+2 PHYSICS EXAMINATION

FOUR MARK QUESTIONS

1.Gauss’s theorem is useful in determining the electric field when the source distribution has
symmetry.
a)State Gauss’s law in electrostatics
b)Using this law derive an expression for the electric field intensity due to a uniformly charged
spherical shell at a point
(i) Outside the shell (ii) Inside the shell
Ans: (a) Gauss’s theorm states thaat the total electric flux through a closed surface in vacuum
q
ϕ=
ε0
Where ‘q’ is the net charge enclosed by the surface.
(b) (i) Electric field intensity at a point outside the shell:

q
By Gauss’s theorm ϕ =∮ E . ds= ε
0
q
E .4 π r 2 = ε
0
1 q
E=
4 π ε0 r 2
(ii) Electric field intensity at a point inside the shell is equal to zero.
2.Three capacitors are connected to a 12 V battery as shown in figure:

a) Derive an expession for effective capacitance when two capacitors are connected in parallel.
b)What is the effective capacitance of the combination shown in figure ?
Ans: (a)

q
By definition of capacitance C=
V
That is q=CPV -------(1)
Similarly q1=C1V q2=C2V ------(2)
 +2 PHYSICS MODEL EXAMINATION 2021
FOUR MARK QUESTIONS

From the diagram q=q1+q2

Substituting (1) and (2) CPV= C1V+ C2V
There fore effective capacitance CP =C1+C2
(b)

The effective of parallel combination of 2μF and 4μF is 6μF. Thus it can be redrawn as shown
below
6μF 3μF

(C 1 C 2)
Thus the effective capacitance C eff =
C1 +C 2

(6 x 3)
C eff = =2 μ F
6+3
3.Meter bridge is the practical form of Wheatstone’s bridge.
a) Derive the principle of Wheatstone’s bridge.
b) With a neat diagram explain the method to find unknown resistance using meter bridge.
Ans: (a)

Ig

Applying Kirchoff’s rule for the loop abd, I1P +IgG-I2R=0

for the loop bcd I3Q+I4S-IgG =0
When the bridge is balanced Ig=0 , I3=I1, I4=I2

Thus the above equation becomes I1P=I2R-----(1)

I1Q=I2S-----(2)
P R
Dividing equation (1) by (2) =
Q S
This is the principle of Wheatstone’s bridge. [ That is when the bridge is balanced the ratio of
resistances in the adjacent arms are equal]
(b)

In case of meterbridge the resistance wire AC is 100cm long. Varying the position of tapping point D
bridge is balanced (Galvanometer deflection is zero). If there is no current through the galvanometer ( bridge is
balanced) then
R l
=
S (100−l)
If R is an unknown resistance and S is known resistance then
l
R=S
(100−l)
4. AC can be converted into DC using a rectifier.
a) What is the principle of working of a rectifier?
b) Explain the working of a halfwave rectifier with diagram.
c) Draw the input and output wave forms for a halfwave rectifier.
Ans: (a) Junction diode conducts only when forward biased and it does not conduct when
reverse biased. ( Uni directional property of diode). This is the principle of working of
a rectifier.
(b)

The rectifier which rectifies only one half of input signal is called half wave
rectifier.
The circuit diagram of half wave rectifier is as shown in figure.
The ac input signal to be rectified is fed to the primary coil of the transformer.
The secondary coil is connected to the junction diode through load resistance RL.The
output signal is obtained across the load resistance R L.
Working:
During the half cycle of ac when the p region of the diode is positive with respect
to the n region, the diode is forward biased and the current flows through the RL.So a
potentialdifference is produced across R lwith upper end positive.
During the half cycle, when p region is negative with respect to the nregion,the
diode is reverse biased and hence no current flows through the circuit; no voltage is
produced acrossR L.
Thus we see that the output across R Lis unidirectional. In this way the crystal
diode changes ac into dc.
 (c)

5. Derive an expression for the electric field intensity at a point on the axial line of an electric
dipole.
Ans:

From the diagram ,

The electric field intensities at the point ‘P’ due to the charges ‘+q’ and ‘-q’ are given by
1 q 1 −q
E+q = and E−q =
4 π ε0 ( r−l) 2
4 πε0 (r +l)2
Thus the electric field intensity at a point on the axial line of the dipole is given by
Eaxial =E+ q+ E−q
q 1 1
Eaxial = [ − ]
4 π ε0 (r −l)2 (r +l)2
q 4 rl
Eaxial =
4 π ε0 (r 2−l 2 )2
1 2( q 2l) r
Eaxial =
4 π ε0 (r 2−l 2)2
1 2 Pr
Eaxial =
4 π ε0 (r 2−l 2 )2
If the dipole length is very small comparable to the distance ‘r’ then
1 2P
Eaxial =
4 π ε0 r 3
6. (a) Prove the Gauss’s law in electrostatics.
(b) By the help of Gauss’s law find the electric field intensity due to a long charged wire.
Ans: (a)
E
 By definition of electric flux ϕ =∮ E . ds
ϕ =E ∮ ds ‘E’ is uniform.
1 q
ϕ= 4 π r2
4 π ε0 r 2

q
ϕ= ε
0
This is the Gauss’s theorm.
(b)

q
By Gauss’s theorm ϕ =∮ E . ds= ε
0
λl
E 2 π rl= ε
0

E= λ
2 π r ε0
7. (a) By the help of Gauss’s theorm find the electric field intensity due to an infinite
plane charged sheet.
(b) A

C
Two equal and oppositely charged parallel sheets are shown in figure. What is the
electric field intensity at the points A, B and C
Ans: (a)

q
By Gauss’s theorm ϕ =∮ E . ds= ε
0
σS
E .2 S= ε
0
E= σ
2 ε0
(b) At the point A and C , Electric field intensity =0
At the point B , Electric field intensity E= εσ
0
8. (a) Define electric potential at a point.
(b) Derive an expression for electric potential at a point due to a point charge.
Ans: (a) The work done to take a unit positive charge from infinity to the point is called
electric potential at that point.
(b) To move a test charge from infinity to a point at a distance ‘r’ from the point
charge is given by
r
V =−∫ E . dr
α
r
1 q
V =−∫ . dr
α 4 π ε0 r 2
r
q dr
V =− ∫
4 π ε0 α r 2
1 q
V=
4 π ε0 r
9.Two capacitors are connected as shown in figure below

(a) Find the effective capacitance when two capacitors are connected in series .
(b) If the equivalent capacitance of the combination is 4 μ F ,Calculate the value of C.
Ans: (a)

q
by definition of capacitance C S=
V
q
Therefore V= -----(1)
CS
q q
Similarly V 1= V 2= -------(2)
C1 C2
But From the diagram V=V1+V2
Substituting (1) and (2)
q q q
= +
CS C1 C2
1 1 1
Therefore effective capacitance = +
C S C 1 C2
(b) Given CS=4μF and C1 =20μF
1 1 1
We have = +
C S C 1 C2
1 1 1 1 1 1
Therefore = − = − =
C2 CS C1 4 20 5
C2= 5μF
10. (a) Give two differences between potentiometer and voltmeter.
(b) How can you determine the internal resistance of a cell using
potentiometer.Explain with diagram.
Ans: (a)
Potentiometer Voltmeter
Based on null deflection method. Based on deflection method.
Sensitivity is high Sensitivity is low.
(b)

Let l1 be the balancing length for the emf E with the key K2 open, then
E ∞ l1 -------(1)
With the key K2 closed the balancing length l2 for the terminal pd ‘V’ is measured,
then V∞ l2 ---------(2)
E
We have internal resistance r=[ −1] R
V
l
From equations (1) and (2) r=[ 1 −1] R
l2
Thus we can determine the internal resistance.
11. (a) State Ampere’s circuital theorm.
(b) Derive the expression for magnetic field due to a straight infinite current carrying
wire using Ampere’s circuital law.
Ans: (a) The line integral of magnetic field around a closed path is equal to μ0 times the
total current enclosed by the path.
∮ B .dl=μ 0 I tot
(b)

By Ampere’s circuital law ∮ B .dl =μ 0 I tot

 B ∮ dl=μ 0 I
B 2 π r =μ 0 I
μ0 I
B=
2πr
12. (a) By the help of Ampere’s circuital law derive the expression for mafnetic field due
to a solenoid.
(b) A solenoid of length 0.5 m has a radius of 1 cm and is made up of 500 turns. It
carries a current of 5A. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field inside the
solenoid.
Ans: (a)

By Ampere’s circuital law, ∮ B .dl =μ 0 I tot

B.L=μ0NI
μ0 N I
B=
L
B= μ0 nI where ‘n’ is the number of turns per unit length.
μ0 N I
(b) We have B=
L
−7
4 π x 10 x 500 x 5
B= =6.28x10-3 T
0.5
13. (a) By the help of Ampere’s circuital law derive the expression for mafnetic field
due to a toroid.
(b) The top view of a toroid is given below. What is the magnetic field in the loop
1 and 3

Ans: (a)
 By Ampere’s circuital law, ∮ B .dl =μ 0 I tot
B.2πr =μ0NI
μ0 N I
B=
2πr
B= μ0 nI
where ‘n’ is the number of turns per unit length.
(b) The current enclosed by the loop 1 and 3 is zero. Therefore magnetic field is zero.
14. (a) Give the principle of working of AC generator.
(b) Derive the expression for alternating voltage and current generated in an AC
generator.
Ans: (a) It is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
(b) The magnetic flux linked with the coil at any instant is
Φ=NBAcosωt
−d Φ
Thus the induced emf, V =
dt
−d (NBAcos ω t)
V=
dt
−NBA d (cos ω t)
V=
dt
V=NBAω sinωt
When sinωt =1 the voltage is maximum (V=V0)
Therefore V0= NBAω
Thus the alternating voltage at any instant V=V0 sinωt
and alternating current I=I0 sinωt
15. (a) Show that in an inductor only ac circuit the current lags behind the voltage by a
phase angle 900.
(b) Draw the phasor diagram for the above circuit.
Ans: (a)

Given V=V0sinωt ---------(1)

dI
But V =L =V0sinωt
dt
V0
dI = sin ω t
L
−V 0
Integrating I= cos ω t
Lω
−V 0
I= cos ω t
Lω
V0
I= sin( ω t − π )
Lω 2
π
When sin( ω t− ) =1 , the current is maximum (I=I0)
2
 V0
Therefore I 0=
Lω
Thus the alternating current through inductor only ac circuit
I =I 0 sin( ω t− π ) ---------(2)
2
Comparing equations (1) and (2) we can see that he current lags behind the voltage by
a phase angle 900.
(b) Phasor diagram:

16. (a) Show that in a capacitor only ac circuit the voltage lags behind the current by a
phase angle 900.
(b) Draw the phasor diagram for the above circuit.
Ans: (a)

Given V=V0sinωt ---------(1)

By definition of capacitance, q=CV=CV0sinωt
dq
Thus current I =
dt
d (CV 0 sinωt )
I=
dt
d (sinωt )
I =CV 0
dt
I= CV0ωcosωt
I =CV 0 ω sin ( ω t+ π )
2
π
When sin( ω t + ) =1 , the current is maximum (I=I0)
2
Thus I0= CV0ω
Therefore alternating current througha capacitor only circuite
 I =I 0 sin( ω t+ π ) -----------------(2)
2
Comparing equations (1) and (2) we can see that he voltage lags behind the current by
a phase angle 900.
(b) Phasor diagram:

17. (a) Derive the Mirror formula for a concave mirror.

(b) What happens to the focal length of a concave mirror when it is immersed in a
liquid?
Ans: The relation connecting the object distance (u) image distance (v) and the focal length
(f) is called mirror equation.

From the diagram, triangles ABP and A’B’P are similar

A' B' B' P v
Therefore = = ------------------(1)
AB BP u
Similarly triangles A’B’C and ABC are similar
A ' B ' B ' C (R−v )
Therefore = = ------------------(2)
AB BC (u−R)
v ( R−v )
Equating (1) and (2) =
u (u−R)
uv-Rv=Ru-uv
2uv =Rv+Ru
2 1 1
Dividing by ‘uvR’ = +
R u v
1 1 1
= +
f u v
This is the mirror equation.
(b) No change.
18. (a) Derive the expression for effective focal length for the combination of two thin
lenses in contact.
(b) Give the expressions for effective power and linear magnification .
Ans: (a)

f1 f2

1 1 1
We have = − ------------(1)
f 1 v1 u
1 1 1
and = − -----------(2)
f 2 v v1
1 1 1 1 1
Equations (1)+(2) + = − =
f1 f2 v u F
1 1 1
Thus effective focal length = +
F f1 f2
(b) Effective power P =P1 + P2+---
Effective magnification M=m1 x m2 x-------
19.Prove the law of reflection and refraction for a plane wave front.
Ans: Law of reflection for a plane wavefront:

From the diagram triangles AEC and ABC are congruent.

Therefore i=r
That is angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection.
Also incident wavefront and reflected wavefront lie in the same plane.
Law of refraction for a plane wave front:
 BC v 1 t
From the diagram sin i= = ----------(1)
AC AC
AE v 2 t
and sin r= = ----------(2)
AC AC
sin i v 1 n2
Dividing (1) by (2) = =
sinr v 2 n1
This is the Snell’s law of refraction.
Also the incident and refracted wavefront lie in the same plane.
20. (a)Derive the expression for energy of electron in an orbit of Hydrogen atom.
(b) Find the energy of electron in orbits n=3 and n=5.
Ans: (a)The total energy of electron is the sum of its Kinetic energy and Potential energy.
There fore En=KE+PE
1 e 2 −1 e2
E n= +
8 πε0 r n 4 π ε0 r n
2
−1 e
E n=
8 πε0 r n
ε0 n2 h2
But r n=
π m e2
4
−me
Therefore E n= 2 2 2
8 n ε0 h
−13.6
E n= eV.
n2
−13.6
(b) For n=3, E n= =-1.51 eV
32
−13.6
For n=5 E n= =0.544 eV.
52