force between two parallel conductors carrying current in the same
direction? (MARCH -14, JULY-14)
Ans:- Attractive.

2. A charged particle enters an electric field in the direction of electric field. What is the nature
of the path traced by it? (JULY-15)
Ans:- Straight path

3. When will the magnetic force on a moving charge is maximum in a magnetic field?
(JULY-16, JUNE-19)
Ans:- When it moves perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field. OR θ = 900

4. What is Lorentz force? (JULY-17)

Ans:- The force experienced by a charged particle moving in a region containing both electric and
magnetic field is called Lorentz force.
I, e Lorentz force 𝐹⃗ = q[𝐸⃗⃗ + (𝑣⃗ 𝑋 𝐵
⃗⃗)]

5. Define current sensitivity of a galvanometer. (JULY-18)

Ans:- Current sensitivity of a galvanometer is defined as “the deflection per unit current”.

6. Write the expression for force experience by a straight conductor of length ⃗𝒍 carrying a
⃗⃗⃗. (JULY-18)
steady current I, moving in a uniform external magnetic field 𝑩
Ans:- 𝐹⃗ = I(𝑙⃗ X𝐵
⃗⃗) OR F = BILsinθ

II. Two MARK Questions;

1. State Ampere’s circuital law and represent it mathematically.
(JULY -14, MARCH- 15,June-19, SEP-20)
Ans:- The line integral of 𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ over a closed loop in free space is equal to 𝜇0 times the total current
⃗⃗. 𝑑𝑙
enclosed by the loop.
Mathematically ∮ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑩. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝒍 = µ0 I
where B is strength of magnetic field, dl is the elemental length of the loop, µ0 is absolute
permeability and I is total current enclosed by the loop.

2. What is a toroid? Mention an expression for magnetic field at a point inside a toroid.
(MARCH-16)
Ans:- It is a hollow circular ring on which large number of turns of a wire are closely wounded.
Magnetic field B = µ0nI
Where µ0 = permeability of free space
n = No of turns per unit length
I = Current through the toroid

3. A galvanometer having a coil of resistance 12 Ω gives full scale deflection for a current of 4
mA. How can it be converted into a voltmeter of range 0 to 24 V? (JULY-16)
Ans:- Given; G = 12 Ω, Ig = 4 × 10-3 A, V = 24 V
𝑉
High resistance required R = –G
𝐼𝑔
24
R= – 12 = 6000 – 12
4 𝑋 10−3

R = 5988 Ω
Galvanometer can be converted into voltmeter by connecting 5988 Ω resistance in series with
the galvanometer.

4. Mention an expression for the magnetic field produced at the centre on the axis of a current
carrying solenoid and explain the terms. (JUNE -19)
Ans:- B = µ0nI
Where µo = Absolute permeability
22
 n = Number of turns per unit length of the solenoid
I = Current

5. In a region, an electric field ⃗𝑬

⃗⃗ = 5 x 103 𝒋̂ NC-1 and a magnetic field of ⃗𝑩 ̂ T are applied. A
⃗⃗ = 0.1 𝒌
beam of charged particles are projected along X – direction. Find the velocity of charged
particles which move undeflected in this crossed fields. (MARCH-20)
Ans:- Velocity of charged particle in crossed field
𝐸 5 𝑋103
v= = = 5 x 104 m/s
𝐵 0.1

6. When does the force experienced by a straight current carrying conductor placed in a
uniform magnetic field become (a) maximum and (b) minimum? (SEP-20)
Ans:- Force is
(a) maximum when the conductor is placed perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field
(i, e when θ = 900) and
(b) minimum when the conductor is placed parallel to the direction of magnetic field(i, e When θ= 00).

III. Three Mark Questions;

1. Give an expression for force acting on a charge moving in magnetic field and explain the
symbols. When does the force become maximum? (JULY -14, MARCH-19)
Ans:- 𝑭 ⃗⃗magnetic = q (𝒗 ⃗⃗⃗)
⃗⃗ X 𝑩 or F = Bqv sinθ
where B is strength of the magnetic field, q is magnitude of charge, v is the velocity of
charged particle and θ is the angle between the direction of field and velocity.
Force is maximum when the charge moves perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field.
Or θ =900.

2. Explain with circuit diagram how to convert a galvanometer into ammeter.

(MARCH-15, JUNE-19, SEP-20)
Ans:- Galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by connecting a low resistance in parallel
with the galvanometer coil.
Let S be a low resistance connected in parallel with the
galvanometer coil of resistance G
Since S and G are in parallel
p d across S = p d across G
Thus (I – Ig)S = IgG
Ig G
S=
I− Ig
where Ig is the current required for full scale deflection of the
galvanometer.

3. Explain with circuit diagram how to convert a galvanometer into a voltmeter.

(MARH-17, JULY-17)
Ans:- Galvanometer can be converted into voltmeter by
connecting a high resistance in series with the galvanometer coil.
In the figure potential difference across AB is
V = (R + G) Ig
𝑉
R=𝐼 -G
𝑔
Where R = High resistance to be connected in series.
G = Resistance of the galvanometer.
V = Maximum potential difference to be measured.
Ig = Current required for full scale deflection in the
galvanometer.

4. State Ampere’s circuital law. Using it, derive the expression for magnetic field at a point due
to a long current carrying conductor. (JULY-15, MARCH-18)
⃗⃗⃗⃗ over a closed loop is equal to 𝜇0 times the total current enclosed by
⃗⃗. 𝑑𝑙
Ans:- The line integral of 𝐵
the loop.
Consider a long straight conductor carrying a current I. Let P be a point at a distance r from the
conductor then
23
 ∮𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = μ0I
⃗⃗. 𝑑𝑙
∮ 𝐵 𝑑𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = μ0I
B ∮ 𝑑𝑙 = μ0I Since θ = 00
B (2πr) = μ0I (∮ 𝑑𝑙 = 2πr is the circumference of the loop)
μ0 I
B=
2πr

5. Write the expression for force per unit length between two straight parallel current carrying
conductors of infinite length. Hence define S I unit of current ‘ampere’. (MARCH-19)
Ans:- Force per unit length
𝐹 µ0 I1 I2
=
L 2πd
Refer Q. No. 2 in five mark questions for definition

IV. Five Mark Questions;

1. Derive the expression for magnetic field at a point on the axis of a circular current loop.
(MARCH -14, MARCH-15, MARCH-17, MARCH-18) OR
Derive the expression for magnetic field at a point on the axis of a circular current loop using
Biot – Savarts law. (MARCH-19)
Ans:- Consider a circular loop of radius r carrying a current I. Let P be a point at a distance x from
the centre O where the strength of the magnetic field is to be determined.
According to Biot – Savart’s law, the magnetic field at P due to the current element I dl is given by
μ0 I dl sinθ
dB = - - - - - - - (1)
4π a2
From the figure since θ = 90 0  sin θ = 1
μ0 I dl
dB = - - - - - - - - - (2)
4π a2
The magnetic field dB is resolved into two components
as shown in the figure.
Since the two vertical components are equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction, cancels each other.
But the horizontal components along PX are added. Thus
the field due to the two elements is 2dBsinα
The net magnetic field due to the current loop is given by
B = ∑ 2dBsinα
μ0 I dl
= ∑2 sinα
4π a2
μ I dl 𝑟 𝑟
= ∑ 2 4π0 2 (In ∆l DOP sinα = 𝑎 )
a 𝑎
μ0 Ir
B=2 ∑ dl
4π a3
μ0 Ir πr
=2
4π a3
μ0 2 πIr2
B = (4π)
a3
where ∑ dl = πr is the half of the circumference of the loop.
From the figure a2 = r2 + x2 or a3 =(𝐫 𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 )𝟑/𝟐
Thus the magnetic field produced by a current loop at a point on its axis

𝛍𝟎 𝟐𝛑𝐈𝐫𝟐
B=( )
𝟒𝛑 (𝐫𝟐 + 𝐱𝟐 )𝟑/𝟐

For a coil of n turns

𝟎 𝛍 𝟐𝛑𝐧𝐈𝐫𝟐
B = (𝟒𝛑 ) 𝟑/𝟐
(𝐫𝟐 + 𝐱𝟐 )

24
2. Derive an expression for force between two parallel conductors carrying current and hence
define ‘ampere’. (JULY-15, MARCH-16, JULY-16, JULY-17, JULY-18, MARCH-20)
Ans:-
Consider two parallel infinitely long conducting wires X and Y in free space, carrying currents I 1 and
I2 respectively in the same direction. Let the conductors be separated by a distance d.
The magnetic field B1 due to the current I1 at Y is given by
µ0 I1
B1 = - - - - -(1) .
2πd
The force on the segment L of conductor Y due to B 1 is
F1 = B1I2 L sinθ, Since θ = 900, sin 900 =1
Thus, F1 = B1I2 L - - - - - (2)
From equations (1) and (2)
µ0 I1 I2 L
F1 = - - - - (3)
2πd
Similarly the force on a segment L of conductor X due to B 2 is
µ0 I1 I2 L
F2 = - - - - (4)
2πd

The force F2 is equal in magnitude to F1 and directed towards the conductor Y. Thus ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑭𝟐 = - ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑭𝟏
µ0 I1 I2 L
From equations (3) and (4), F1 = F2 = F =
2πd
𝐹 µ0 I1 I2
Thus force per unit length is =
L 2πd
Definition of ampere;
ampere is that steady current which when flows through two infinitely long straight parallel
conductors separated by a distance of 1m in air or vacuum would produce a force of 2  107 newton
per meter between them.

25
 CHAPTER-5 MAGNETISM AND MATTER (3 Marks)
I. One Mark Questions;
1. Draw the pattern of magnetic field lines for a bar magnet.
(MARCH -14)
Ans:-

2. What is magnetic declination? (MARCH-15, JUNE-19)

Ans:- It is the angle between geographic meridian and magnetic meridian.

3. Define magnetization of a sample. (MARCH-16)

Ans:- It is the net magnetic moment per unit volume of the sample.
Or
It is the pole strength acquired per unit area of the sample.

4. Where is on the Earth’s surface is the magnetic dip zero? (JULY-16, 18)
Ans:- At magnetic equator.

5. What is magnetic susceptibility? (JULY-18)

Ans;- It is the ratio of magnetization to magnetic field strength. OR It is the magnetization per unit
magnetic field strength.

II. Two MARK Questions;

1. Write any two properties of magnetic field lines. (JULY -14) OR
Write two properties of magnetic lines of force. (MARCH-15)
Ans:- i) Magnetic field lines can never intersect each other.
ii) The tangent drawn at any point on the field line represents direction of magnetic field at
that point.
iii) A magnetic field line is a closed and continuous curve.
iv) A magnetic field line is directed from north pole to south pole outside the magnet and from
south pole to north pole inside the magnet.

III. Three Mark Questions;

1. What are i) magnetic declination, ii) magnetic dip
iii) horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field at a place. (MARCH -14, 17, 18,19)
Ans:- i) Magnetic declination;- It is the angle between the geographic meridian and the magnetic
meridian.
ii) Magnetic dip;- It is the angle between the earth’s total magnetic field and its component
along the horizontal at a place.
iii) Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field at a place (BH);-
It is the component of earth’s total magnetic field along the horizontal direction at a place.

2. Define: a) Magnetic declination b) Magnetic dip. Mention the S.I unit of magnetization.
(JULY-15)
Ans:- For a) and b) Refer Q. No. 1. In three mark questions.

S I unit of magnetization is Am-1 or A/m.

3. State and explain Gauss law in magnetism. (JULY-16, JUNE -19)

Ans:- The net magnetic flux through any closed surface is equal to zero.
⃗⃗. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
I,e ΦB = ∑𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐵 ∆𝑆 = 0
Magnetic field lines are continuous and form closed loops. So that if we consider any closed
surface, the magnetic lines entering the surface is balanced by magnetic lines leaving the surface.
Hence the net flux is zero.

26
 CHAPTER-6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION (8 Marks)
I. One Mark Questions;
1. Give the expression for energy stored in an inductance coil carrying current. (MARCH -14)
Ans:- U = ½ LI2

2. What is self induction? (JULY-15)

Ans:- It is the emf induced in a coil due to change in current in it.

3. What is the significance of Lenz’s law? (MARCH-15, JULY-16, MARCH-17, MARCH – 20)
Ans:- Law of conservation of energy. OR It gives the direction of the induced current.

4. What is motional electromotive force? (JULY-17)

Ans:- It is the emf induced in a conductor moving in plane perpendicular to a magnetic field is
called motional electromotive force.

5. How the self inductance of a coil depends on number of turns in the coil? (MARCH-19)
Ans:- Self inductance of a coil is directly proportional to square of number of turns in the coil
I,e L α n2

II. Two MARK Questions;

1. What are eddy currents? Give one use of it. (JULY -14, JULY-15)
Ans:- Currents induced in metal blocks or plates when they are placed in varying magnetic field are
called eddy currents.
For uses refer Q. NO. 5 in three mark questions.

2. The current in a coil falls from 2.5 A to 0.0 A in 0.1s inducing an emf of 200V. Calculate the
value of self inductance. (MARCH-15)
Ans:- Given dI = - 2.5 A
dt = 0.1 s
dI
Induced emf, E = - L
dt
E dt
L=-
dI
200 × 0.1
L=-
− 2.5
L=8H

3. The current in a coil of self inductance 5mH changes from 2.5 A to 2.0 A in 0.01 second.
Calculate the value of self induced emf. (MARCH-16)
Ans:- Given L = 5 mH, dI = 2.0 – 2.5 = - 0.5 A, dt = 0.01 s.
𝑑𝐼
Self induced emf, E = - L
𝑑𝑡
– 0.5
E = - 5 X 10-3 X = 0.25 V
0.01

4. What is meant by Self Inductance and Mutual Inductance? (JULY-16)

Ans:-
Self Inductance is the emf induced in a coil due to unit rate of change of current through the same
coil.
Mutual Inductance is the emf induced in a coil due to unit rate of change of current through the
nearby coil.

5. State and explain Faradays law of electromagnetic induction. (JULY-14, MARCH-16, 17, 18)
Ans:- Statement:- The magnitude of induced emf in a circuit is directly proportional to the time rate
of change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit.
OR
The magnitude of induced emf in a circuit is equal to the time rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with the circuit.
Explanation:- If dΦB is the change in magnetic flux in time dt, then induced emf is
𝑑𝛷𝐵 𝑑𝛷𝐵
Eα OR E =-
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
27
6. The magnetic flux linked with a coil varies as Φ = 3t2 + 4t + 9. Find the magnitude of the emf
induced at t = 2S. (JULY-17)
𝑑∅ 𝑑(𝟑𝐭 𝟐 + 𝟒𝐭 + 𝟗)
Ans:- Induced emf, E = - =- = - (6t + 4)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

At t = 2S, E = - 16 V

7. Mention any two factors on which the self inductance of a coil depends. (JULY-18)
Ans:- Self inductance of a coil depends on
i) number of turns of the coil
ii) area of cross section and length
iii) permeability of the medium

8. The current through a coil of 2 mH changes from zero ampere to 5 mA in 0.1 second. What is
the emf induced in the coil? (SEP-20)
Ans:- Given L = 2 mH, dI = 5 – 0 = 5 mA, dt = 0.1 s.
𝑑𝐼
Self induced emf, E = - L
𝑑𝑡
5𝑋10−3
E = - 2 X 10-3 X = - 10-4 V = - 0.1 m V.
0.1

III. Three Mark Questions;

1. State and explain Lenz’s law for induced emf. (MARCH -14, JULY-18)
Ans:- Statement:-“The polarity of the induced emf is such that it tends to produce a current which
opposes the change in magnetic flux that produces it”.
Explanation:-

When the north pole of the bar magnet is moved towards a closed coil, the induced current in
the coil flows in anticlockwise direction so as to produce north pole as seen from the magnet side. This
opposes the motion of the bar magnet towards the coil in accordance with Lenz’s law.
When the north pole of the bar magnet is moved away from the closed coil, the induced current
in the coil flows in clockwise direction so as to produce south pole as seen from the magnet side. This
opposes the motion of the bar magnet away from the coil in accordance with the Lenz’s law.

2. Derive an expression for electromotive force (motional emf) induced in a rod moving
perpendicular to the uniform magnetic field. (JULY -14, MARCH-15, JULY-16, MARCH-17)
Ans:- Consider a straight metallic rod PQ of length L placed in a
uniform magnetic field 𝐵⃗⃗. The rod is moved with a velocity v in a
direction perpendicular to 𝐵 ⃗⃗.
The magnetic flux linked with the rod when it moves through a
distance x is
ΦB = BLx
According to Faraday law, induced emf in the rod
d∅B
E=-
dt
d(BLx)
E=-
dt
dx
E=-BL
dt
dx
Since dt = - v, velocity of the rod
Motional emf, E = BLv
3. Derive the expression for energy stored in a current carrying coil. (JULY-15)

28
 Ans:- A solenoid stores energy in the form of magnetic potential energy. The time rate of work done
in storing the energy is given by
dW
= E I - - - - - - - (1)
dt
Where I is the current at that instant and E is the magnitude of the induced emf given by
di
E=L - - - - - - - (2)
dt
𝑑𝑊 di
From equations (1) and (2) = Li
𝑑𝑡 dt
dW = Li di - - - - - (3)
The total work done in increasing the current from 0 to I is
𝐼
∫ dW = ∫0 𝐿𝑖 𝑑𝑖

𝐼 2
i2 I
W = L[
2 0
]= L [2 − 0]
2
LI
W= 2

𝟏
This work done stores in the inductor as energy U = 𝟐 LI2

4. Explain briefly the coil and magnet experiment to demonstrate electromagnetic induction.
(MARCH-16, JULY-18, SEP-20)
Ans:-
When the north pole of the bar magnet is moved towards a
stationary coil, a deflection is observed in the galvanometer
which is connected to the coil as shown in figure. When the
magnet is moved away from the coil, a deflection is observed
in the galvanometer but in opposite direction. The deflection in
the galvanometer indicates the flow of current through the coil.
When the coil is moved towards or away from the
stationary bar magnet then also a defection is observed in
the galvanometer. No deflection is observed when there is
no relative motion between coil and magnet.

5. Mention any three applications of eddy currents. (MARCH -14, JUNE-17, JUNE-19, SEP-20)
Ans:- Eddy currents are used in
a) magnetic breaking in trains.
b) electromagnetic damping
c) induction furnace
d) electric power meters and
v) speedometers

IV. Five Mark Questions;

1. Derive an expression for instantaneous emf induced in a AC generator.
(JUNE-19, MARCH-20)
Ans:-

29
 Consider a rectangular coil is rotating in a uniform magnetic field B as shown in the figure. Let A be
the area of the coil, N be the number of turns of the coil and θ be the angle of rotation in time t
𝜃
Then the angular speed of the coil ω = or θ = ωt
𝑡
The magnetic flux through the coil
φB = B(Acosθ)
φB = B(Acos ωt) - - - -- - (1)
Where A cos θ is the component of area vector in the field direction.
From Faraday’s law, the induced emf
𝑑𝜑𝐵 𝑑(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡)
E=-N = - NAB = - NAB(-sin ωt) ω
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
E = NABω sin ωt

E = E0 sin ωt

Where E0 = NABω is the peak value of induced emf.

V. Problems;
1. A circular coil of radius 10 cm and 25 turns is rotated about its vertical diameter with an
angular speed of 40 rad/s, in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 5 x 10 -2 T.
Calculate the emf induced in the coil. Also find the current in the coil if the resistance of the coil
is 15 Ω. (MARCH-18)
Soln:- Instantaneous emf E = E0sinωt
E = NABωsinωt
Peak emf E0 = NABω
E0 = Nπr2Bω
= 25X3.142X0.12X5X10-2X40
E0 = 1.57 V
𝐸0 1.57
Peak Current I0 = = = 0.1047 A
𝑅 15

2. A conductor of length 3m moving in a uniform magnetic field of strength 100 T. It covers a

distance of 70 m in 5 second. Its plane of motion makes an angle of 300 with the direction of
magnetic field. Calculate the emf induced in it. (MARCH – 19)
𝑑 70
Ans:- Velocity of the conductor, v = = = 14 m/s
𝑡 5
Induced emf, E = Blv sinθ
E= 100 x 3 x14 x sin 300
E = 4200 x 0.5
E= 2100 V

30
 CHAPTER- 7 ALTERNATING CURRENT (8 Marks)
I. One Mark Questions;
1. How is r.m.s. voltage of AC is related to peak value of AC voltage? (MARCH -14)
𝑉𝑚 𝑉0
Ans:- Vrms = OR Vrms = OR Vrms = 0.707 V0
√2 √2

2. Write the relation connecting rms value and peak value of alternating current. (JULY-17)
𝐼0
Ans:- IRMS = = 0.707 I0
√2

3. If the peak value of alternating current is 4.24 A, what is its root mean square value?(MAR-18)
I0 4.24
Ans:- Irms = = = 2.9981 A ≈ 3 A
√2 1.41

4. Write the condition for resonance of series LCR circuit. (JULY-18)

Ans:- Inductive reactance = Capacitive reactance I,e XL = XC

5. How does capacitive reactance varies with frequency? (MARCH – 20)

1 1
Ans:- Capacitive reactance vary inversely as the frequency. (X C α OR XC α )
𝜈 𝜔
OR As frequency increases capacitive reactance decreases and vice versa.

II. Two Mark Questions;

1. What is resonant frequency? Write the expression for resonant frequency. (SEP-20)
Ans:- In a series LCR circuit resonant frequency is the particular frequency of the applied AC at
which the current in the circuit is maximum.
1 1
Resonant frequency; ω0 = OR ν0 =
√LC 2π√LC

III. Three Mark Questions;

1. Explain the construction of transformer. Mention its principle. (MARCH -14)
Ans:- Construction;-
A transformer consists of two sets of coils insulated from each other. Coils are wounded on a soft
iron core, either one on top of the other or on separate limbs of the core. Among the two coils one of
the coils is called primary coil and the other is called secondary coil.

Principle; Transformer works on the principle of mutual induction.

2. Derive an expression for resonant frequency of series circuit containing inductor, capacitor
and resistor. (JULY -14)
Ans:- At resonance, inductive reactance is equal to capacitive reactance
I,e XL= XC
1
ω0L =
ω0 C
𝟏
ω0 =
√𝐋𝐂
where ω0 = Resonant angular frequency
1
2πν0 =
√LC
𝟏
ν0 =
𝟐𝛑√𝐋𝐂
This is the expression for resonant frequency

31
 𝝅
3. Show that voltage leads the current by , when AC voltage applied to pure inductance.
𝟐
(MARCH-15)
Ans:- Consider a pure inductor of inductance L is connected in series with the sinusoidal AC
source.

The voltage applied to the inductor at any instant is given by

V = V0sinωt - - - - - - - - (1)
The induced emf in the coil is
𝑑𝐼
E = - L 𝑑𝑡 - - - - - (2)
𝑑𝐼
Where is the rate of change of current
𝑑𝑡
From Kirchhoff’s loop rule
V + E = 0 - - - - (3)
Substituting equations (1) and (2) in (3) we get
𝑑𝐼
V0sinωt – L = 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼
V0sinωt = L
𝑑𝑡
V0
dI = sinωt dt
L
Integrating on both sides
V0
∫ dI = ∫ L
sinωt dt
V0
I= L
∫ sinωt dt
V0 (− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡)
I=
L 𝜔
V0 𝜋
I = sin(ωt – )
𝜔L 2
V0 𝜋
I = sin(ωt – )
𝑋𝐿 2
Where 𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔L is inductive reactance
𝜋
I = I0 sin(ωt – )
2
V0
Where I0 = 𝑋 , is the peak value of current
𝐿
This equation shows that voltage leads the current by π/2.

4. What is the principle behind the working of a transformer? Mention any two sources of
energy loss in transformer. (JULY-15, MARCH-18)
Ans:- Mutual induction
For sources of energy loss Refer Q. No. 5 in three mark questions.

5. What is a transformer? Mention two sources of energy loss in a transformer.

(MARCH-16, MARCH-17, JUNE-19, MARCH-20)
Ans:- Transformer is a device used to change alternating voltage. OR It is a device used to step up
or step down the alternating voltage.
Sources of energy loss;
i) Loss due to resistance of windings of the coil
ii) Loss due to flux leakage
iii) Loss due to eddy current
iv) Loss due to hysteresis

32
6. With a diagram, explain the working of a transformer. (JULY-16)
Ans:-
As the current through the primary varies, the magnetic flux
associated with the core changes correspondingly. This change in
the flux induces an alternating emf of the same frequency in the
secondary. The magnitude of the emf induced in the secondary
depends on the voltage across the primary and the number of
turns in the primary and secondary.

If VP and VS are voltages and N P and N S are the

VS NS
number of turns in the primary and secondary respectively, then   T , where T is called the
VP N P
turn ratio.

If T>1 i.e, N S > N P it means VS > VP , i.e, the output voltage is greater than the input voltage.
Such a transformer is called step up transformer.

If T<1 i.e, N S < N P it means VS < VP , i.e, the output voltage is lesser than the input voltage.
Such a transformer is called step down transformer.

IV. Five Mark Questions;

1. Arrive at the expression for the impedance of a series LCR circuit using phasor diagram
method and hence write the expression for the current through the circuit. (MARCH-18,19)
Ans:- Consider a pure inductor of inductance L, pure capacitor of capacitance C and a purer
resistor of resistance R are connected in series with an AC
source of voltage V = V0sinwt
Let I be the current in the circuit then
VL = I XL is the voltage across L
VC = I XC is the voltage across C and
VR = I R is the voltage across R
Let XL > XC then VL> VC. The resultant voltage across C
and L is (VL- VC) and is represented along OD in phasor
diagram as shown.
Let V be the resultant voltage across the combination
From the right angled triangle OEA
OE2 = OA2 + AE2
V2 = VR2 + (VL-VC) 2
V2 = i2 R2 + (I XL – I XC)2
V2 = i2 R2 + I 2(XL – XC)2
V2 = i2[R2 + (XL – XC)2]
V = I √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2
V
= √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2
i
Z = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2
is the expression for impedance of LCR series circuit.
V V
Thus current in the circuit, I = =
Z √𝑅2 +(𝑋𝐿 −𝐶)2
V. Problems;
1. Calculate the resonant frequency and Q – factor of a series LCR circuit containing a pure
inductor of inductance 3H, capacitor of capacitance 27 µF and resistor of resistance 7.4 Ω.
(MARCH -14)
Solution:-
1
Resonant frequency ω0 =
√𝐿 𝐶
1
=
√3 ×27 × 10−6
33
 = 0.1111 × 103 rad s-1
ω0 = 111.1 rad s-1
𝜔0 𝐿
Q – factor Q =
𝑅
111.1 ×3
=
7.4
Q = 45.01
1
Or f0 =
2𝜋√𝐿 𝐶
1
=
2×3.142 √3 ×27 × 10−6
= 0.01768 × 103 Hz
f0 = 17.68 Hz
𝜔0 𝐿
Q=
𝑅
2𝜋𝑓0 𝐿
=
𝑅
2×3.142 × 17.68 ×3
=
7.4
Q = 45.01

2. A pure inductor of 25 mH is connected to a source of 220 V and 50 Hz. Find the inductive
reactance, rms value of current and peak current in the circuit. (JULY -14)
Solution:-
Inductive reactance XL = 2𝜋νL
XL = 2 × 3.142 × 50 × 25 × 10-3
XL = 7.85 Ω
V 220
Irms = = = 28.02 A
XL 7.85
Peak current Im = √2 Irms = 1.414 × 28.02

Im = 39.626 A

3. A sinusoidal voltage of peak value 283 V and frequency 50Hz is applied to a series LCR
circuit in which R=3Ω, L=25.48mH and C=786µF. Find (a) Impedance of circuit (b) Phase
difference between the voltage across the source and current. (MARCH-15)
Solution:-
Inductive reactance,
XL = 2πfL = 2 x 3.14 x 50 x 25.48 x 10-3 = 8 Ω
Capacitive reactance,
1 1
XC = = =4Ω
2πfC 2 X 3.14 X 50 X 786 X 10−6

Impedence Z = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 = √32 + (8 − 4)2 = 5 Ω

𝑋𝐿 −𝑋𝐶 8 −4
Phase difference φ = tan-1 ( 𝑅
) = tan-1 (
3
)

φ = tan-1 1.3333 = 53.10

4. A resistor of 100 Ω, a pure inductance coil of L = 0.5 H and capacitor are in series in a circuit
containing an a.c. source of 200 V, 50 Hz. In the circuit, current is ahead of the voltage by 300.
Find the value of the capacitance. (JULY-15)
Solution:-
Inductive reactacne
XL = 2πfL = 2 X 3.142 X 50 X 0.5
= 157 Ω
We know

34
 𝑋𝐶 −𝑋𝐿
tanφ =
𝑅
0
𝑋𝐶 −157
tan 30 =
100
1 𝑋𝐶 −157
=
√3 100
XC = 214.74 Ω
1
= 214.74
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
𝟏
C=
𝟐𝑿𝟑.𝟏𝟒𝟐 𝑿𝟓𝟎 𝑿 𝟐𝟏𝟒.𝟕𝟒

C = 14.8 µ F

5. Calculate the resonant frequency and Q-factor (Quality factor) of a series LCR circuit
containing a pure inductor of inductance 4H, capacitor of capacitance 27 µF and resistor of
resistance 8.4Ω. (MARCH-16)
Solution:-
1 1
Resonating frequency ν0 = =
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶 2𝑋3.142√4𝑋27𝑋10−6

ν0 = 15.31 Hz

ω0 L 2πν0 L
Quality factor Q = =
R R
2𝑋3.142 𝑋 15.31 X 4
Q=
8.4
Q = 45.8

6. An inductor and a bulb are connected in series to an AC source of 220 V, 50Hz. A current of
𝝅
11A flows in the circuit and phase angle between voltage and current is 𝟒 radians. Calculate
the impedance and inductance of the circuit. (JULY-16)
Solution:-
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 220
Impedance of the circuit, Z = = = 20 Ω
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 11

𝑅
We know cos φ = 𝑍

𝝅
Resistance of the bulb, R = Z cos φ = 20 x cos 𝟒
= 20 x 0.7071 = 14.14 Ω

We know, Z2 = R2 + (XL – XC)2

√𝑍 2 −𝑅2 √202 −14.142 √200

Since XC = 0, Inductance, L = = = = 0.045 H
2𝜋𝜈 2𝑥3.142𝑥50 314.2

7. A source of alternating emf of 220 V – 50 Hz is connected in series with a resistance of 200 Ω

an inductance of 100 mH and a capacitance of 30 µF. Does the current lead or lag the voltage
and by what angle? (MARCH-17)
Ans: - Inductive Reactance XL = 2πfL = 2 x 3.142 x 50 x 100 x 10 -3 = 31.4 Ω

1 1
Capacitive Reactance XC = = = 106.1 Ω
2𝜋𝑓𝐶 2 𝑥 3.142 𝑥 50 𝑥 30 𝑥 10−6

Since XC > XL, Current Leads the voltage or Voltage lags the current
𝑋𝐶 −𝑋𝐿 106.1−31.4
tan Φ = = = 0.3734
𝑅 200
Φ = tan (0.3734) = 20.5
-1 0
(Since Φ is positive, current leads the voltage)

35
8. A sinusoidal voltage of peak value 285 V is applied to a series LCR circuit in which resistor of
resistance 5 Ω, pure Inductor of Inductance 28.5 mH and capacitor of capacitance 800 µF
are connected.
a) Find the resonant frequency.
b) Calculate the impedance, current and power dissipated at the resonance. (JULY-17)
Ans:-
1
Resonant frequency, ν =
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶

1
ν=
2𝑋3.142 √28.5 𝑋10−3 𝑋800 𝑋10−6

ν = 33.33 Hz
At the resonance, Impedance = Resistance
Z=R=5Ω
𝑉0 285
Maximum current, I0 = = = 57 A
𝑍 5

Power dissipated, P = I0V0 = 57 X 285 = 16245 W

9. A 20 ohm resistor, 1.5 H inductor and 35 µF capacitor are connected in series with a 220 V, 50
Hz ac supply. Calculate the impedance of the circuit and also find the current through the
circuit. (JULY-18)
Soln:-
1 1 1
Capacitive Reactance XC = = = = 90.99 Ω
𝜔𝐶 2𝜋𝜈𝐶 2X 3.14 X 50 X35 X10−6
Inductive Reactance XL = ωL = 2𝜋𝜈𝐶 = 2X 3.14 X 50 X1.5 = 471 Ω
Impedance Z = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2
Z = √202 + (471 − 90.99)2 = 380.53 Ω
V 220
Current I= = = 0.578 A
Z 380.53

10. A sinusoidal voltage of peak value 283 V and frequency 50Hz is applied to a series LCR
circuit in which R=3Ω, L=25.48mH and C=796µF Find
(a) Impedance of circuit
(b) Phase difference between the voltage across the source and current (JUNE-19)
Solution:-
Inductive reactance,
XL = 2πfL = 2 x 3.14 x 50 x 25.48 x 10-3 = 8 Ω
Capacitive reactance,
1 1
XC = = =4Ω
2πfC 2 X 3.14 X 50 X 796 X 10−6

Impedence; Z = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 = √32 + (8 − 4)2 = 5 Ω

𝑋𝐿 −𝑋𝐶 8 −4
Phase difference φ = tan-1 ( 𝑅
) = tan-1 (
3
)

φ = tan-1 1.3333 = 53.10

11. A series LCR circuit contains a pure inductor of inductance 5.0 H, a capacitor of
capacitance
20μF and a resistance 40 Ω.
a) Find the resonant frequency of the circuit.
b) Calculate the Quality factor (Q- factor) of the circuit.
c) What is the impedance at resonant condition? (MARCH-20)
Ans:-

36
 1 1
a) Resonant frequency; ω0 = = = 100 rad/s
√𝐿𝐶 √5 𝑋 20 𝑋 10−6
𝜔0 𝐿 100 𝑋 5
b) Quality factor; Q = = = 12.5
𝑅 40
c) Impedance at resonance; Z = R = 40 Ω
1 1
OR a) f0 = = = 15.9 Hz
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶 2𝑋3.14√5 𝑋 20 𝑋 10−6
1 𝐿 1 5
b) Q = √ = √ = 12.5
𝑅 𝐶 40 20𝑋10−6
c) Z = R = 40Ω

12. An AC source of 200V, 50Hz is applied to a series LCR circuit in which R =3Ω, L= 25mH
and C = 790 µF. Find a) the impedance of the circuit and b) the current in the circuit.
(SEP-20)
Ans:-
Inductive reactance : XL = 2πνL= 2x3.14x50x0.025 = 7.85 Ω
1 1
Capacitive reactance: XC = = = 4.03 Ω
2πνC 2x3.14x50x 790 x 10−6
(a) Impedance; Z = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2
Z = √32 + (7.85 − 4.03)2 = 4.86 Ω
𝑉 200
(b) Current; I = = = 41.15 A
𝑍 4.86

37
 CHAPTER – 8 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES (1 Mark)
I. One Mark Questions;
1. Give the wavelength range of X-rays. (MARCH-16)
Ans:- 0.001 nm to 1 nm

2. Arrange the following electromagnetic waves in ascending order of their wavelength;

Radio waves, Gamma rays, Infrared waves, X – rays (MARCH-20)
Ans:- Gamma rays, X – rays, Infrared waves, Radio waves.
OR; Gamma rays < X – rays < Infrared waves < Radio waves

II. Two MARK Questions;

1. Who predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves? Give the wavelength range of
electromagnetic spectrum. (MARCH -14, SEP-20)
Ans:- Maxwell
Wavelength range is 10-14 m to 107 m

2. Give any two uses of microwaves. (JULY -14, MARCH-17)

Ans:- Microwaves are used
a) in microwave ovens for heating. b) in communication
c) in RADAR system for aircraft navigation d) to measure the speed of tennis ball, cricket ball

3. Mention two application of infrared radiation. (MARCH-15, SEP-20)

Ans:- Infrared radiations are used
i) to treat sprains and muscular pains. ii) in long distance photography.
iii) to detect forgery in documents. iv) to produce dehydrated fruits.

4. What are electromagnetic waves? Write the expression for the velocity of electromagnetic
waves in terms of permittivity and magnetic permeability of free space. (JULY-16,MARCH-19)
Ans:-
Waves due to varying electric and magnetic fields mutually perpendicular to each other and
propagating perpendicular to the varying fields are called electromagnetic waves

Velocity of electromagnetic waves in terms of permittivity and magnetic permeability of free

space
𝟏
c=
√𝝁𝟎 𝜺𝟎

5. Write Maxwell’s equation for the speed of electromagnetic waves and explain the terms.
(JULY-17)
1
Ans:- In free space c =
√𝜇0 𝜀0
Where µ0 is permeability of free space and 0 is the permittivity of the free space.
OR
1
In a medium v=
√𝜇𝜀
Where µ is permeability and  is the permittivity of the medium.

6. Give any two applications of X – rays. (MARCH-18)

Ans:- X – rays are used
(i) as diagnostic tool in medicine (ii) to treat certain forms of cancer
(iii) to test the quality of welding in industry (iv) in the crystal structure analysis
(v) to detect foreign bodies in the human body

7. Give any two applications of ultraviolet radiations. (JULY-18, JUNE-19)

Ans:- UV radiations are used
(i) in sterilisation.
(ii) in the production of vitamin D.
(iii) in LASIK eye surgery.
(iv) to distinguish artificial and real gems.
(v) in burglar alarms.
38
 CHAPTER-9 RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS (6 Marks)

I. One Mark Questions;

1. How does the power of a lens vary with its focal length? (MARCH-15, MARCH-16,17, SEP-20)
1
Ans:- Inversely with focal length Or P α
𝑓

2. Two lenses of power +1.5 D and -0.5 D are kept in contact on their principal axis. What is the
effective power of the combination? (MARCH-18)
Ans:- Effective power
P = P1 + P2 = 1.5 – 0.5 = 1 D

3. A blue ray of light enters an optically denser medium from air. What happens to its frequency
in denser medium? (JULY-18)
Ans:- Frequency remains same.

4. For which position of the object magnification of convex lens is – 1(minus one)? (MARCH-19)
Ans:- At a distance equal to twice the focal length from the lens (I,e at 2 F).

II. Two MARK Questions;

1. State laws of refraction. (JULY -14)
Ans:- i) The incident ray, refracted ray, and the normal drawn at the point of incidence all lie in the
same plane.
ii) Snell’s Law: The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is a constant for a given pair of media and for given colour of light (Wavelength of
light)

2. Draw the ray diagram of image formation in case of a compound microscope. (MARCH-15)
Ans:-

3. Write the ray diagram for the formation of image in the simple microscope. (MARCH-19)
Ans:-

III. Three Mark Questions;

1. Mention three applications of total internal reflection of light. (MARCH -14)

39
 Ans:- Total internal reflection is used in
i) sparkling of diamond (or brilliance of diamond)
ii) total reflecting prisms
iii) optical fibres

2. What is total internal reflection? Mention two applications of optical fibres. (JULY-16, SEP-20)
Ans:-
When a ray of light traveling from denser medium to rarer medium and if the angle of incidence is
greater than critical angle, then the light ray is totally reflected back into the same medium. This
phenomenon is called total internal reflection.
Optical fibres are used
i) in the field of communication.
ii) in endoscopy to study internal parts of human beings.
iii) to transport 3 – D pictures.

3. Define critical angle. Write two conditions for total internal reflection. (JULY-15,17, SEP-20)
Ans:- The angle of incidence in the denser medium for which the angle of refraction in the rarer
medium is equal to 900 is called critical angle.
Conditions;
1. The ray of light should travel from denser medium to a rarer medium.
2. The angle of incidence in the denser medium should be greater than the critical angle.

IV. Five Mark Questions;

1. Derive the expression for refractive index of the material of the prism in terms of angle of
prism and angle of minimum deviation. (MARCH-15)
Ans:- Consider a ray of light PQ incident on the face AB at an
angle of incidence i1 and refracted along QR with an angle of
refraction r1. Refracted ray again suffers refraction on the face AC
and emerges along RS with an angle of emergence i 2. Let A be
the angle of the prism and n be the refractive index of the prism

In the quadrilateral AQNR ˆ N

A ˆ  1800
- - - - - (1)

From the Δl QNR

̂ = 1800 - - - - - - (2)
𝒓̂𝟏 + 𝒓̂𝟐 + 𝑵

equating (1) and (2) ˆ ˆ  rˆ    (3)

A=r1 2

The total deviation produced by the incident ray

d = deviation at the face AB + deviation at the face AC
d=(i1  r1 )  (i 2  r2 )
d= i1  i 2  (r1  r2 )
Using equation (3)
d=i1  i 2  A     (4)
From the graph at minimum deviation position
d = D, i1 = i2 = i and r1 = r2 = r

𝐴 𝐴+𝐷
From equations (3) and (4) r= and i =
2 2
From Snell’s law
sin i
n=
sin r
𝐀+𝐃
𝐬𝐢𝐧( )
𝟐
n= 𝐀
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐

40
2. Derive lens maker’s formula. (JULY-15, JULY-16, MARCH-17, JULY-17, MARCH-19)
Ans:- Consider a thin convex lens of focal length f and refractive index n be placed in air as shown
in figure. Let R1 and R2 are the radii of curvature of the surfaces ABC and ADC of the lens respectively.
Let O be a luminous point object placed on the principal axis at a distance ‘u’ from the surface
ABC. A ray OP incident at P after refraction emerges along QI.

Image formation takes place in two stages

Stage(1); Refraction at the surface ABC;
In the absence of ADC, the object O forms a real image I’
𝑛2 𝑛1 𝑛2 −𝑛1
Using the relation - =
𝑣 𝑢 𝑅
Let n2 = n and n1 = 1 (for air) u = u, v= v ‘ and R = R1

𝑛 1 𝑛−1
- = - - - - - (1)
𝑣′ 𝑢 𝑅1
Stage(2); Refraction at the surface ADC;
In the absence of ABC, I’ acts as virtual object forms a real image I
n1 = n and n2 = 1 (for air) v = v, u = v’ and R = R2

1 𝑛 𝑛−1
- = - - - - - (2)
𝑣 𝑣′ −𝑅2
Adding equations (1) and (2)
𝑛 1 1 𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛−1
- + - = -
𝑣′ 𝑢 𝑣 𝑣′ 𝑅1 𝑅2
1 1 1 1
- = (n-1)( − )
𝑣 𝑢 𝑅1 𝑅2
1 1 𝟏
From lens formula - =
𝑣 𝑢 𝒇
𝟏 1 1
= (n-1)( − )
𝒇 𝑅1 𝑅2

In general if a lens of R I n2 be placed in a medium of R I n 1 then

𝟏 𝑛2 1 1
=( -1)( − )
𝒇 𝑛1 𝑅1 𝑅2

3. Derive an expression for equivalent focal length of two thin lenses kept in contact.
(MARCH-16, JULY-18)
Ans:-

41
Let O be a luminous point object on the axis of a thin convex lens L1 of focal length f1 at a distance u.
Let I’ be the real image formed by the lens at a distance v’. Then by lens formula
1 1 1
− = - - - - - (1)
v′ u f1
Let another lens L2 of focal length f 2 be placed coaxially in contact with first lens in its image
side.
Here I’ acts as virtual object forms a real image at I and hence v’ is the object distance for the
second lens.
1 1 1
− = - - - - - (2)
v v′ f2

Adding equations (1) and (2)

1 1 1 1 1 1
− + − = +
v′ u v v′ f1 f2
1 1 1 1
− = + - - - - - (3)
v u f1 f2

If F is the focal length of the equivalent lens of the said combination,

1 1 1
− = - - - - - - (4)
v u 𝐹
1 1 1
From (3) and (4)   
F f1 f 2
4. Deduce the relation between n, u, v and R for the refraction at a spherical surface, where the
symbols have their usual meaning. (MARCH-18)
Ans:- In the figure,
AB = Spherical refracting surface
O = luminous point object
I = Image
n1 = Refractive index of rarer medium
n2 = Refractive index of denser medium
i and r represents angle of incidence and
angle of refraction
u, v and R represents object distance,
image distance and radius of curvature
𝑁𝑀
In the Δ ONM, tan α = - - - - - - - (1)
𝑂𝑀

𝑁𝑀
In the Δ CNM, tan θ = 𝐶𝑀 - - - - - - - (2)

𝑁𝑀
In the Δ INM, tan β = 𝐼𝑀
- - - - - - - (3)

When ON is very close to the principal axis and when M is very close to P, equations (1), (2) and
(3) reduces to
𝑁𝑀 𝑁𝑀 𝑁𝑀
α= - - - - - -- (4) θ = - - - - - - - (5) β= - - - - - - - (6)
𝑂𝑃 𝐶𝑃 𝑃𝐼
From the Δ ONC, i = α + θ
𝑁𝑀 𝑁𝑀
i = 𝑂𝑃 + 𝐶𝑃 - - - - - (7)
and from the Δ NCI, θ = r + β
r=θ–β
𝑁𝑀 𝑁𝑀
r = 𝐶𝑃 - 𝑃𝐼 - - - - - (8)
From Snell’s law
n1 sini = n2 sinr
When i and r are small
n1 i = n2 r
𝑁𝑀 𝑁𝑀 𝑁𝑀 𝑁𝑀
n1(
𝑂𝑃
+ 𝐶𝑃
) = n2 (
𝐶𝑃
− )
𝑃𝐼

42
 1 1 1 1
n1( 𝑂𝑃 + 𝑃𝐶 ) = n2 (𝑃𝐶 − 𝑃𝐼 ) - - - - - (9)
With sign convention OP = - u, PI = + v, PC = +R

𝑛1 𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛2
- + = -
𝑢 𝑅 𝑅 𝑣

𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐− 𝒏𝟏
- =
𝒗 𝒖 𝑹

V. Problems;
1. Two lenses of focal lengths 0.20 m and 0.30 m are kept in contact. Find the focal length of the
combination. Calculate powers of lenses and combination. (MARCH -14)
Solution:- Effective focal length
1 1 1 1 1
= + = +
𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2 0.2 0.3
f = 0.12 m
1 1
P1 = = =5D
𝑓1 0.2
1 1
P2 = = = 3.33 D
𝑓2 0.3
1 1
P= = = 8.33 D
𝑓 0.12
OR P = P1 + P2 = 5 + 3.33 = 8.33 D

2. A prism of angle 600 produces angle of minimum deviation of 40 0. What is its refractive
index? Calculate the angle of incidence. (JULY -14)
Solution:-
A+D 60+40
sin ( ) sin ( )
2 2
Refractive index of a prism, n = A = 60
sin 2 sin 2
sin 50 0.766
n= = = 1.532
sin 30 0.5

A+D 60+40
i= = = 500
2 2

3. The radii of curvature of two surfaces of a convex lens are 0.2 m and 0.22 m. Find the focal
length of the lens if refractive index of the material of lens is 1.5. Also find the change in
focal length, if it is immersed in water of refractive index 1.33. (JULY-18)
𝟏 1 1
Soln:- Lens maker’s formula = (ang-1)( − )
𝒇𝒂 𝑅1 𝑅2

𝟏 1 1
𝒇𝒂
= (1.5 -1)( + )
0.2 0.22
𝟏
𝒇𝒂
= (0.5)(5 + 4.545) = 4.77 fa = 0.209 m
𝟏 1 1
In water medium = (wng-1)( − )
𝒇𝒘 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑛𝑔 1 1 1.5
=( -1)( + ) =( -1) X 9.545
𝑛𝑤 0.2 0.22 1.33
𝟏
= 1.22 fw = 0.819 m
𝒇𝒘

Change in focal length = f w – fa = 0.819 - 0.209 = 0.61 m

43
4. An object of 3 cm is placed 14 cm in front of a concave lens of focal length 21 cm. Find the
position, nature and size of the image formed. (JUNE-19)
Ans:- Give ho = 3 cm, u = -14 cm and f = -21 cm
1 1 1
Lens formula: - =
𝑣 𝑢 𝑓
𝑢𝑓 − 14 × −21
v= = = -8.4 cm
𝑢+𝑓 −14−21
Image is 8.4 cm from the lens on the same side.
ℎ𝑖 𝑣
We have magnification =
ℎ𝑜 𝑢
ℎ𝑜 𝑣 3 × (−8.4)
hi = = = 1.8 cm
𝑢 −14
Image is virtual, erect and diminished.

5. At what angle should a ray of light be incident on the face of an equilateral prism, so that it
just suffers total internal reflection at the other face? The refractive index of the material of the
prism is 1.5. (MARCH-20)
Ans:- Given A = 600, i2 = 900, n = 1.5, r2 = iC, i1 = ?

Refractive index of the material of the prism;

1
n=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝐶
-1 1
iC = r2 = sin ( )
𝑛
1
r2 = sin-1( ) = sin-1(0.6667) = 41049’
1.5

Angle of the prism A = r1 + r2

Thus; r1 = A – r2 = 600 – 41049’ = 18011’
According to Snell’s law;
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖1
n=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟1
sini1 = n sinr1
= 1.5 X sin18011’
= 1.5X 0.3121 = 0.4682
i1 = sin-1(0.4682)
i1 = 27055’

6. The refractive index of an equilateral prism is 1 .532. Calculate the angle of minimum
deviation when it is immersed in water of refractive index 1.33. (SEP-20)
Ans:- Given; A = 600, n2 = 1.532, n1 = 1.33 and D = ?
𝑨+𝑫
𝒔𝒊𝒏( )
𝟐
Refractive index of the prism w r t water; n21= 𝑨
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐
𝑨+𝑫
𝒏𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏( )
𝟐
= 𝑨
𝒏𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝟐
𝟔𝟎+𝑫
𝟏.𝟓𝟑𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝟐 )
= 𝟔𝟎
𝟏.𝟑𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐
𝟔𝟎+𝑫
𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) = 1.152 x sin 30 = 0.576
𝟐
𝟔𝟎+𝑫
= sin-10.576
𝟐
𝟔𝟎+𝑫
= 35010’
𝟐
D = (35010’ x 2) - 600 = 70020’ – 600
D = 10020’

44
 CHAPTER – 10 WAVE OPTICS (7 Marks)
I. One Mark Questions;
1. What is wavefront of light waves? (MARCH -14)
Ans:- It is the locus of points which oscillate in phase.
OR
It is the surface of constant phase.

II. Two MARK Questions;

1. Write the relation between the path difference and wavelength of light wave used for
constructive and destructive interference of light. (JULY-16)
Ans:-
For constructive interference, path difference δ = nλ
For destructive interference, path difference δ = (2n + 1)λ/2
where n = 0, 1, 2, 3 - - - - -

2. What is diffraction of light? (MARCH-19, SEP-20)

Ans:- The phenomenon of bending of light around the sharp edges of obstacles or edges of narrow
slits is called diffraction of light. For ex; Colours on compact disc.

III. Three Mark Questions;

1. What is interference of light? Write the condition for path difference in case of constructive
and destructive interference. (MARCH-15)
Ans:- Interference is the modification in the distribution of light energy due to superposition of two
or more light waves.
For constructive interference, path difference δ = nλ
where n = 0, 1, 2, 3 - - - -
𝛌
For destructive interference path difference δ = (2n + 1)
𝟐
where n = 0, 1, 2, 3 - - - -

3. Explain Young’s double slit experiment. (JULY-15)

Ans:-

Light from a monochromatic source is incident on a narrow slit S. The light waves emerging
from S are made to incident on two close and narrow parallel slits S 1 and S2 equidistant from S. Thus
S1 and S2 acts as coherent sources of light since they originate from the same wave front. The light
emerging out of the slits interfere with each other and produce an interference pattern on the screen
placed at a suitable distance.

The interference pattern consists of alternate bright and dark bands of equal width not only
parallel to each other, but also parallel to the slits. They are called interference fringes or bands. Two
waves arriving in phase at a point on the screen interfere constructively to give bright fringe at that
point while two waves arriving out of phase give dark fringe at that point.

5. Write any three differences between interference and diffraction. (JULY-17)

Ans:-

45
Sl No Interference Diffraction
1. The phenomenon of modification in the The phenomenon of bending of light waves
distribution of light energy due to the around the edges of an obstacle.
superposition of two or more light waves
2. It is due to the superposition of two or more It is due to the superposition of secondary
coherent waves. waves from the primary wavefront.
3. All bright fringes have same intensity Intensity of bight fringes decreases with
increasing order
4. Fringes are of equal width Fringes are of unequal width
5. There is a good contrast between maxima There is a poor contrast between maxima and
and minima minima

6. Arrive at Snell’s law of refraction, using Huygen’s principle for refraction of a plane wave.
(MARCH-18)
Ans:-

Consider a plane wavefront AB incident at A at an angle i on a plane surface XY.

Let v1 and v2 be the speed of light in medium 1 and medium 2, respectively. Let t be the time taken by
the wave front to travel the distance BC. Then
BC = v1 t
In the same time t the secondary wavelet travel from A to D
AD = v2 t 
 Consider the triangles ABC and ADC,
BC v1 t
sin I = = - - - - - - (1)
AC AC
𝐴𝐷 𝑣2 𝑡
and sin r = = - - - - - - - (2)
𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶
Dividing eqn (1) by eqn (2)
sin i 𝑣1 𝑛2
= = - - - - - - - (3)
sin r 𝑣2 𝑛1

sin i 𝑛2
Thus from eqn (3) = - - - - - - - (4)
sin r 𝑛1

Or n1 sin I = n2 sin r

This is Snell’s law of refraction.

7. Using Huygen’s principle, show that the angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection
during a plane wave front reflected by a plane surface. (JUNE-19, MARCH-20)
Ans:-

46
 Consider a plane wavefront AB incident at an angle i on a reflecting surface MN. If v represents
the speed of the wave in the medium and if t represents the time taken by the wavefront to move from
the point B to C, then the distance
BC = vt
In the same time t, secondary wavelet from the point A reaches the point E. In order to construct
the reflected wavefront we draw a sphere of radius vt from the point A as shown in fig. Let CE
represent the tangent drawn from the point C to this sphere called reflected wavefront.
Thus, AE = BC = vt
If we now consider the triangles EAC and BAC we will find that they are congruent
Hence ̂ = ECA
BAC ̂
Or i=r
This is the law of reflection.

IV. Five Mark Questions;

1. Obtain the expression for fringe width in the case of interference of light waves.
(MARCH -14, JULY -14,18, MARCH-20, SEP-20)
Ans:- Consider two coherent sources A and B separated by a distance d. Let a screen be placed at a
distance D from the slits. Let P be a point at a distance x from the centre of the screen O. At P it may
be a bright (constructive) or dark (destructive) fringe based on the path difference

From Δl AEP,
𝑑 2
AP2 = D2 + (x - 2
) - - - - - (1)

From Δl BFP
𝑑 2
BP2 = D2 + (x + ) - - - - - (2)
2
𝑑 𝑑
BP2 – AP2 = D2 + (x + )2 – [ D2 + (x - )2]
2 2
𝑑2 2𝑥𝑑 𝑑2 2𝑥𝑑
=D +x + 4 + 2 –
2 2
D –x –
2 2
4
+ 2
(BP + AP) (BP – AP) = 2xd

2𝑥𝑑
The path difference, δ = BP – AP =
(BP + AP)
When P is close to O, BP ≈ AP ≈ D

2𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑑
δ= =
2𝐷 𝐷

For nth bright fringe at P, δ = nλ Where n = 0, 1, 2, 3,…..

𝑥𝑛 𝑑
= nλ
𝐷
𝑛𝜆𝐷
xn =
𝑑
For (n+1)th bright fringe at P,

47
 (𝑛+1)𝜆𝐷
xn+1 =
𝑑
The distance between any two consecutive bright or dark fringes is called fringe width and is given by
𝛽 = xn+1 – xn
(𝑛+1)𝜆𝐷 𝑛𝜆𝐷
𝛽= –
𝑑 𝑑

𝝀𝑫
β=
𝒅

V. Problems;
1. In a young’s double slit experiment distance between the slits is 1 mm. The fringe width is
found to be 0.6mm,when the screen is moved through a distance of 0.25m away from the
plane of the slit , the fringe width becomes 0.75mm. Find the wavelength of light used.
(MARCH-15)
Solution:-
λD
Fringe width β =
d
λD1 λD1
Case (i), β1 = = - - - - - (1)
d 1 X 10−3

λD2 λ(D1 +0.25)

Case (ii), β2 = = - - - - - (2)
d 1 X 10−3

λD1
β1 1 X 10−3
=
𝛽2 λ(D1+0.25)
1 X 10−3

0.6 𝑋 10−3 𝐷1
=
0.75 𝑋 10−3 𝐷1 +0.25

D1 = 1 m
From equation (1)
λ
0.6 𝑋 10−3 =  λ = 6 × 10-7 m
1 X 10−3

2. A beam of light consisting of two wave lengths 4200 A0 and 5600 A0 is used to obtain
interference fringes in Young’s double slit experiment. The distance between the slits is
0.3mm and the distance between the slit and the screen is 1.5 m. Compute the least distance
of the point from the central maximum, where the bright fringes due to both the wavelengths
coincide. (JULY-15)
Solution:- The distance of nth bright band from the centre of the screen
𝑛𝜆𝐷
Xn =
𝑑
Given xn1 = xn2
𝑛1 𝜆1 𝐷 𝑛 𝜆 𝐷
= 2 2
𝑑 𝑑
𝑛1 𝜆1 = 𝑛2 𝜆2
𝑛1 𝜆2 5600 𝑋10−10 4
= = =
𝑛2 𝜆1 4200 𝑋10−10 3
n1 = 4 and n2 = 3
𝑛1 𝜆1 𝐷 4 𝑋4200 𝑋10−10 𝑋1.5
We have xn1 = =
𝑑 0.3𝑋 10−3

xn1 = 0.0084 m

48
3. In Young’s double slit experiment, fringes of certain width are produced on the screen kept
at a certain distance from the slits. When the screen is moved away from the slits by 0.1 m,
fringe width increases by 6 X 10-5m. The separation between the slits is 1mm. Calculate the
wavelength of the light used. (MARCH-16)
Solution:-
Fringe width
λD
β= - - - - - (1)
d
λD′
β’ =
d
λ (D+0.1)
β + (6 X 10-5) = - - - - - (2)
d
Equation (2) – Equation (1) gives
0.1 λ
6 X 10-5 =
d
Since d = 1 mm = 1 X 10-3 m
6 X 10−5 X d 6 X 10−5 X 1 𝑋 10−3
λ= = = 6000 A0
0.1 0.1

4. In Young’s double slit experiment while using a source of light of wavelength 4500 A0, the
fringe width is 5 mm. If the distance between the screen and the plane of the slits is reduced
to half, what should be the wavelength of light to get fringe width 4 mm? (JULY-16)
Solution:-
𝜆1 𝐷1
Fringe width, β1 = - - - - (1)
𝑑
𝜆2 𝐷2
and β2 = - - - - - (2)
𝑑
𝐷1
Given D2 =
2
𝜆2 𝐷1
β2 = - - - - - - (3)
2𝑑
Dividing equation (3) by (1)
𝛽2 𝜆2 2𝜆1 𝛽2 2𝑥4500𝑥10−10 𝑥4𝑥10−3
=  𝜆2 = =
𝛽1 2𝜆1 𝛽1 5𝑥10−3
𝝀𝟐 = 7200 A 0

5. Light of wavelength 6000A0 is used to obtain interference fringes of width 6 mm in a Young’s

double slit experiment. Calculate the wavelength of light required to obtain fringe width of 4
mm when the distance between the screen and slits is reduced to half of its initial value.
(MARCH-17)
𝜆𝐷
Ans:- Fringe width β =
𝑑
𝜆1 𝐷1
β1 = - - - - -(1)
𝑑

𝜆2 𝐷2
and β2= - - - - - - (2)
𝑑

Dividing Eqn (1) by Eqn (2)

𝛽1 𝜆1 𝐷1
𝛽2
=
𝜆2 𝐷2

𝜆1 𝐷1 𝛽2
𝜆2 =
𝐷2 𝛽1

6000 𝑥 10−10 𝑥𝐷1 𝑥4𝑥10−3

λ2 = 𝐷1 = 8000 A0
2
𝑥 6 𝑥 10−3

49
6. In Young’s double slit experiment distance between the slits is 0.5 mm. When the screen is
kept at a distance of 100 cm from the slits, the distance of ninth Bright fringe from the centre of
the fringe system is 8.835 mm. Find the wavelength of light used. (JULY-17)
Ans:- Distance of the nth bright fringe from the centre of the screen is given by
𝑛𝜆𝐷
xn =
𝑑

𝑥𝑛 𝑑
λ=
𝑛𝐷

8.835 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 0.5 𝑋 10−3

λ=
9𝑋1

λ = 4.908 X 10 -7 m

7. In Young’s double slit experiment the slits are separated by 0.28 mm and the screen is
placed at a distance of 1.4 m away from the slits. The distance between the central bright
fringe and fifth dark fringe is measured to be 1.35 cm. Calculate the wavelength of the light
used. Also find the fringe width if the screen is moved 0.4 m towards the slits, for the same
experimental set up. (MARCH-18)
𝜆𝐷
Soln:- Distance of nth dark fringe xn = (2n-1) 2𝑑
2𝑥𝑛 𝑑 2𝑋1.35 𝑋10−2 𝑋0.28 𝑋10−3
λ= =
(2𝑛−1)𝐷 [(2𝑋5)−1]𝑋 1.4
0.756 𝑋10−5
λ= = 0.06 X 10−5 m = 600 nm
12.6
𝜆𝐷 600𝑋10−9 𝑋1
Fringe width β= = = 2.142 X 10-3 m = 2.142 mm
𝑑 0.28𝑋10−3

8. In a Young’s double slit experiment wavelength of light used is 5000 A0 and distance between
the slits is 2 mm, distance of screen from the slits is 1m. Find the fringe width and also
calculate the distance of 7th dark fringe from central bright fringe. (MARCH-19)
λD
Ans:- Fringe width, β=
d
5000 𝑋 10−10 𝑋1
β= = 2.5 x 10-4 m
2 𝑋 10−3
(2n – 1)𝜆𝐷 (14−1) X 5000 X 10−10 X 1
Distance of nth dark band, xn = =
2𝑑 2 X 2 X 10−3
xn = 1.625 X 10-3 m

50
 CHAPTER-11 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER (6 Marks)
I. One Mark Questions;
1. Write the expression for de-Broglie wavelength of a particle. (MARCH-17)
h h h
Ans:-    
p mv OR 2mE
OR

II. Two MARK Questions;

1. Define: i) photoelectric work function ii) electron volt (ev) (JULY-16)
Ans:- i) photoelectric work function is the minimum amount of energy required to just remove an
electron from a metal surface.
ii) electron volt (ev) is the energy gained by an electron when it is accelerated through a
potential difference of one volt.

2. What are de- Broglie waves? How does the de – Broglie wavelength vary with momentum of
moving particle? (JULY-17)
Ans:- Waves associated with material particles in motion are called de – Broglie waves.
1
De – Broglie wavelength is inversely proportional to momentum of the particle. i. e  α
𝑃

3. Calculate de Broglie wavelength associated with an electron moving with a speed of 2 x 10 5

m/s. Given h = 6.625 x 10-34 JS, me = 9.11 x 10-31 kg. (JULY-18)
h 6.625 x 10−34
Ans:- de Broglie wavelength λ = = = 3.636 x 10-9 m
mv 9.11 x 10−31 x 2 x105

4. Write the expression for de-Broglie wavelength of electrons in terms of electric potential and
explain the terms used. (MARCH-19)
𝒉
Ans:- de Broglie wavelength, λ=
√𝟐𝒎𝒆𝑽
Where h is Planck’s constant, m is mass of electron, e is charge of electron and V is electric
potential.

5. An alpha particle, a proton and an electron are moving with equal kinetic energy. Which one
of these particles has the longest de Broglie wavelength? Give reason. (MARCH -20)
Ans:-
ℎ
We know de Broglie wavelength; λ=
√2𝑚𝐾
1
At equal kinetic energy, λα
√𝑚
Electron has longest de Broglie wavelength because it has least mass.

III. Three Mark Questions;

1. Give three characteristics of photon. (MARCH -14)
Ans:- i) Photons are electrically neutral
ii) They are not deflected by electric and magnetic fields.
iii) They travel with the speed of light.
iv) Photons carries both energy and momentum.
v) The energy of each photon is E = hν
ℎ
vi) Momentum of each photon is P =
𝜆

2. What are matter waves? Write the expression for de- Broglie wavelength of a particle and
explain the terms. (JULY-16)
Ans:- The waves associated with material particles in motion are called matter wave or de Broglie
wave.
De – Broglie wavelength
ℎ
λ=
𝑚𝑣
Where h is Planck’s constant, m is mass and v is velocity of the particle.
51
3. Write any three types of electron emission. (MARCH-14,19 JUNE-19)
Ans:- a) Thermionic emission
b) Field emission
c) Photoelectric emission
d) Secondary emission

4. Define work function. Write Einsteins’s photoelectric equation and explain the terms.
(MARCH-20)
Ans:- Work function is the minimum amount of energy required to just remove an electron from a
metal surface.
Einstein’s photoelectric equation
𝐸 = Φ0 + 𝐸𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥
Where E is the energy of incident photon, Φ 0 is work function of the metal, EKmax is the
maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons.
1 2
OR ℎ𝜈 = ℎ𝜈0 + 𝑚𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
2
Where h is the Planck’s constant, 𝜈 is the frequency of incident radiation, 𝜈0 is the threshold
frequency, m is the mass and vmax is the maximum velocity of the emitted electron.

IV. Five Mark Questions;

1. Write Einstein’s equation of photoelectric effect. Give Einstein’s explanation of photoelectric
effect. (MARCH-15)
Ans:- Einstein’s photoelectric equation
𝐸 = Φ0 + 𝐸𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥
1
ℎ𝜈 = ℎ𝜈0 + 2
𝑚𝑣 2
Where E is the energy of incident photon, Φ 0 is work function and EKmax is the maximum kinetic
energy of emitted electrons.
Explanation;
i) Photoelectric effect is instantaneous. Einstein treated that the collision between electron and a
photon as the collision between the two micro particles.
ii) If ν = ν0 or h ν = Φ0, then kinetic energy, EK = 0. Just electron emission takes place.
iii) If v  v or h ν < Φ0, then EK is negative which is impossible. Thus no emission of electrons
takes place.
iv) If ν > 𝜈0 or h ν > Φ0, then EK is positive and hence emission of electrons takes place.
v) Photoelectric current is directly proportional to the intensity of incident radiation. As intensity of
incident radiation increases the number of photoelectrons emitted also increases.

2. Write the experimental observations of Photoelectric effect. (MAR-16,17,19, JULY-18, SEP-20)

Ans:-
i) Photoelectric effect is an instantaneous process.
ii) Photoelectric current is directly proportional to the intensity of incident radiation.
iii) For every metal surface there exists a minimum frequency below which no photoelectric
emission takes place is called threshold frequency.
iv) Above threshold frequency, as frequency of the incident radiation increases kinetic energy of the
photoelectrons increases.
v) The minimum negative potential given to the anode for which photoelectric current becomes
zero is known as stopping potential.

3. Explain the Hallwach’s and Lenard’s observations on photoelectric effect. (JULY-15, 17)
Define: a. Work function
b. Threshold frequency
c. Stopping potential
Ans:- Hallwach’s observations : He observed that,
(1) Negatively charged zinc plate lost its negative charge when it was illuminated by UV rays.
(2) Uncharged zinc plate becomes positive when it was illuminated by UV rays.
(3) Positively charged zinc plate becomes more positive when it was illuminated by UV rays. He
52
concluded that, negatively charged particles were emitted from zinc plate when UV rays incident on it.

Lenard’s Observations : He observed that,

(1) As soon as UV radiations incident on the emitter plate, the current flows in the circuit.
(2) The current flow stopped immediately when UV rays were stopped.
Finally, both of them observed that there was a minimum frequency of incident light below which no
electrons were emitted called threshold frequency.

a. Work function is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from the metal surface.
b. Threshold frequency is the minimum frequency of incident radiation, below which no
photoemission takes place.
c. Stopping potential is the minimum negative potential given to the anode at which photoelectric
current just becomes zero.

V. Problems;
1. The work function of cesium metal is 2.14 eV. When light of frequency 6 x 1014 Hz is incident
on the metal surface, photoemission of electrons occurs.
Find :
(a) Energy of incident photons.
(b) Maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons. (JULY -14)
Given; Plank’s constant, h = 6.63 × 10 -34 Js and 1 eV = 1.6 × 10-19 J
Solution:-
Energy of incident photon,
E = hν
E = 6.63 × 10-34 × 6 x 1014
E = 39.78 × 10 -20 J
Maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons,
EK = E – Φ0
= (39.78 × 10-20) – (2.14 × 1.6 × 10-19)
= (39.78 × 10-20) – (34.24 × 10-20)
EK = 5.54 × 10-20 J
Or EK = 0346 eV

2. Light of frequency 8.41 x 1014 Hz is incident on a metal surface. Electrons with their
maximum speed of 7.5 x 105 m/s are ejected from the surface. Calculate the threshold
frequency for photo emission of electrons. Also find the work function of the metal in electron
volt (eV). Given Planck’s constant h = 6.625 x 10 -34 JS and mass of the electron 9.1 x 10 -31 kg.
(MARCH-18)
Soln:- Incident photon energy E = hν = 6.625 x 10 -34x 8.41 x 1014
E = 5.57x10-19 J
Kinetic energy of photoelectrons Kmax = ½ mv2max
Kmax = ½ x 9.1 x 10-31x (7.5 x 105)2
Kmax = 255.93 x 10-21
Kmax = 2.56 x 10-19 J
Work function ϕ0 = E – Kmax = (5.57-2.56) x 10-19 J = 3.01 x 10-19 J
3.01 x 10−19
ϕ0 = = 1.88 eV
1.602𝑥 10−19
𝑊 3.01 𝑥 10−19
Threshold frequency ν0 = = = 0.454 x 1015 Hz
ℎ 6.625 𝑥 10−34

53
 CHAPTER-12 ATOMS (6 Marks)
I. One Mark Questions;
1. Name the spectral series of hydrogen which lies in ultraviolet region of electromagnetic
spectrum. (MARCH-15)
Ans:- Lyman series.

2. Name the spectral series of hydrogen atom in the visible region of electromagnetic spectrum.
(JULY-15, JUNE-19)
Ans:- Balmer series.

3. Write the expression for energy of an electron in electron orbit of hydrogen atom. (MAR-19)
𝑚𝑒 4
Ans;- En = -
8𝑛2 𝜀02 ℎ2

II. Two MARK Questions;

1. Draw the diagram representing the schematic arrangement of Geiger – Marsden experimental
set up for the alpha particle scattering. (MARCH-18)
Ans:-

III. Three Mark Questions;

1. By assuming Bohr’s postulates, derive an expression for radius of nth orbit of an electron,
revolving round the nucleus of hydrogen atom. (MARCH-15, SEP-20)
Ans:-
Consider an electron of mass m and charge e revolve round the nucleus of charge Ze of an
atom in the nth circular orbit of radius rn with a linear velocity vn.
From Bohr’s postulate the centripetal force is balanced by electrostatic force of attraction
mvn2 1 Ze.e
 .
rn 4 rn2
1 Ze2
mvn2  .    (1)
4 rn
From Bohr’s third postulate,
nh
mvn rn 
2
nh
vn     (2)
2mrn
Using (2) in (1),
2
n2 h Ze2
m. 2 2 2 
4 m rn 4 rn
mZe2 rn   n2 h
2

54
 𝒏𝟐 𝒉𝟐 𝜺𝟎
rn =
𝝅𝒎𝒁𝒆𝟐
For hydrogen atom, Z = 1
𝒏𝟐 𝒉𝟐 𝜺𝟎
rn =
𝝅𝒎𝒆𝟐

IV. Five Mark Questions;

1. Write three postulates of Bohr’s atom model. Mention two limitations of Bohr model.
(MARCH -14, 18, 19 JULY-15, SEP-20)
Ans:-
Postulates:-
i) The electrons revolve only in certain orbits called stationary orbits without the emission of radiant
energy.
ii) The angular momentum of the electron in a stationary orbit is an integral multiple of h/2π
𝑛ℎ
i,e L=
2𝜋
Where n = 1, 2, 3, . . . . (Principal quantum number) and h is Planck’s constant.
iii) An electron emits energy only when it jumps from outer orbit to inner orbit.
If E1 and E2 are the energies of an electron in the inner orbit (lower energy level) and outer orbit
(higher energy level) respectively then the energy of emitted photon (radiation) is given by
E = E2 – E1
Limitations:-
i) This theory is applicable only for hydrogen and hydrogen like atoms.
ii) It could not explain elliptical orbits of electron.
iii) It could not explain relative intensities of spectral lines.
iv) It cannot explain fine structure of spectral lines.

2. Derive an expression for total energy of an electron in stationary state of hydrogen atom.
(JULY -14, JULY-16, JULY-18, JUNE-19)
Ans:-
Consider an electron of mass m, charge e be revolving with a velocity v in the nth orbit of radius r
For stable orbit,.
Centripetal force = Electrostatic force
𝑚𝑣 2 1 𝑍𝑒 2
=
𝑟 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 2
1 𝑍𝑒 2
𝑚𝑣 2 = - - - - - (1)
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟
Kinetic energy of the electron,
1 1 𝑍𝑒 2
K=2 𝑚𝑣2= - - - - (2) (From 1)
8𝜋𝜖0 𝑟
1 𝑍𝑒 2
Potential energy of the electron, U = - - - - - (3)
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟
Total energy of the electron in the n th allowed orbit
En = K + U
1 𝑍𝑒 2 1 𝑍𝑒 2
En = –
8𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟
1 𝑍𝑒 2
En = - - - - - - (4)
8𝜋𝜖0 𝑟
𝑛2 ℎ2 ∈0
The radius of nth stationary orbit r = - - - - (5)
𝜋𝑚𝑍𝑒 2
Substituting equation (5) in Equation (4) we get
1 𝑍𝑒 2
Thus En =- 𝑛2 ℎ2 ∈0
8𝜋𝜖0
𝜋𝑚𝑍𝑒2

55
 𝑚𝑒 4 𝑍 2
En = -
8𝑛2 𝜀02 ℎ2
For hydrogen atom Z = 1,
𝒎𝒆𝟒
En = -
𝟖𝒏𝟐 𝜺𝟐𝟎 𝒉𝟐

This is the expression for the energy of the electron in the n th orbit.

3. Using Bohr’s postulates, derive the expression for the radius of n th stationary orbit of
electron, in hydrogen atom. Hence write the expression for Bohr radius. (MARCH-20)
Ans:-
Refer Q. No. 1 in three mark questions.
For Bohr radius, n = 1
𝒉𝟐 𝜺𝟎
r=
𝝅𝒎𝒆𝟐
V. Problems;
1. Calculate the shortest and longest wavelength of Balmer series of hydrogen atom.
Given R=1.097 X 107m-1. (MARCH-16)
Solution:-
1 1 1
Wave number 𝜈̅ = 𝜆 = R ( − )
𝑛12 𝑛22
For shortest wavelength in Balmer series n 1 = 2 and n2 = ∞
1 1 1
= 1.097 X 107 X ( 2 − )
𝜆 2 ∞
1 7
𝜆
= 0.274 X 10
𝝀 = 3.646 X 10-7 = 3646 A0
For longest wavelength n1 = 2 and n2 = 3
1 1 1
= 1.097 X 107 X ( − )
𝜆 22 32
1 1 1
𝜆
= 1.097 X 107 X ( − )
4 9
1 5
𝜆
= 1.097 X 107 X ( )
36
λ = 6.563 X 10 = 6563 A0 -7

2. The first member of the Balmer series of hydrogen atom has wavelength of 6563 A0.
Calculate the wavelength and frequency of the second member of the same series.
Given C = 3 x 108 m/s. (MARCH-17)
1 1 1
Ans:- We have = R( − )
𝜆 𝑛12 𝑛22
For the first member of the Balmer series, n 1 = 2 and n2 = 3 and λ1 = 6563 A0
1 1 1 5𝑅
𝜆
= R (4 − 9 ) = 36 - - - - - (1)
1
For the second member of the Balmer series

1 1 1 3𝑅
=R( − )= - - - - - (1)
𝜆2 4 16 16
Dividing (1) by (2)

𝜆2 5 𝑥 16
=
𝜆1 3 𝑥 36

λ2 = 0.74 x λ1 = 0.74 x 6563 x 10-10 = 4861 A0

𝑐 3 𝑥 108
Frequency ν = = = 6.17 x 1014 Hz
𝜆2 4861 𝑥 10−10

56
 CHAPTER-13 NUCLEI (4 Marks)

I. One Mark Questions;

1. In the following nuclear reaction, identify the particle X. (MARCH-16)
n→p+e-+X
Ans:- Antineutrino (𝜈̅ )

2. What is the ratio of the nuclear densities of two nuclei having mass numbers in the ratio
1: 3? (JULY-16)
Ans:- 1: 1 OR 1/1 OR 1

3. The decay of proton to neutron is possible only inside the nucleus. Why? (MARCH-18)
Ans:- Since proton has smaller mass than neutron.

II. Two MARK Questions;

1. What are isotopes and isobars? (JULY -14, MARCH-16, JUNE-19)
Ans:- Isotopes are the nuclei having same atomic number but different in mass number.
Isobars are the nuclei having same mass number but different in atomic number.

III. Three Mark Questions;

1. State any three features of nuclear force. (JULY -14) OR
Write three characteristics of nuclear force. (MARCH-16, MARCH-18)
Ans:- Nuclear force
i) is strongest force. ii) is spin dependent. iii) is charge independent.
iv) is short range force. v) has saturation property.

2. Write any three differences between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. (JULY-17)
Ans:-
Sl Nuclear fission
No
1 Heavy nucleus splits up into two lighter
Nuclei of comparable masses
2 Energy released per fission is large
3 Energy released per unit mass is small
4 It can be controlled
5 It forms the principle of atom bomb
Nuclear fusion
Two lighter nuclei combines to form a heavy
nucleus
Energy released per fusion is small
Energy released per unit mass is large
It can not be controlled
It forms the principle of hydrogen bomb

V. Problems;
1. Calculate the binding energy and binding energy per nucleon (in MeV) of a nitrogen nucleus
(𝟏𝟒𝟕𝑵) from the following date: (MARCH -14)
Mass of proton = 1.00783 u
Mass of neutron = 1.00867 u
Mass of nitrogen nucleus = 14.00307 u.
Solution:-
Mass defect, Δm = [Zmp + (A-Z) mn ] – M

Δm = [(7×1.00783) + (14-7)×1.00867] – 14.00307 = 0.11243 u

Binding energy:
For 1 u (1amu), binding energy, ΔE = 931.5 MeV

For 0.11243 u; ΔE = 0.11243 × 931.5 MeV = 104. 7285 MeV

𝐵𝐸 104.7285
Binding energy per nucleon = = = 7.486 MeV/nucleon
𝐴 14

57
2. Calculate the Binding energy and binding energy per nucleon of an oxygen nucleus ( 8O16)
using the following Data in MeV:
Mass of proton = 1.007825 u
Mass of neutron = 1.008665 u
Mass of oxygen nucleus = 15.995 u. (JULY-17)
Ans:- Mass defect, ∆m = [Zmp + (A-Z) mn] – M

∆m = [8(1.007825) + 8(1.008665)] – 15.995 = 0.13692 u

Binding energy, B E = ∆m X 931 MeV

B E = 0.13692 X 931 = 127.47 MeV

𝐵𝐸 127.47
Binding energy per nucleon, = = 7.967 MeV
𝐴 16

3. Calculate the Binding energy of helium nucleus (2He4) using the following Data in MeV:
Mass of proton = 1.007825 u
Mass of neutron = 1.008662 u
Mass of helium nucleus = 4.00260 u. (JUNE-19)
Ans:- Mass defect, ∆m = [Zmp + (A-Z) mn] – M

∆m = [2(1.007825) + 2(1.008662)] – 4.00260 = 0.030374 u

Binding energy, B E = ∆m X 931 MeV

B E = 0.030374 X 931 MeV = 28.2782 MeV

4. A copper coin has a mass of 63.0 g. Calculate the nuclear energy that would be required to
separate all the neutrons and protons from each other. The coin is entirely made of 𝟔𝟑 𝟐𝟗𝑪𝒖 atoms.
𝟔𝟑
Given; Mass of 𝟐𝟗𝑪𝒖 atom = 62.92960 u (MARCH-20)
Mass of proton = 1.00727 u
Mass of neutron = 1.00866 u
Avogadro number = 6.022 X 1023
Ans;- Mass defect per copper nucleus; Δm = Zmp +(A-Z)mn - MCu
= (29X1.00727) + (34X1.00866) - 62.92960
= 0.5757u
Binding energy or energy required to separate protons and neutrons in one copper nucleus
EB = Δm X 931.5 MeV
= 0.5757 X 931.5 MeV
EB = 536.3 MeV
Number of atoms present in 63.0 g of copper; N = 6.022 X 1023
Total energy required to separate all protons and neutrons present in the coin;
E = N X EB
E = 6.022 X 1023 X 536.3 MeV = 3230 X 1023 MeV
E = 3.23 x 1026 MeV
E = 5.17 X 1013 J

5. Calculate the binding energy and binding energy per nucleon of an alpha ()
particle in MeV from the following data.
Mass of -particle = 4.00260 u,
Mass of neutron = 1.008662 u,
Mass of proton = 1.007825 u (Sep-20)
Ans:- Mass defect of alpha particle : m = Zmp + (A Z) mn  M
m = (2 × 1.007825) + (2 × 1.008662) – 4.00260
m = 0.030374 u
Binding energy of alpha particle: E b = m × 931.5 MeV
Eb = 0.030374 × 931.5 = 28.293  28.29 MeV
Binding energy per nucleon: Ebn =Eb/A = 28.293/4 = 7.073  7.07 MeV
58
 CHAPTER-14 SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS; MATERIALS, DEVICES AND SIMPLE CIRCUITS
(8 Marks)
I. One Mark Questions;
1. Write the truth table of logic OR gate. (MARCH -14)

Ans:-
Inputs Output
A B Y= A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

2. Mention any one application of Light Emitting Diode (LED). (JULY -14)
Ans:- It is used in seven segment display, indicators, lighting purpose, image sensing circuit etc.

3. Inputs of NAND gates are A = 1, B = 0. What is the output? (JULY-15)

Ans:- Out put Y =1.

4. Give the circuit symbol of AND – gate. (JULY -14, JULY-17)

Ans:-

5. Write any one advantage of light emitting diode. (JULY-17)

Ans:- Advantages of LED are
(a) They are compact
(b) Low operational voltage and less power
(c) Long life
(d) Nearly monochromatic

6. What is “depletion region” in a semiconductor diode? (MARCH-18)

Ans:- The space charge region on either side of the p-n junction together is known as depletion
region. OR
A small region around the p-n junction which has no mobile charge carriers is called
depletion region.

7. What is the output of this combination? (MARCH-18)

Ans:- 1

(For Reference)
AND gate NOR gate NAND gate
1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 1

8. Draw the logic symbol of NOR gate. (MARCH-20)

Ans:-

59
9. Which logic gate is used as inverter? (SEP-20)
Ans:- NOT gate

II. Two MARK Questions;

1. What is a photodiode? Mention its one use. (MARCH-15)
Ans:- It is a diode which converts light or radiation energy into electrical energy.
Uses:- Photo diodes are used:
i) In switching circuits.
ii) To detect both visible and invisible radiations.
iii) To measure intensity of radiation.
iv) In optical communication.

2. What are intrinsic semiconductors? Name the elements used as a dopant to obtain p-type
semiconductor. (JULY-15)
Ans:- Intrinsic semiconductors are pure semiconductor in which electrical conductivity is low.
Dopants used are Indium, boron etc.

3. Write the logic symbol and truth table of NAND gate. (MARCH-16, JULY-16)
Ans:-
Logic symbol

Truth table
Inputs Output Y
A B Y = ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑨. 𝑩
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

4. What is NAND gate? Give its logic symbol. (MARH-17)

Ans:- It is a logic gate which gives zero output(0) only when both the inputs are one(1) .
Or It is an AND gate followed by a NOT gate.
Refer Q. No. 3 in two mark questions.

5. Write any two advantages of light emitting diode (LED) over conventional incandescent low
power lamps. (JULY-18)
Ans:- Advantages of light emitting diode over conventional incandescent low power lamps are
(i) Low operational voltage and less power consumption
(ii) fast action and no warm up time required
(iii) Long life and ruggedness
(iv) Fast on-off switching capability

III. Three Mark Questions;

1. Give any three differences between p- type and n-type semiconductors.
(JULY -14, 16, MARCH-17,18,19)
Ans:-
Sl No N – type semiconductor
1 This semiconductor is obtained by adding
pentavalent impurity atoms to pure
semiconductors
2 Majority charge carriers are electrons
3 Minority charge carriers are holes
4 Conduction takes place by free electrons
present in conduction band
5 At 0 K only free electrons are available for
conduction
P – type semiconductor
This semiconductor is obtained by adding
trivalent impurity atoms to pure
semiconductors
Majority charge carriers are holes
Minority charge carriers are electrons
Conduction takes place by holes present
in valence band
At 0 K only holes are available for
conduction

60
3. Explain conduction band, valance band and energy gap in semiconductors. (MARCH-19)
Ans:-
The set of energy range formed due to conduction or free electrons are called conduction
band.The electrons in the conduction band take part in conduction

The set of energy range formed due to valance electrons are called valance band. The holes in
valence band take part in conduction

The energy difference between bottom of conduction band and top of valance band is called
forbidden or energy gap.

4. Give any three differences between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. (MARCH-20)
Ans:-
INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTOR
1. It is a pure semiconductor
2. Number of holes and electrons are
equal
3. Conductivity depends on temperature
4. Conductivity is due to both electrons and
Holes
EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTOR
1. It is an impure semiconductor
2. Number of holes and electrons are
Unequal
3. Conductivity depends on temperature
and also on impurities
4. Conductivity is mainly due to majority
charge carriers

5. Conductivity is low 5. Conductivity is high

5. What are optoelectronic devices? Name any two optoelectronic devices. (SEP-20)
Ans:- The semiconductor devices in which charge carriers are generated by light/photons are called
optoelectronic devices.
Ex; (1) Photo diodes, (2) Light emitting diodes and (3) photovoltaic devices (solar cells)

IV. Five Mark Questions;

1. Explain the formation of energy bands in solids. On the basis of energy bands distinguish
between a metal, a semiconductor and an insulator. (MARCH -14,15)
Ans:-
In case of an isolated atom, energy levels will be discrete. When atoms are very close to each
other as in solids. nucleus of each atoms interacts with the electrons of the neighboring atoms. This
splits each energy level into number of closely packed energy levels which appears as bands.
The energy band corresponding to the valance electrons forms valence bands (V B) and the
energy band above the valance band forms conduction bands (C B). The gap between the top of
valance band and bottom of conduction band is the energy band gap.
Sl No Metals(Conductors) Semiconductors Insulators
1 Comparison of energy bands

2 Valence band and
conduction band overlap
each other.
3 Conduction band is
completely filled with
electrons at ordinary
temperature.
The energy gap between the
valence band and conduction
band is less than 3 eV
Conduction band is partially
filled with electrons at ordinary
temperature
61
The energy gap between the
valence band and conduction
band is greater than 3 eV
Conduction band is completely
empty
4 They allow the current to
pass through them.
5 Their conductivity
decreases with increase in
temperature
Their electrical properties lie in
between that of conductors
and insulator.
Their conductivity increases
with increase in temperature
They do not allow the current
to pass through them.
Their conductivity is zero.

2. What is a rectifier? With suitable circuit describe the action of a full wave rectifier by drawing
input and output waveforms. (JULY -14,15 MARCH-16,17,18)
Ans:- Rectifier is a device which converts AC into DC.
A device which converts both the half cycles of AC into DC is known as full wave rectifier.

The ac voltage to be rectified is applied to the primary P of a transformer. Diodes D1 and D 2 are
connected to the secondary of the transformer as shown in the figure. A load resistance is connected
between the centre tap and the junction of D1 & D 2 .

During the positive half cycle of input ac voltage, A is positive and B is negative. The diode D1
is forward biased and diode D 2 is reversed biased. Therefore the diode D1 conducts while diode D 2
does not conduct. Hence current flows through RL.

During the negative half cycle, A is negative and B is positive. The diode D1 is reverse biased
and diode D 2 is forward biased. Therefore the diode D 2 conducts while diode D1 does not conduct.
Hence current flows through RL. The output voltage across is unidirectional but fluctuating as shown in
the figure.
Since both the half cycles of AC are converted into DC, the circuit is called a full wave rectifier.

3. Describe with suitable block diagrams, action of PN – junction diode under forward and
reverse bias conditions. Also draw I-V characteristics. (JULY-18)
Ans:- Forward bias:

A P N junction is said to be forward biased if its P side is connected to the positive terminal and N
side to the negative terminal of a battery. In this case the applied voltage opposes the potential barrier
at the junction. For an applied voltage greater than the potential barrier, the majority carriers can easily
cross the junction from both the sides. The current which flows due to majority carriers is called
forward current and it increases with forward voltage. Thus a diode under forward bias offers low
resistance to the current flow.

62
Reverse bias:

A P N junction is said to be reverse biased if its P side is connected to the negative terminal of the
battery and N side to the positive terminal of a battery. In this case, the applied voltage adds up to the
potential barrier at the junction and hence majority carriers cannot cross the junction. The current due
to majority carriers is zero. However a small current due to minority carriers flows in the circuit. Thus a
reverse biased PN junction offers infinitely large resistance.

4. What is rectification? Describe with circuit diagram the working of a p-n junction diode as
half wave rectifier with input and output waveforms. (July-15, March-16, JUNE-19, MARCH -20)
Ans:- Rectification is the process of converting AC into DC.

The device which converts only half cycles of AC into DC is called half wave rectifier.
The circuit diagram for half wave rectifier is as shown.
The ac voltage to be rectified is applied to the primary P of a transformer. The secondary S is
connected to the diode D and a load resistance R L in series.
During the positive half cycle of ac input voltage, A is positive and B is negative. The diode is
forward biased and current flows through R L . Positive half cycle of AC is converted into DC.
During the negative half cycle, A is negative and B is positive. The diode is reverse biased and no
(negligible) current flows through R L .
The diode conducts only positive half cycles of AC and hence it acts as a half wave rectifier.

***********

63
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER- I (FOR REDUCED SYLLABUS 2020-21)
Time: 3 Hours 15 min. II PUC PHYSICS (33) Max.Marks:70

General Instructions:

(i) All parts are compulsory.

(ii) Answers without relevant diagram/figure/circuit wherever necessary will not carry any marks.
(iii) Direct answers to Numerical problems without detailed solutions will not carry any marks.
PART-A

I. Answer ALL the following questions. 10 × 1 = 10

1. What is electrostatic shielding?
Ans:- The electric field inside the cavity of a conductor is always zero and it remains shielded
from outside electric influence.
2. A wire of resistivity ρ is stretched to three times its length. What will be its new
resistivity?
Ans:- Remains same
3. Mention the SI unit of magnetic moment.
Ans:- Am2 OR NmT-1
4. State Gauss’s law in magnetism.
Ans:- The net magnetic flux through any closed surface is always equal to zero.
5. Name the law used to find the polarity of induced emf in a coil.
Ans:- Lenz’s law
6. Name the physical quantity which remains same for microwaves of wavelength 1 mm
and UV radiations of 160 nm in vacuum.
Ans:- Speed

7. A concave lens of refractive index 1.5 is immersed in a medium of refractive index

1.65. What is the nature of the lens?
Ans;- Behaves as convex lens.

8. How does the stopping potential of a photosensitive material vary with intensity of
incident radiation?
Ans:- Stopping potential remains unchanged.

9. Mention any one limitation of Bohr’s atomic model.

Ans:- Refer Q. No. 1 in five mark questions. (Atom chapter)
10. Write the relation between radius of the nuclei and its mass number.
Ans:- R = R0A1/3

PART-B
II. Answer any FIVE of the following questions. 5 × 2 = 10
11. State and explain Coulomb’s law.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 1 in two mark questions. (Electric charge and fields)
12. Write the relation between electric field and potential. A point charge +Q is placed at
point O as shown in the figure. Is the potential difference V A – VB positive, negative or
zero?

64
 𝑑𝑉
Ans:- E = - 𝑑𝑋

VA – VB is positive
13. Define the terms: (a) drift speed and (b) mobility of an electron in a conductor.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 1in one mark questions and 4 in two mark questions. (Current electricity)
14. Explain how galvanometer can be converted to an ammeter.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 2 in three mark questions. (Moving charges and magnetism)
15. Write the expression for magnetic field inside a solenoid and explain the terms.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 4 in two mark questions. (Moving charges and magnetism)
16. Define magnetic dip and declination.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 1 in three mark questions. (Magnetism and matter)
17. A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual inductance of 1.5 H. If the current in one coil
changes from 0 to 20 A in 0.5 s, what is the change of flux linkage with the other coil?
Ans:- Given M = 1.5 H, dI = 20 A, and dt = 0.5 s
𝑑𝐼
Induced emf, E = - M 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜑
E=-
𝑑𝑡

Thus dφ = M dI = 1.5 x 20 = 30 Wb
18. What is a wave front? Name the type of wave front observed from a distant point
source.
Ans;- Locus of points having same phase is called wavefront.
Plane wavefront

PART- C
III. Answer any FIVE of the following questions. 5 × 3 = 15
19. Write any three properties of electric field lines.
Ans;- Refer Q. No. 2 in three mark questions. (Electric charges and fields)
20. Derive the expression for potential energy of a system of two point charges in the
absence of external electric field.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 1 in three mark questions. (Electric potential and capacitance)

21. Write any three limitations of Ohm’s law.

Ans:- Refer Q. No. 2 in two mark questions.( Current electricity)
22. State Kirchhoff’s laws. Name the Kirchhoff’s law which is a consequence of principle
of conservation of energy.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 6 in two mark questions. (Current electricity)
Kirchhoff’s voltage law is a consequence of principle of conservation of energy

23. Obtain the expression for radius of circular path of charged particle in a magnetic field.
Ans:- Consider a charged particle of mass m and charge q is entering a magnetic field of
strength B with a velocity v
Force experienced by the charged particle
F = Bqv sin θ
Since θ = 900, F = Bqv
This force provides necessary centripetal force for the circular motion

65
 𝑚𝑣 2
Hence, = Bqv
𝑟
mv = Bqr
𝒎𝒗
Thus radius of the circular path, r =
𝑩𝒒

24. Name any three sources of energy loss in a transformer.

Ans:- Refer Q. No. 5 in three mark questions. (Alternating current)
25. Write any three characteristics of nuclear force.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 1 in three mark questions.(Nuclei)
26. Give any three differences between n-type and p-type semiconductors.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 1 in three mark questions.(Semiconductor electronics)

PART-D
IV. Answer any TWO of the following questions. 2 × 5 = 10
27. Derive an expression for electric field on the equatorial line of an electric dipole.
Ans;- Refer Q. No. 1 in five mark questions. (Electric charges and fields)
28. Using Biot Savarts’s law, obtain the expression for magnetic field along the axis of a
circular current loop.
Ans;- Refer Q. No. 1 in five mark questions. (Moving charges and magnetism)

29. What is AC generator? Derive an expression for the instantaneous emf in AC generator.
Ans:- AC generator is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
For instantaneous emf; Refer Q. No. 1 in five mark questions. (Electromagnetic induction)
V. Answer any TWO of the following questions. 2 × 5 = 10
30. Derive lens makers formula.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 2 in five mark questions.(Ray optics and optical instruments)
31. Using Bohr’s postulates obtain the expression for total energy of electron in hydrogen
atom.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 2 in five mark questions.(Atom)
32. With the help of a neat circuit diagram, explain the working of full wave rectifier.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 2 in five mark questions.(Semiconductor electronics)
VI. Answer any THREE of the following questions. 3 × 5 = 15
33. A 4 µF capacitor is charged by a 200 V supply. It is then disconnected from the supply,
and is connected to another uncharged 2 µF capacitor. How much electrostatic energy
of the first capacitor is lost in the form of heat and electromagnetic radiation?
Ans:- Energy stored in the first capacitor
1 4 𝑥 10−6 𝑥 2002
U1 = 2 C1V12 = 2
= 80000 x 10-6 J = 8 x 10-2 J

Total capacitance of the combination

C = C1 + C2 = 6 μF
Common potential of the combination
Total charge
V=
Total capacitabce

66
 𝐶1 𝑉1 +𝐶2 𝑉2 4𝑥10−6 𝑥 200+2 𝑥10−6 𝑥 0
V= = = 133.3 V
𝐶1 +𝐶2 6 𝑥 10−6

Energy stored in the combination

1 6 𝑥 10−6 𝑥 133.32
U2 = CV2 = = 53306.7 x 10-6 J = 5.33 x 10-2 J
2 2
Energy lost = U1 – U2 = 80000 x 10-6 - 53306.7 x 10-6
Energy lost = 26693.3 x 10-6 J = 2.67 x 10-2 J

34. Six lead-acid type of secondary cells each of emf 2.0 V and internal resistance 0.015 Ω
are joined in series to provide a supply to a resistance of 8.5 Ω. What are the current
drawn from the supply and its terminal voltage?
Ans:- Given, ε = 2.0 V, r = 0.015 Ω and R = 8.5 Ω
Total emf of the combination
εS = nε = 6 ε = 6 x 2.0 = 12.0 V
Total internal resistance of the combination
rS = = nr = 6r = 6 x 0.015 = 0.09 Ω
𝜀𝑆 12
Current, I = = = 1.4 A
𝑅+𝑟𝑆 8.5+0.09

Terminal voltage, V = IR = 1.4 x 8.5 = 11.87 V

35. A sinusoidal voltage of peak value 283 V and frequency 50 Hz is applied to a series
LCR circuit in which R = 3 Ω, L = 25.48 mH, and C = 796 μF. Find (a) the impedance of
the circuit, (b) the phase difference between the voltage across the source and the
current and (c) the power dissipated in the circuit.
Solution:-
Inductive reactance,
XL = 2πfL = 2 x 3.14 x 50 x 25.48 x 10-3 = 8 Ω
Capacitive reactance,
1 1
XC = = =4Ω
2πfC 2 X 3.14 X 50 X 796 X 10−6

Impedence Z = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 = √32 + (8 − 4)2 = 5 Ω

𝑋𝐿 −𝑋𝐶 8 −4
Phase difference φ = tan-1 ( ) = tan-1 ( )
𝑅 3

φ = tan-1 1.3333 = 53.10

𝑉0 283
Vrms = = = 200 V
√2 √2
Vrms 200
Current Irms = = = 40 A
𝑍 5
Power, P = R I2rms
2
= 40 x3
P = 4800 W =4.8 kW

36. In a Young’s double-slit experiment, the slits are separated by 0.28 mm and the screen
is placed 1.4 m away. The distance between the central bright fringe and the fourth
bright fringe is measured to be 1.2 cm. Determine the fringe width and the wavelength
of light used in the experiment.
Solution: - Given d = 0.28 mm, D = 1.4 m, x4 = 1.2 cm, n = 4, β = ? and λ = ?
𝑛𝜆𝐷
We know distance of nth bright fringe xn = 𝑑
𝑥𝑛 𝑑 1.2 𝑥 10−2 𝑥 0.28 𝑥10−3
λ= =
𝑛𝐷 4 𝑥 1.4
0.336
λ= x 10 m = 0.06 x 10-5 m
-5
5.6
67
 λ = 600 x 10-9 m = 600 nm
𝜆𝐷 600𝑥10−9 𝑥1.4
β= =
𝑑 0.28 𝑥 10−3
β = 3000 x 10-6 m
β = 3 mm

37. The work function of cesium is 2.14 eV. Find (a) the threshold frequency for cesium
and (b) the wavelength of the incident light if the photocurrent is brought to zero by a
stopping potential of 0.60V.
Solution: - (a) Work function, W = hν0
𝑊 2.14 𝑥 1.6 𝑥 10−19
ν0 = =
ℎ 6.625 𝑥 10−34
ν0 = 0.517 x 1015 Hz
(b) E = W + KE
= W + Vse
= 2.14 𝑥 1.6 𝑥 10−19 + 0.6 𝑥 1.6 𝑥 10−19
E = 4.384 x 10-19 J
ℎ𝑐
E=
𝜆
ℎ𝑐 6.625 𝑥 10−34 𝑥 3 𝑥 108
λ= =
𝐸 4.384 𝑥 10−19
λ = 4.533 x 10-7 m = 453.3 nm

**********

68
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER- II (FOR REDUCED SYLLABUS 2020-21)
Time: 3 Hours 15 min. II PUC PHYSICS (33) Max.Marks:70

General Instructions:

(i) All parts are compulsory.

(ii) Answers without relevant diagram/figure/circuit wherever necessary will not carry any
marks.
(iii) Direct answers to Numerical problems without detailed solutions will not carry any
marks.
PART-A

I. Answer ALL the following questions. 10 × 1 = 10

1. What is an equipotential surface?
Ans:- The surface on which potential is the same at all the points is called an equipotential
surface.
2. Mention one application of potentiometer.
Ans:- Potentiometer is used to
(a) find internal resistance of a cell
(b) compare emf’s of two cells
3. Write the value of Bohr magneton.
Ans:- 9.27 x 10-24 Am2
4. What is the value of dip at a point on the magnetic equator?
Ans:- 00
5. How does self-inductance of an ideal coil vary with the current passing through it?
Ans:- Self-inductance is independent of current.
6. Which kind of electromagnetic radiations are used in LASIK eye surgery?
Ans:- Ultraviolet radiations
7. Define critical angle for total internal reflection.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 3 in three mark questions.(Ray optics and optical instruments)
8. Write the expression for the de Broglie wavelength of a particle of mass m moving with
a speed v.
ℎ
Ans:- λ=
𝑚𝑣
9. Name the series of hydrogen spectrum that lies in visible region.
Ans:- Balmer series
10. Give an example for conversion of mass to energy.
Ans:- Pair annihilation, Nuclear reactions etc
PART-B
II. Answer any FIVE of the following questions. 5 × 2 = 10
11. What is an electric dipole? Write the SI unit of dipole moment.
Ans:- A pair of equal and opposite charges separated by a small distance.
SI unit of dipole moment is coulomb meter OR Cm
12. Mention any two factors on which capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor depends.
69
 Ans:- Refer Q. No. 1 in two mark questions.(Electric potential and capacitance)
13. Draw a neat diagram of a Wheatstone’s network. Mention the condition for its balance.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 1 in two mark questions.(Current electricity)
14. A proton and an electron enter a uniform magnetic field at the same angle with the
field and with the same speed. Do they experience force of same magnitude? Justify
your answer.
Ans:- Yes. Force experienced by a charged particle is given by
F = Bqv sinθ
All the factors in RHS of the above equation remains same for both proton and electron,
hence force remains same for both proton and electron.

15. Calculate the magnitude of magnetic field at a distance of 2 m from a very long
straight wire carrying a current of 5 A?
Ans:- Magnetic field produced by a stright wiring carrying current
μ0 𝐼
B=
2𝜋𝑟
4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 𝐼 2 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 5
B= = = 5 x 10−7 T
2𝜋𝑟 2

16. Write any two properties of magnetic field lines.

Ans:- Refer Q. No. 1 in two mark questions.(Magnetism and matter)
17. Write any two applications of eddy currents.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 5 in three mark questions.(Electromagnetic induction)
18. What is the shape of the emergent wavefront when a plane wavefront is incident on:
(a) a prism and (b) a convex lens?
Ans:- (a) plane and (b) spherical
PART-C
III. Answer any FIVE of the following questions. 5 × 3 = 15
19. Write the fundamental properties of charges.
Ans:- i) Charges are additive.
ii) Charge is conserved.
iii) Charge is quantized.
20. Derive an expression for energy stored in a charged capacitor.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 3 in three mark questions.(Electric potential and capacitance)
21. Arrive at the expression for the drift velocity of free electrons in a conductor in terms
of applied electric field and relaxation time.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 1 in three mark questions.(Current electricity)

22. Draw graphs showing variation of resistivity with temperature for (a) copper, (b)
nichrome and (c) a semiconductor.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 7 for (a) and (b) in two mark questions and question no 5 in one mark
questions for (c) (Current electricity)

23. How do you convert a galvanometer into a voltmeter? Explain with a circuit diagram.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 3 in three mark questions. (Moving charge and magnetism)
24. Show that the current and the voltage are in phase for the passage of AC through a
resistor.
Ans:- Figure shows the circuit containing alternating voltage source connected to a resistor of
resistance R.

70
 The voltage applied to the resistor is given by
V=V0sinωt - - - - - - (1)
Let at any instant of time, i be the current in the circuit, then from Kirchhoff’s loop rule
V = iR
V0sinωt = iR
or i = (V0/R) sinωt
i = i0sinωt - - - - - - (2)
Where i0=V0/R is the maximum current called peak current.
From instantaneous values of alternating voltage and current, we can conclude that in pure
resistor, the current is always in phase with applied voltage.
25. Write any three differences between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.
Ans:- Refer Q. No 2 in three mark questions. (Nuclei)
26. Distinguish between conductors, insulators and semiconductors based on the band
theory of solids.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 1 in five mark questions.(Semiconductor electronics)

PART D

IV. Answer any TWO of the following questions. 2 × 5 = 10

27. State Gauss law in electrostatics. Derive an expression for electric field at a point due
to an infinitely long uniformly charged wire.
Ans- Refer Q. No. 2 in five mark questions.( Electric charges and fields)

28. Derive an expression for force per unit length between two infinitely long straight
parallel current carrying conducting wires. What is the nature of the force if the
currents are flowing in opposite directions?
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 2 in five mark questions. (Moving charge and magnetism)
The nature of the force is repulsive.

29. State and explain Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. Derive an expression for
the motional emf induced in a rod which is moving in a plane perpendicular to a
uniform magnetic field.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 5 in two mark questions and Q. No. 2 in three mark questions.
(Electromagnetic induction)

V. Answer any TWO of the following questions. 2 × 5 = 10

30. Derive the expression for refractive index of a prism in terms of angle of the prism and
angle of minimum deviation.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 1 in five mark questions.(Ray optics and optical instruments)

71
 31. Using Bohr’s postulates, obtain the expression for radius of nth orbit of electron in
hydrogen atom.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 1 in three mark questions.(Atom)
32. What is rectification? With the help of a neat circuit diagram explain the working of
half wave rectifier.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 4 in five mark questions.(Semiconductor electronics)

VI. Answer any THREE of the following questions. 3 × 5 = 15

33. Two charges 5 × nC and – 3 × nC are located 16 cm apart. At what points on the line
joining the two charges is the electric potential zero? Take the potential at infinity to
be zero.
Solution:-

1 𝑞
Electric potential V = 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟
0

For zero potential at P

VA + VB = 0
(i) at a point between the two charges

1 5×10−9 1 3×10−9
- =0
4𝜋𝜀0 x 4𝜋𝜀0 16−x
1 5×10−9 1 3×10−9
=
4𝜋𝜀0 x 4𝜋𝜀0 16−x
5 3
=
𝑥 16−𝑥
3 x = 80 - 5x
8 x = 80
x = 10 cm from 5nC charge.

(2) At a point to the right of the charges

1 5×10−9 1 3×10−9
- =0
4𝜋𝜀0 16+x 4𝜋𝜀0 x
1 5×10−9 1 3×10−9
=
4𝜋𝜀0 16+x 4𝜋𝜀0 x
5 3
=
16+𝑥 𝑥
5 x = 48 + 3x
2 x = 48
x = 24 cm from - 3 nC

34. A wire of length 2 m, area of cross-section 0.5 mm2 and resistivity 1.5 × 10-6 Ωm is
connected in series with a cell of emf 4 V. If the current through the wire is 0.5 A,
calculate: (a) the internal resistance of the cell and (b) the rate of energy dissipated by
the wire.
𝜌𝐿 1.5 𝑥 10−6 𝑥 2
Solution:- Resistance of the wire, R = = =6Ω
𝐴 0.5 𝑥 10−6
E
(a) Current, I =
R+r
4
0.5 =
6+𝑟
6+r=8
r=2Ω
(b) Rate of energy dissipation,
P = I2R = 0.52 x 6 = 1.5 watt

72
35. Calculate the resonant frequency of a series LCR circuit with L = 2.0 H, C = 32 μF and
R = 10 Ω. What is the Q-value of this circuit?
1
Ans:- Resonant frequency, ν0 =
2π√LC
1
=
2x 3.14 x√2 x 32 x 10−6

1
=
2x 3.14 x 8 x 10−3
ν0 = 0.02 x 103 = 20 Hz
1 𝐿
Q value, Q = √
𝑅 𝐶
1 2 1
Q= √ = = 25
10 32 𝑥 10−6 10 𝑥 4 𝑥 10−3

36. In a Young’s double slit experiment setup with monochromatic light, fringes are
obtained on a screen placed at a certain distance from the slits. If the screen is moved
by 5 cm towards the slits, the change in fringe width is 20 μm. Given the distance
between two slits to be 1.2 mm, calculate the wavelength of the light used.
Solution:- Given D2 = D1 – 5 cm
∆β = β1 – β2 = 20 µm
𝜆𝐷1 𝜆𝐷2
- = 20 x 10-6
𝑑 𝑑
𝜆
(D1 – D2) = 20 x 10-6
𝑑
𝜆
(D1 - D1+ 5 cm) = 20 x 10-6
𝑑
𝜆 𝑥 5 𝑐𝑚
= 20 x 10-6
𝑑
20 x 10−6 x d 20 x 10−6 x 1.2 x 10−3
λ= =
5 𝑥 10−2 5 𝑥 10−2
λ = 4.8 x 10-7 m
λ = 480 nm

37. Light of frequency 7.21 × 1014 Hz is incident on a metal surface. The cut-off wavelength
for photoelectric emission from the metal surface is 540 nm. Determine the maximum
speed of the photoelectrons emitted from the surface. (Given: h = 6.63 × 10-34 Js, mass
of an electron = 9.1 × 10-31 kg).
Solution:- Energy of incident photon, E = hν = 6.63 x 10 -34 x 7.21 × 1014
E = 47.8 x 10-20 J
ℎ𝑐 6.625 𝑥 10−34 𝑥 3 𝑥 108
Work function, W = 𝜆 =
0 540 𝑥 10−9
W = 0.037 x 10-17 J = 37 x 10-20 J
We have
E = W + ½ mv2
½ mv2 = E – W = 47.8 x 10-20 - 37 x 10-20
= 10.8 x 10-20 J

2 𝑥 10.8 𝑥 10−20
v2 = = 2.37 x 1011
9.1 𝑥 10−31

v = √2.37 x 1011

v = 48.68 x 104 m/s = 4.9 x 104 m/s

73
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER – III (For reduced syllabus 2020-21)

General Instructions:

(i) All parts are compulsory.

(ii) Answers without relevant diagram/figure/circuit wherever necessary will not carry any marks.
(iii) Direct answers to Numerical problems without detailed solutions will not carry any marks.

PART – A
I. Answer all the following questions: 10 x 1 = 10
1. Draw the electric field lines for a system of two equal positive point charges.
Ans:-

 

Like charges
2. Name the charge carriers in metallic conductors.
Ans:- Free electrons.

3. North pole of a bar magnet is moved towards a metal ring. What is the direction of induced
current in the ring when viewed from the magnet side ?
Ans:- Anticlockwise

4. How much emf is induced in a coil of self-inductance 2H if the current in it is changing at

the rate of 2As-1?
Ans:-
𝑑𝐼
Induced emf E = L = 2 x 2 = 4V
𝑑𝑡
5. Define quality factor or Q – factor for LCR series circuit.
𝐼0
Ans:- It is the ratio of resonant frequency to bandwidth at .
√2

6. Name the scientists who confirmed the existence of EM waves.

Ans:- Heinrich Hertz

7. Write the expressions for magnifying power of a telescope in terms of focal lengths.
𝑓
Ans:- m = 𝑓0
𝑒

8. How does the de Broglie wavelength of a charged particle vary with accelerating potential?
Ans:- The de Broglie wavelength of a charged particle is inversely proportional to square root of
1
accelerating potential. (i, e λ α )
√𝑉

9. State Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.

Ans:- Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle states that "it is not possible to measure both the position and
momentum of an electron (or any other particle) at same time exactly"

10. How does nuclear density of nucleus depend on its mass number?
Ans:- Independent.

74
 PART – B
II. Answer any five of the following questions: 5 x 2 = 10
11. Distinguish between polar and non-polar molecules.

Ans:-

Polar
In these molecules centres of positive &
negative charges are separated in the
absence of electric field.
They have permanent dipole moment
Non-Polar
In these molecules centres of positive &
negative charges coincide in the absence of
electric field.
They do not have permanent dipole moment

12. How does the conductivity vary with temperature (a) Conductor and (b) Semiconductor

Ans: (a) decreases with increase in temperature

(b) increases with increase in temperature.

13. Give the expression for gyro magnetic ratio of an electron revolving round the nucleus
and explain the terms.
µ𝒍 𝒆
Ans:- Gyro magnetic ratio =
𝒍 𝟐𝒎𝒆
µl - magnetic dipole moment of revolving electron
𝑙 - angular momentum of revolving electron
e - charge of electron
me - mass of electron

14. Mention two methods of increasing current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer.
Ans:- Current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer can be increased by
(a) increasing number of turns of the coil (N)
(b) increasing area of the coil (A)
(c) increasing the strength of the magnetic field (B)

15. Mention the expression for self inductance of a long solenoid and explain the symbols
used.
Ans:- L = μ0μrn2Al
where μ0 = absolute permeability
μr = relative permeability
n = number of turns per unit length
A = area of cross section and
l = the length of the solenoid

16. Write any two differences between inductive reactance and capacitive reactance.
Ans:-
Sl No Inductive reactance Capacitive reactance
1. It is the opposition offered by the inductor It is the opposition offered by the capacitor
to the flow of A C to the flow of A C
2. It is directly proportional to frequency of It is inversely proportional to frequency of
AC AC
3. It is directly proportional to inductance It is inversely proportional to capacitance.
4. It is zero for DC It is infinity for DC

17. Write the conditions for maxima and minima of diffraction pattern in terms of the
wavelength of light used for the diffraction at single slit.
Ans:-

75
 Condition for maxima

d sin   (2n  1)
2

Condition for minima

d sin   n

Where d is slit width, θ is angle of diffraction, λ is wavelength of light and n = 1,2,3, . . . . is

an integer.

18. Draw labelled diagram of experimental observation of photoelectric effect.

Ans:-

Where G is glass bulb, T is side tube, W is quartz window, C is cathode, A is anode, Ba is battery
and μA is micro ammeter.
PART – C
III. Answer any five of the following questions: 5 x 3 = 15
19. Write the expression for electric potential at a point due to a short electric dipole. Mention
one contrasting feature of electric potential of dipole at a point as compared to that due a
point charge.
𝟏 𝐏𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
Ans:- V =( )
𝟒𝛑𝛆𝟎 𝐫𝟐
where P = electric dipole moment
θ = angle between 𝑃⃗⃗ and 𝑟⃗
r = distance of the point from the centre of the dipole
1
For an electric dipole, 𝑉 ∝ (Cylindrically symmetric)
𝑟2
1
For a point charge, 𝑉 ∝ (Spherically symmetric)
𝑟

20. Distinguish between emf and T.P.D. of a cell.

Ans:-
Sl No Emf T.P.D.
1. The work done in transferring a unit The work done in moving a unit positive
positive charge once round a closed charge thorough external resistor.
circuit.
2. It is equal to potential difference across It is equal to potential difference across the
the cell in open circuit. cell in the closed circuit.
3. It does not depend on the current drawn It depends on the current drawn from the
from the cell. cell.
4. It is the cause of current flowing in the It is the effect of current flowing in the
circuit. circuit.

76
21. Derive an expression for current in a simple circuit containing a cell and external
resistance.
Ans:-
Consider a simple circuit consists of a cell of emf 𝐸 and internal
resistance r and an external resistance R.
emf of the cell is the amount of work done in bringing a unit
positive charge through once round the circuit
I,e 𝐸 = V + V’
𝐸 = IR + Ir
𝐸 = I (R + r)
𝑬
I=
𝐑+𝐫
22. Derive the expression for magnetic dipole moment of revolving electron in a hydrogen
atom.
Ans:-
Consider an electron of charge – e be revolving around a
stationary nucleus of charge + Ze. This constitutes a current I given by
e
I= - - - - - - - (1)
T
where T is the time period of revolution.
Let r be the orbital radius and v be the orbital velocity then
2πr
v=
T
2πr
T= - - - - - - (2)
v
ev
Substituting in eqn (1) I=
2πr
This current constitutes a magnetic dipole moment given by
μl = IA
Where A = πr is the area of the electron orbit
2

μl = Iπr2
evπr2
μl =
2πr

evr
μl = - - - - - - - (3)
2
The direction of this magnetic moment is perpendicular and acts inward.
Eqn (3) can be written as
e
μl = (mevr)
2me

𝐞
μl = L
𝟐𝐦𝐞

where L = mevr is the angular momentum of electron.

23. Define magnetic dipole moment of a current loop. Write its expression and mention its SI
unit?
Ans: It is the product of current and area.
Magnitude of magnetic dipole moment;
m=IA
Where I is the current and A is the area.
SI unit of magnetic dipole moment is Am2

24. Mention the characteristics of a photon.

Ans:- Refer Q. No. 1 in three mark questions. (Dual nature of radiation)
77
25. Define the terms
a) Moderator
b) Coolant and
c) Reflector for a nuclear reactor
Ans;-
a) Moderator is a material used to slow down fast neutrons. For ex; Graphite.
b) Coolant is a fluid which is used to carry heat generated in reactor. For ex; heavy water.
c) Reflector reduces the leakage of neutrons from the reactor.

26. Give any three differences between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors.
Ans:- Refer Q. No 4 in three mark questions (Semiconductor electronics)

PART – D
IV. Answer any two of the following questions: 2 x 5 = 10
27. Derive the expression for electric field at a point due to uniformly charged, infinitely large
plane sheet using Gauss law.
Ans:-
Consider a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet of uniform surface charge density σ. Let the
Gaussian surface be a cylinder of cross sectional area A as shown in figure. The flux through the
curved surface is zero because the field is along the axis of cylinder.
The flux through a surface of area ∆S,
∆φ = E ∆S cosθ
Since θ = 00, cosθ = 1 and hence
∆φ = E ∆S - - - - (1)
The net flux through the cross sections
φ = 2EA - - - - - (2) where ∆𝑆 = 2A
The charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface
q = σA - - - - - -(3)
According to Gauss’s law the net flux
σA
φ = q/ε0 = - - - - - - - (4)
ε0
From equations (2) and (4)
σA
2EA =
ε0
𝛔
E=
𝟐𝛆𝟎

28. Define equivalent capacitor. Obtain the expression for effective capacitance of two
capacitors connected in parallel.
Ans:- It is a single capacitor which produce same effect as produced by number of capacitors in
combination.

Consider two capacitors of capacitances C1 and C2 are connected in parallel across a battery of
voltage V. Let Q1 and Q2 be the charge on the capacitors C1 and C2 respectively then
The net charge in the combination
Q = Q1 + Q2 - - - - - - (1)
𝑄
C=
𝑉
78
 Q = CV
Hence, Q1 = C1V and Q2 = C2V

From equation (1) Q = C1V + C2V

Q = (C1+ C2) V - - - - - -(2)

If CP be the effective capacitance of the combination then
Q = CPV - - - - - - - (3)
From equations (2) and (3)
CPV = (C1+ C2) V

CP = C1 + C2

29. State and explain Laplace’s law (Biot – Savart’s law) in magnetism and write the Laplace’s
equation in vector form.
Ans:-
Let I be the current in a finite conductor XY. Let dB be the magnetic field produced near the
conductor at P due to infinitesimal current element of length dl then
according to Biot – Savart law dB is

(a) directly proportional to strength of the current

i, e dB α I
(b) directly proportional to length of the current element
i, e dB α dl
(c) directly proportional to sine of the angle between the
element and the line joining the point P to the current element
i, e dB α sinθ
and (d) inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between the current element and the point P
i, e dB α 1/r2
Thus mathematically Biot – Savart law can be written as
I dl sinθ
dB α
r2

𝛍𝟎 𝐈 𝐝𝐥 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
dB =
𝟒𝛑 𝐫𝟐

where μ0 is absolute permeability.

𝛍𝟎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ×𝐫⃗)
𝐈 (𝐝𝐥
In vector form ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵 = (𝟒𝛑 )
𝐫𝟑

29. Derive the expression for effective emf and effective internal resistance when two different
cells are connected in series.
Ans;- Refer Q. No. 4 in five mark questions. (Current electricity)

V. Answer any two of the following questions: 2 x 5 = 10

𝟏
30. Show that the charges oscillate with a frequency given by ω = when a charged
√𝑳𝑪
capacitor of capacitance C is connected to an inductor of inductance L.
Ans:- Let a capacitor of capacitance C charged by qm at time t = 0 be connected to an inductor of
inductance L as shown in figure. When the circuit is closed, the charge on the capacitor goes on
decreases and hence the current through the circuit go on increases.
Let q be the charge on the capacitor and i be the current through the circuit at time t.
According to Kirchhoff’s loop rule

79
 q di
-L = 0 - - - - - (1)
C dt
Where the first term in the above equation is the voltage across capacitor
and the second term is the voltage across inductor at t.
di
Rearranging the above equation q = LC dt - - - - - (2)
q di
= - - - - - - (3)
LC dt
dq
Since as q decreases i increases i = -
dt
dq
q d(− dt ) q d2 q
= ==> =-
LC dt LC dt2
d2 q q
+ = 0 - - - - - - (4)
dt2 LC
2
d x
Equation (4) is of the form + ω02x = 0 - - - - - - (5)
dt2
Equation (5) represent a simple harmonic oscillator. Comparing equations (4) and (5)
1
ω0 =
√𝐿𝐶

31. Give the theory of interference and arrive at the conditions for constructive and destructive
interference.
Ans:- Consider two light waves of same frequency, amplitude and wavelength traveling along the
same direction and along the same line. Let at any instant t, the individual displacements are given by
y1 = a cos ωt - - - - - - - - - (1)
and y2 = a cos (ωt + φ) - - - - - - (2)
where φ is the phase difference between the waves.
According to the principle of superposition, the resultant displacement
y = y1 + y2 - - - - - - - - (3)
From equations (1) and (2)
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
y = a [cos ωt + cos (ωt + φ)] - - - - - - (4) ( Using cos C + cos D = 2cos ( ) cos( ))
2 2
y = 2a cos φ/2 cos (ωt + φ/2) - - - - - - - (5)
y = R cos (ωt + φ/2) - - - - - (6)
From equations (5) and (6), R is the resultant amplitude and is given by
R = 2a cos φ/2 - - - - - (7)

Conditions for constructive interference;

Interference in which intensity is maximum is called constructive interference.

The amplitude of the resultant wave is R = 2a cos φ/2
For maximum amplitude
cos φ/2 = ± 1 when φ/2 = 0, π, 2π, 3π, - - - - - - - n𝜋
Or φ = 2nπ where n = 0, 1, 2, 3 - - - - -
In terms of path difference δ = nλ

Conditions for destructive interference;

Interference in which intensity is minimum is called destructive interference.

The amplitude of the resultant wave is R = 2a cos φ/2
For minimum amplitude
cos φ/2 = 0 when φ/2 = 𝜋/2, 3𝜋/2, 5𝜋/2, - - - - (2n+1)π/2
Or φ = (2n+1)π where n = 0, 1, 2, 3 - - - - -
In terms of path difference δ = (2n+1)λ/2

32. What is light emitting diode? Under which bias it works? Mention its three applications.
Ans:- It is a diode which converts electrical energy into light or radiation energy.
It works under forward bias condition.
Light emitting diodes are used in

80
 a) remote control system
b) burglar alarm system
c) optical communication
d) display units
e) traffic signals

VI. Answer any three of the following questions: 3 x 5 = 15

33. The electrostatic force on a metal sphere of charge 0.4 µC due to another identical metal
sphere of charge – 0.8 µC in air is 0.2N. Find the distance between the two spheres and also the
force between the same two spheres when they are brought into contact and replaced in their
initial position.
Solution:-
1 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟2
9𝑥 109 𝑥 0.4 𝑥 10−6 𝑥 0.8 𝑥 10−6
0.2 =
𝑟2
Solving for r, we get r = 0.12 m
After contact, the total charge is 0.4 µC and contact removed, each charge = 0.2 µC
9 𝑥 109 𝑥 0.2 𝑥 10−6 𝑥 0.2 𝑥 10−6
F= = 0.025 N (repulsive force)
0.122
Final answer with unit is f = 0.025 N

34. A circular coil of radius 0.08m consisting of 100 turns is carrying a current of 0.4A.
Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic field i) at the centre of the coil and ii) at a point 0.2m
from the centre of the coil on its axis.
μ0 2πnI
Ans:- i) At the centre Bc =
4π r

10−7 𝑥2𝑥3.14𝑥100𝑥0.4
Bc = = 3.14 x 10-4 T
0.08

μ0 2πnIr2 10−7 𝑥2𝑥3.14𝑥100𝑥0.4𝑥0.082

ii) B = = 3
4π (r2 + x2 )3/2 (0.082 +0.22 )2

1.607𝑥10−7
= = 46.44 x 10-7 T
0.0346

B = 0.0464 x 10-4 T

35. A circular coil of radius 5 cm and 30 turns is rotated about its vertical diameter with an
angular speed of 50 rad/s, in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 5 x 10-2 T.
Calculate the emf induced in the coil when the normal of the coil makes an angle 45 0 with
magnetic field.
Soln:- Instantaneous emf E = E0sinθ
E = NABωsinθ
E = Nπr2Bωsinθ
= 30 x 3.142 x (0.05)2 x 5 x 10-2 x 50 x sin 450
E = 41.66 V
𝐸 41.66
Current; I = = = 8.33 A
𝑅 5

36. A convex lens of focal length 0.2 m of refractive index 1.5 is immersed in water of refractive
index 1.33. Calculate the focal length of the lens in water.
Solution:-

81
 𝟏 1 1
Lens maker’s formula = (ang-1)( − )
𝒇𝒂 𝑅1 𝑅2

𝟏 1 1
𝟎.𝟐
= (1.5 -1)( − )
𝑅1 𝑅2
1 1 𝟏
( − )= = 10
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝟎.𝟐𝑿 𝟎.𝟓
𝟏 1 1
In water medium = (wng-1)( − )
𝒇𝒘 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑛𝑔 1 1
=( -1)( − )
𝑛𝑤 𝑅1 𝑅2
1.5
=( -1) X 10
1.33
1
=
1.278
fw = 0.7825 m

37. The first member of the Balmer series of hydrogen atom has wavelength of 656.3 nm.
Calculate the wavelength and frequency of the second member of the same series. Given c = 3
x 108 ms-1.
Solution:-
1 1 1
We know that wavelength = 𝑅 [ 2
− ]
𝜆 𝑛1 𝑛2 2
For Balmer series, n1 = 2 and first member n2= 3 and λ1 = 656.3 nm
1 1 1
⟹ = 𝑅 [ 2− ] = 5R/36 ----------- (1)
656.3𝑛𝑚 2 32
For the second member of Balmer series, n 2 = 4
1 1 1 1 1 1
⟹ = 𝑅 [ 2
− 2
] ⟹ = 𝑅 [ − ]= 3R/16 -------- (2)
𝜆 𝑛1 𝑛2 𝜆 22 42
⟹ (1)/(2) gives, λ = 486.1nm
Using c = fλ, f = c/λ = 6.1715 x 1014 Hz.

82
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER – IV (For Reduced Syllabus 2020-21)

General Instructions:

(i) All parts are compulsory.

(ii) Answers without relevant diagram/figure/circuit wherever necessary will not carry any marks.
(iii) Direct answers to Numerical problems without detailed solutions will not carry any marks.

PART - A
I. Answer all the following questions: 10 x 1 = 10
1. Define dielectric polarization?
Ans:- Dielectric polarization is the dipole moment per unit volume of the substance.

2. Give the principle of a potentiometer.

Ans:- Potential difference between any two points on a uniform wire is directly proportional to
distance between those two points.
i,e, V α L
3. Mention the principle of a meter bridge.
Ans:- Balancing of Wheatstone network.
.
4. Define magnetic susceptibility.
Ans:- Magnetic susceptibility is the ratio of magnetization to magnetic intensity.
𝑀
I, e χ =
𝐻

5. Name the law that gives polarity of induced emf.

Ans:- Lenz’ s law.

6. What is the source of electromagnetic waves?

Ans:- Accelerating electric charge or oscillating electric charge.

7. Write the S I unit of power of a lens.

Ans:- dioptre.

8. How does the de Broglie wavelength of a charged particle change when accelerating
potential increases?
Ans:- The de Broglie wavelength decreases. (Since λ α 1/√𝑉 )

9. What is the significance of negative total energy of an electron orbiting around the nucleus?
Ans:- The electron is bounded to the nucleus. OR Energy is required to remove the electron from
the orbit.
10. Give an example for trivalent impurity.
Ans:- Boron, Indium, Aluminum etc.

PART – B
II. Answer any five of the following questions: 5 x 2 = 10
11. Define electric flux through an area element. Mention its S I unit.
Ans:- It is the number of electric field lines passing normally through the given surface.
S I unit is Vm or Nm2C-1.

12. What are polar and non polar molecules?

Ans:- Molecules which possess permanent dipole moment are called polar molecules.

83
 Molecules which do not possess permanent dipole moment are called non polar
molecules.

13. Define relaxation time of conduction electrons. How it depends on the temperature of
the conductor?
Ans:- The average time between two successive collisions of electron and ion in a conductor is
called relaxation time.
As temperature of conductor increases, relaxation time decreases.

14. Mention the significances of Kirchhoff’s rules.

Ans:- a) Kirchhoff’s current rule signifies the law of conservation of charge.
b) Kirchhoff’s voltage rule signifies the law of conservation of energy.

15. Define current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer. Mention its unit.
Ans:- It is the deflection produced per unit current in the galvanometer. Its unit is div/A.

16. Define magnetisation of a sample and mention its SI unit.

Ans:- Magnetisation of a sample is the net magnetic moment per unit volume of the sample. Its S I
unit is Am-1

17. Explain how eddy currents are minimised?

Ans:- Eddy currents are minimized by using laminated metal core. The laminated metal cores are
separated by insulators. The planes of the laminated cores are arranged parallel to the magnetic
field so that they cut across the eddy current paths. This arrangement reduces the strength of the
eddy current.

18. What is Doppler Effect in light? Write the expression for Doppler shift.
Ans:- The apparent change in the frequency (or wave length) of light due to relative motion of

source of light or observer or both is called Doppler effect.

Expression for Doppler Shift

∆𝑓 𝑣𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙
=±
𝑓 𝑐

∆f - change in frequency of light

f – true frequency of light source
vradial - component of source velocity along line joining source & observer.
c - Speed of light.

PART – C
III Answer any five of the following questions: 5 x 3 = 15
19. Derive the expression for torque on an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field.
Ans:- Consider an electric dipole of dipole moment P placed in a
uniform electric field of strength E. The forces experienced by
each charge are as shown in figure.

The magnitude of the torque on the dipole

τ = F (BO)
τ = qE (BO)
τ = qE (2asinθ)
τ = (2aq)Esinθ

84
 τ = PEsinθ

Here θ is the angle between E and P.

20. Derive an expression for potential energy of electric dipole placed in an uniform electric
field.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 5 in three mark questions. (Electric potential and capacitance)

21. Derive the expression for current through a conductor in terms of drift veleocity.
Ans:- Consider a cylindrical conductor of length L and cross sectional area A is connected to a cell.
Let n be the number of free electrons per unit volume of the conductor then
Volume of the conductor
V = AL
Total charge carried by the free electrons
q = nALe
Current through the conductor
𝑞 nALe
I= =
𝑡 t
I = nAvde
𝐿
where vd = is the drift velocity of free electrons.
𝑡
22. Derive the expression for the magnetic force experienced by a current carrying conductor.
Ans:-
Consider a conductor of length L and cross sectional area A carrying a current I is placed in a
magnetic field of strength B. Let n be the number of free electrons per unit volume of the conductor
then, the total number of free electrons in the conductor
N = nAL
Total charge carried by N electrons, q = Ne = nALe - - - - (1)
The magnetic force on these electrons, F = B q v d sinθ - - - - (2)
Where vd is the drift velocity and θ is the angle between the direction of current and the magnetic
field.
From equations (1) and (2)
F = BnALevd sinθ
Since nAvde = I
F = BIL sinθ

23. Differentiate between ammeter and voltmeter.

Sl No Ammeter Voltmeter
1 Current measuring device Potential difference measuring device
2 Resistance should be low Resistance should be high
3 It is connected in series in a circuit It is connected in parallel in a circuit
4 Resistance is zero ideally Resistance is infinity ideally

24. Show that the current leads the voltage by π/2 when an AC voltage is applied to a pure
capacitor.
Ans:-

85
The voltage applied to the capacitor at any instant t is given by
V = V0sinωt - - - - - - - (1)
Let q be the charge on the capacitor at time t,
q=CV
q = CV0 sin ωt - - - - - - - (2)
The instantaneous current in the circuit
𝑑𝑞
I=
𝑑𝑡
𝑑(CV0 sin ωt)
I=
𝑑𝑡
I = CV0 cos ωt x ω
𝑉0
= sin (ωt + π/2)
1/𝜔𝐶
I = I0 sin (ωt + π/2) - - - - - - (3)
𝑉0
where I0 = , is the peak value of current.
1/𝜔𝐶

Comparing equations (1) and (3), in a pure capacitor current leads the voltage by a phase of π/2.

25. Give the construction and working of nuclear reactor.

Ans:-

A typical nuclear reactor is as shown in figure. Uranium fuel rods are suitably fabricated.
Nuclear fission process is started by suitably injecting a neutron inside the reactor. The reaction
once started can be controlled by adjusting the position of the control rods. Suitable moderators are
used to control rate of reaction. Heat generated due to fission is absorbed by the coolant. The hot
coolant passing through a heat exchanger boils water producing high pressure steam. This is used
to run a turbine for power generation.

26. Explain how n – type semiconductor is obtained by intrinsic semiconductor.

Ans:- A pure semiconductor which is doped with pentavalent impurity is called N-type
semiconductor.

When a small quantity of phosphorus is added to pure silicon or

germanium as shown in the figure, the four of the five valence electrons
of the phosphorous atom form covalent bonds with the surrounding four
silicon atoms. The fifth valence electron of phosphorus is free. Thus
each phosphorus atom donates one conduction electron without
creating a positive hole. Hence phosphorous is called donor impurity.
Due to donor impurity, at any temperature, the number of electrons in
conduction band is much greater than the number of holes in the
valence band. Electrons are the majority carriers and holes are the
minority carriers.

PART – D
86
IV. Answer any two of the following questions: 2 x 5 = 10
27. Derive an expression for electric field due to an Electric dipole at a point on the axial line.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 3 in five mark questions. (Electric charge and field)

28. Derive the expression for magnetic field at a point on the axis of a circular current loop.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 1 in five mark questions. (Moving charges and magnetism)

29. Describe the construction and working of an AC generator and arrive at the expression for
the emf induced in it.
Ans:-

AC generator consists of a rectangular coil PQRS P Q

wound over a soft iron core. The ends of the coil are
connected to two slip rings R 1 and R 2 . The coil together with N S
the rings can rotate in a uniform magnetic field, about an axis
passing through the centre of the coil and perpendicular to
S R
the field direction. Two graphite brushes are provided in
R1 Output
contact with R 1 and R 2 output points. When the coil rotates,
the magnetic flux linked with the coil changes. Due to this R2
change in flux an emf is induced across the ends of the coil.

Refer Q. No. 1 in five mark questions for expression (Electromagnetic induction)

V. Answer any two of the following questions: 2 x 5 = 10

30. Derive the relation connecting n, u, v and R for a spherical refracting surface.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 4 in five mark questions. (Ray optics and optical instruments)

31. Write the five experimental observations of photoelectric effect.

Ans:- Refer Q. No. 2 in five mark questions (Dual nature of radiation and matter)

32. Explain the formation of energy bands in solids. On the basis of energy bands distinguish
between a metal, a semiconductor and an insulator.
Ans:- Refer Q. No. 1 in five mark questions (Semiconductor electronics)

VI. Answer any three of the following questions: 3 x 5 = 15

33. A 600 pF capacitor is charged by a 200V supply. Calculate the electrostatic energy stored in
it. It is then disconnected from the supply and is connected in parallel to another
uncharged 600 pF capacitor. What is the energy stored in the combination?
Solution:-
Energy stored initially in the capacitor:
U = ½ CV2 =1/2 (600x10-12)(200)2 =12x10-6 J
Initially charge on the single capacitor is
Q = CV = 12x10-8 C

When other (second) uncharged capacitor connected parallel to the first, charge is distributed
among them. Capacitors are having equal capacitances, hence charges on each capacitor is same
Q1= Q/2 = 6x10-8C
Now, energy stored in each capacitor:
U1 = ½ (Q12/C)
= ½ (6x10-8)2/(600x10-12)
= 3x10-6J
Therefore, the total energy of the combination = 6x10 -6J.
87
34. Two cells of emf 3V and 2V and internal resistances 1.5Ω and 1Ω respectively are connected
in parallel across 3Ω resistor such that they tend to send current through resistor in the
same direction. Calculate potential difference across 3Ω resistor.
Solution:-
𝑟1 𝑟2 1.5𝑥1
Equivalent internal Resistance of the combination: req = = = 0.6Ω
𝑟1 +𝑟2 1.5+1
εeq 𝜀1 𝜀2 εeq 3 2
Equivalent emf of the combination : = + ⇒ = +
𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑟1 𝑟2 0.6 1.5 1
⇒ 𝜀𝑒𝑞 = 2.4𝑉
ϵeq 2.4 2
Current through the 3Ω resistor (external resistor), 𝐼= = = A
R+ req 3+0.6 3
2
Potential difference across 3Ω resistor, V = IR = x 3 = 2V
3

35. A 60V, 10W lamp to be run on 100V, 60 Hz AC mains. Calculate the inductance of a choke
coil required to be connected in series for the bulb to work.
Solution:-
Resistance of the lamp
R = V2/P = (60x60)/10 = 360Ω
Current; Irms= P/V = 10/60 = 1/6A
Impedance ; Z = Vrms/Irms=100/(1/6) = 600 Ω

√𝑍 2 − 𝑅 2 √6002 − 3602
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2 ⇒ 𝐿 = = = 1.273 𝐻
2𝜋𝑓 2 ×3.14×60

36. Monochromatic light of wavelength 5000 Å0 from a narrow slit is incident on the double slit.
If the separation of 10 fringes on the screen 1 m away is 2 cm. Find the slit separation.
Solution:-
Width of 10 fringes = 10β = 2 cm = 2 x10-2 m
2
β= x 10-2 m
10
∴ β = 0.2 x 10-2 m = 2 x 10-3 m
λD λD 5000 x 10−10 x 1
β= ⇒ d= = = 2.5 x 10 −4 m
d β 2 x 10−3

37. Calculate the value of Rydberg constant if the wavelength of the first member of Balmer
series in the hydrogen spectrum is 6563 Å. Also find the wavelength of the first member of
Lyman series in the same spectrum.

1 1 1
Ans:- Wave number 𝜆 = R ( − )
𝑛12 𝑛22

For the first member of Balmer series n 1 = 2 and n2 = 3

1 1 1
= R( − )
6563 𝑥 10−10 22 32

R = 1.097 x 107 m/s

For the first member of Lyman series n 1 = 1 and n2 = 2

1 1 1
= 1.097 x 107( − ) = 1.097 x 107 x 0.75 = 0.823 x 107 = 1215 A0
𝜆 12 22
88
 VIVA- VOCE QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICAL EXAMINATION

Experiment – 1

RESISTANCE PER UNIT LENGTH OF A WIRE

1. What is the resistance of the conductor?

Ans:- The opposition offered by the conductor to the flow of current through it.

2. Mention any one factor on which the resistance of the conductor depends.
Ans:- a) Dimensions of the conductor (Length and Area).
b) Nature of the material.
c) Temperature of the material.

3. What is the role of rheostat in this experiment?

Ans:- To vary the resistance of the circuit.

4. Why ammeter is always connected in series to a circuit?

Ans:- It has very low resistance, hence it does not alter the existing current.

5. Slope of V – I graph gives which physical quantity?

Ans:- Resistance.

6. How does resistance of a conductor depends on temperature?

Ans:- Directly proportional.

7. What is an ohmic device?

Ans:- The device which obey Ohm’s law.

8. What is a non ohmic device?

Ans:- The device which does not obey Ohm’s law.

Experiment – 2

RESISTIVITY OF THE MATERIAL OF THE WIRE USING METER BRIDGE

1. What is resistivity of the material of the wire?

Ans:- It is the resistance of the material of unit length and unit area of cross section.

2. What happens to the resistivity, if the length of the wire is doubled?

Ans:- Remains the same.

3. What is a meter bridge?

Ans:- It is the modified form of Wheatstone’s network. OR It is a device used to find unknown
resistance.

4. What is null or balancing point?

Ans:- It is the point at which the deflection of galvanometer is zero.

5. If the cell and galvanometer are interchanged, what happens to the balancing condition?
Ans:- It is unaltered.

6. If the resistance of the right gap is increased, what happens to the balancing length?
Ans:- Decreases.

7. Why thick metal plates are used in a meter bridge?

Ans:- Because they have negligible resistance.

8. Why manganin and constantan are generally used to make resistance box?
Ans:- Since they have low temperature coefficient of resistance and high resistivity.

89
 Experiment – 3

COMPARISION OF EMF’S OF TWO CELLS USING A POTENTIOMETER

1. Define emf of a cell.
Ans:- It is the amount of work done in transferring unit positive charge once round the circuit.
OR
It is the potential difference between the electrodes of a cell when it is in open circuit.

2. Why potentiometer is preferred to measure or compare emf of cells?

Ans:- It measures the emf accurately.

3. Why terminal potential difference of a cell is always less than its emf in a closed circuit?
Ans:- Because the circuit has some resistance.

4. Is emf depends on the current drawn from the cell?

Ans:- No.

5. When do you say that the cell is said to be in open circuit?

Ans:- When the current is not drawn from the cell.

6. When is the terminal potential difference of a cell is equal to its emf?

Ans:- When the circuit is open.

7. What is a battery?
Ans:- It is a source of energy or combination of cells.

8. When do you say that the cell is said to be in closed circuit?

Ans:- When the current is drawn from the cell.

Experiment – 4

INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A CELL USING A POTENTIOMETER

1. What is internal resistance of the cell?
Ans:- The resistance offered by the cell to the flow of current.

2. What is a potentiometer?
Ans:- It is the instrument used to measure potential difference or emf of a cell.

3. What is the internal resistance of an ideal cell?

Ans:- Zero

4. Does the internal resistance depend on the current drawn from the cell or external
resistance?
Ans:- Yes

5. Mention any one factor on which the internal resistance of a cell depend.
Ans:- (a) Distance between the electrodes, (b) Nature of electrodes, (c) Nature of electrolyte.

6. What is terminal potential difference of a cell?

Ans:- It is the potential difference between the electrodes of a cell in a closed circuit.

7. Can we consider the potentiometer as an ideal voltmeter?

Ans:- Yes

8. How does the internal resistance of the experimental cell vary as the resistance connected
across it increases?
Ans:- Increases.

90
 Experiment – 5
FIGURE OF MERIT OF GALVANOMETER

1. What is figure of merit of a galvanometer?

Ans:- It is the current per unit deflection in the galvanometer.

2. What is a galvanometer?
Ans: It is a device used to detect small current in the circuit.

3. How does the figure of merit of galvanometer depends on number of turns of its coil?
Ans:- inversely proportional.

4. Is galvanometer resistance a constant?

Ans:- Yes

5. Why the galvanometer offers resistance?

Ans:- Due to coil of the galvanometer.

6. How does the galvanometer resistance vary as the current through the galvanometer
increases?
Ans:- Remains the same.

7. What happens to the galvanometer if the experiment is conducted without an external

resistance?
Ans:- Galvanometer gets damaged.

8. Mention any one factor on which the figure of merit of a galvanometer depends.
Ans:- (a) Number of turns (b) Area of the coil (c) Magnetic field.

Experiment – 6

CONVERSION OF A GALVANOMETER INTO (i) AN AMMETER AND (ii) A VOLTMETER

1. What is an ammeter?
Ans:- It is a device used to measure current.

2. How do you convert a galvanometer into an ammeter?

Ans:- By connecting a low resistance in parallel with the galvanometer.

3. What is the resistance of an ideal ammeter?

Ans:- Zero

4. What is a shunt resistance?

Ans:- A low resistance connected in parallel with the coil of the galvanometer.

5. What is a voltmeter?
Ans:- It is a device used to measure potential difference across any two points.

6. How do you convert a galvanometer into a voltmeter?

Ans:- By connecting a high resistance in series with the galvanometer.

7. What is the resistance of an ideal voltmeter?

Ans:- Infinity

8. Why voltmeter should be connected parallel to the resistor?

Ans:- It has very high resistance, hence it does not alter the existing potential difference.

91
 Experiment – 7
FOCAL LENGTH OF CONVEX LENS
1. What is convex lens?
Ans:- A lens which is thicker at the middle than at the edges.

2. What is optic centre of a lens?

Ans:- It is the point of intersection of principal axis and refracted ray inside the lens when emerges
parallel to the incident ray.

3. When does a convex lens behaves as a diverging lens?

Ans:- When the refractive index of the surrounding medium is greater than that of the lens.

4. Mention any one use of convex lens?

Ans:- Used (a) as magnifier, (b) to correct hypermetropia

5. At what position of the object convex lens will produce a virtual image?
Ans:- Between principal focus and optic centre of the lens.

6. Does focal length of a lens depend on its thickness?

Ans:- Yes

7. When a double convex lens is immersed in water, what is the effect on the focal length?
Ans:- Focal length increases by four times.

8. Can a convex lens be used as a magnifier?

Ans:- Yes

Experiment – 8

FOCAL LENGTH OF CONCAVE LENS

1. What is a concave lens?

Ans:- A lens which is thinner at the middle than at the edges.

2. What is principal axis of a lens?

Ans:- It is the straight line which passes through principal focus and optic centre of the lens.

3. Which type of image is commonly formed by a concave lens?

Ans:- Virtual, erect and diminished.

4. For which position of the object a concave lens will produce virtual image?
Ans:- At all positions.

5. Mention any one use of concave lens.

Ans:- User to correct short sightedness or myopia.

6. Why do we use convex lens to find focal length of concave lens?

Ans:- To get real image.

7. What is a virtual image?

Ans:- It is the image which cannot be caught on the screen.

8. Why image position shifted away when concave lens is introduced between convex lens and
the image?
Ans:- Because concave lens is diverging.

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 Experiment – 9

ANGLE OF MINIMUM DEVIATION OF A PRISM

1. What is a prism?
Ans:- It is an optical medium bounded by three rectangular faces and two parallel triangular faces.

2. Define angle of the prism.

Ans:- It is the angle between two refracting faces of the prism.

3. What is the angle of deviation?

Ans:- It is the angle between the incident ray and the emergent ray.

4. When does minimum deviation occurs?

Ans:- When the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of emergence.

5. What is meant by angle of minimum deviation?

Ans:- It is the least value of deviation for a ray passing through a prism.

6. A glass prism is immersed in water, what happens to the angle of minimum deviation?
Ans:- Decreases.

7. Is the angle of minimum deviation is the same for all the colours of light?
Ans:- No

8. Mention any one factor on which the angle of deviation produced by a prism depends.
Ans:- (a) Angle of the prism (b) Angle of incidence (c) Refractive index of the material of the prism
(d) Wavelength of light used.

Experiment – 10
SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE

Part – I Forward Bias Characteristics

1. What is P – N junction diode?

Ans:- It is a junction formed between P type and N type semiconductor.

2. What is the value of conductivity of a semiconductor at 0K?

Ans:- Zero.

3. What is meant by doping?

Ans:- It is the process of adding impurity atoms to pure semiconductor.

4. Mention the types of extrinsic semiconductor.

Ans:- P type semiconductor and N type semiconductor.

5. When is the P – N junction is said to be forward biased?

Ans:- When P region is connected to positive terminal and N region is connected to negative
terminal of the battery.

6. What is knee voltage or cut in voltage?

Ans:- It is a voltage at which the current raises sharply.

7. Mention the majority charge carriers in P type and N type semiconductor.

Ans:- In P type; holes and in N type; electrons.

8. What is the use of a diode?

Ans:- It is used as a rectifier, switch etc.

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Part II Reverse bias characteristics

1. When is P N junction is said to be reverse biased?

Ans:- When P region is connected to negative terminal and N region is connected to positive
terminal of the battery.

2. What is the reverse saturation current?

Ans:- It is a reverse bias current which remains constant with increase in voltage.

3. For which type of biasing the semiconductor diode offer very high resistance?
Ans:- Reverse bias.

4. Name the device used as potential divider in this experiment?

Ans:- Rheostat.

5. Why micro ammeter is used in reverse bias?

Ans:- The reverse current is very low due to minority charge carriers.

6. In reverse bias; is the depletion layer thick or thin?

Ans:- Thick.

7. Which bias acts as a open switch?

Ans:- Reverse bias.

8. What is breakdown voltage?

Ans:- It is a voltage at which the reverse bias current increases sharply.

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