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1.Gauss’s theorem is useful in determining the electric field when the source distribution has
symmetry.
a)State Gauss’s law in electrostatics
b)Using this law derive an expression for the electric field intensity due to a uniformly charged
spherical shell at a point
(i) Outside the shell (ii) Inside the shell
Ans: (a) Gauss’s theorm states thaat the total electric flux through a closed surface in vacuum
q
ϕ=
ε0
Where ‘q’ is the net charge enclosed by the surface.
(b) (i) Electric field intensity at a point outside the shell:
q
By Gauss’s theorm ϕ =∮ E . ds= ε
0
q
E .4 π r 2 = ε
0
1 q
E=
4 π ε0 r 2
(ii) Electric field intensity at a point inside the shell is equal to zero.
2.Three capacitors are connected to a 12 V battery as shown in figure:
a) Derive an expession for effective capacitance when two capacitors are connected in parallel.
b)What is the effective capacitance of the combination shown in figure ?
Ans: (a)
q
By definition of capacitance C=
V
The effective of parallel combination of 2μF and 4μF is 6μF. Thus it can be redrawn as shown
below
6μF 3μF
(C 1 C 2)
Thus the effective capacitance C eff =
C1 +C 2
(6 x 3)
C eff = =2 μ F
6+3
3.Meter bridge is the practical form of Wheatstone’s bridge.
a) What is the use of wheatstone’s bridge?
b) Derive the principle of Wheatstone’s bridge with a neat diagram .
Ig
I1Q=I2S-----(2)
P R
Dividing equation (1) by (2) =
Q S
This is the principle of Wheatstone’s bridge. [ That is when the bridge is balanced the ratio of
resistances in the adjacent arms are equal]
The rectifier which rectifies only one half of input signal is called half wave
rectifier.
The circuit diagram of half wave rectifier is as shown in figure.
The ac input signal to be rectified is fed to the primary coil of the transformer.
The secondary coil is connected to the junction diode through load resistance RL.The
output signal is obtained across the load resistance R L.
Working:
During the half cycle of ac when the p region of the diode is positive with respect
to the n region, the diode is forward biased and the current flows through the RL.So a
potentialdifference is produced across R lwith upper end positive.
During the half cycle, when p region is negative with respect to the nregion,the
diode is reverse biased and hence no current flows through the circuit; no voltage is
produced acrossR L.
Thus we see that the output across R Lis unidirectional. In this way the crystal
diode changes ac into dc.
(c)
5. Derive an expression for the electric field intensity at a point on the axial line of an electric
dipole.
Ans:
q 4 rl
Eaxial =
4 π ε0 (r 2−l 2 )2
1 2( q 2l) r
Eaxial =
4 π ε0 (r 2−l 2)2
1 2 Pr
Eaxial =
4 π ε0 (r 2−l 2 )2
If the dipole length is very small comparable to the distance ‘r’ then
1 2P
Eaxial =
4 π ε0 r 3
6. (a) Prove the Gauss’s law in electrostatics.
(b) By the help of Gauss’s law find the electric field intensity due to a long charged wire.
Ans: (a)
E
(b)
q
By Gauss’s theorm ϕ =∮ E . ds= ε
0
λl
E 2 π rl= ε
0
E= λ
2 π r ε0
7. (a) By the help of Gauss’s theorm find the electric field intensity due to an infinite
plane charged sheet.
(b) A
C
Two equal and oppositely charged parallel sheets are shown in figure. What is the
electric field intensity at the points A, B and C
Ans: (a)
q
By Gauss’s theorm ϕ =∮ E . ds= ε
0
σS
E .2 S= ε
0
E= σ
2 ε0
(b) At the point A and C , Electric field intensity =0
At the point B , Electric field intensity E= εσ
0
8. (a) Define electric potential at a point.
(b) Derive an expression for electric potential at a point due to a point charge.
Ans: (a) The work done to take a unit positive charge from infinity to the point is called
electric potential at that point.
(b) To move a test charge from infinity to a point at a distance ‘r’ from the point
charge is given by
r
V =−∫ E . dr
α
r
1 q
V =−∫ . dr
α 4 π ε0 r 2
r
q dr
V =− ∫
4 π ε0 α r 2
1 q
V=
4 π ε0 r
9.Two capacitors are connected as shown in figure below
(a) Find the effective capacitance when two capacitors are connected in series .
(b) If the equivalent capacitance of the combination is 4 μ F ,Calculate the value of C.
Ans: (a)
q
by definition of capacitance C S=
V
q
Therefore V= -----(1)
CS
q q
Similarly V 1= V 2= -------(2)
C1 C2
But From the diagram V=V1+V2
Substituting (1) and (2)
q q q
= +
CS C1 C2
1 1 1
Therefore effective capacitance = +
C S C 1 C2
(b) Given CS=4μF and C1 =20μF
1 1 1
We have = +
C S C 1 C2
1 1 1 1 1 1
Therefore = − = − =
C2 CS C1 4 20 5
C2= 5μF
Comparing equations (1) and (2) we can see that he current lags behind the voltage by
a phase angle 900.
(b) Phasor diagram:
14. (a) Show that in a capacitor only ac circuit the voltage lags behind the current by a
phase angle 900.
(b) Draw the phasor diagram for the above circuit.
Ans: (a)
Comparing equations (1) and (2) we can see that he voltage lags behind the current by
a phase angle 900.
(b) Phasor diagram:
16. (a) Derive the expression for effective focal length for the combination of two thin
lenses in contact.
(b) Give the expressions for effective power and linear magnification .
Ans: (a)
f1 f2
1 1 1
We have = − ------------(1)
f 1 v1 u
1 1 1
and = − -----------(2)
f 2 v v1
1 1 1 1 1
Equations (1)+(2) + = − =
f1 f2 v u F
1 1 1
Thus effective focal length = +
F f1 f2
(b) Effective power P =P1 + P2+---
Effective magnification M=m1 x m2 x-------
17.Prove the law of reflection and refraction for a plane wave front.
Ans: Law of reflection for a plane wavefront:
BC v 1 t
From the diagram sin i= = ----------(1)
AC AC
AE v 2 t
and sin r= = ----------(2)
AC AC
sin i v 1 n2
Dividing (1) by (2) = =
sinr v 2 n1
This is the Snell’s law of refraction.
Also the incident and refracted wavefront lie in the same plane.
18. (a)Derive the expression for energy of electron in an orbit of Hydrogen atom.
(b) Find the energy of electron in orbits n=3 and n=5.
Ans: (a)The total energy of electron is the sum of its Kinetic energy and Potential energy.
There fore En=KE+PE
1 e 2 −1 e2
E n= +
8 πε0 r n 4 π ε0 r n
−1 e 2
E n=
8 πε0 r n
ε0 n2 h2
But r n=
π m e2
−me4
Therefore E n= 2 2 2
8 n ε0 h
−13.6
E n= eV.
n2
−13.6
(b) For n=3, E n= =-1.51 eV
32
−13.6
For n=5 E n= = -0.544 eV.
52