Cours L3 UFAZ2020 EM Waves Part2

Fundamental Laws of
Electromagnetism
Maksim Bano
EOST, ITES/UMR-7063, CNRS, Strasbourg University,

5 rue René Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg, France
maksim.bano@unistra.fr
UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

Maksim BANO
The fundamental laws of Electrostatics
Coulomb’s Law and Electrical field
Let’s have two fixed particles in space which carry the charges with q and q´
respectively. The force F exerted by the particle q´ on the particle q is written:
 1 qq′  1 qq′ 
F (M ) = u= r
4πε 0 r 2
4πε 0 r 3
We note that if qq´ > 0 the force directed from q´

toward q is repulsive. If qq´ < 0 then the force is
attractive.
With:
1
=9 ⋅109 [N ⋅ m 2 ⋅ C -2 ] and ε 0 = 8,85 ⋅ 10 −12 [C 2 / N ⋅ m -2 or F/m]
4πε 0
ε0 is permittivity of the free space
e = 1, 6·10−19 C (coulomb C is the unit of charge )

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If we consider many charges q1, q2, …, qN situated at fixed points Qi the
total force exerted by all charges to a charge q situated at M can be
written as the sum of all forces that each charge qi exerts to q :
 q qi  
F (M ) = ∑
4πε 0 i ri 2
u i = q ⋅ E ( M ) (SI unit: 1 kg⋅m⋅s −2 = 1 N)

E (M ) which depends only on the position of M where the charge q is
situated is called the Electrical field [V/m] created by all the charges q1,
q2, …, qN situated at fixed points Qi . If we apply this for only one charge
q1 situated at Q1, this charge will create at any point M(x, y, z) the
electrical field given by:
 1 q1 
E (M ) = u (SI unit : volts per meter V/m)
4πε 0 r 2

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For all the charges q1, q2, …, qN situated at fixed points Qi the total
electrical field created at any point M will be the superposition of all Ei
created by each qi :
  
E ( M ) = ∑ Ei ( M ) = E ( x, y, z )
i
This is called the superposition principle

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We can generalize the Coulomb law in the case of a charge distribution
in volume V0 with charge density ρ(x, y, z,) (volume charge) as follows:
  
1 ρ ⋅u 1 ρ ⋅r
E (M ) = ∫∫∫
4πε 0 V0 r 2
dτ =
4πε 0 ∫∫∫
V0 r 3
dτ
dτ is the elementary volume situated at point Q, and :
  
r = QM = rM − rQ
and ρdτ represents the charge contained in the elementary volume dτ

located at the point Q of the volume V0.

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By using the well known result :
 1  
u r
∇( ) = − 2 = − 3
r r r
the electrical field E (M ) can be written :
 1  1 
E (M ) = − ∫∫∫
4πε 0 V0
∇( ) ρdτ = −∇(V ) = − grad (V )
r
1 ρ
With: V ( M ) = ∫∫∫
4πε 0 V0 r
dτ

Since E is a gradient field its curl is equal to 0:
    
E =−∇(V ) = − grad (V ) ↔ rotE = ∇ ∧ E = 0
In general, we can associate an electrical potential V [Volt] to any
electrostatic field.
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Gaus’s Law
Consider a region of the same nature as the void (free space), but which contains
immobile charges. Gauss's law states that "the flux of the electric field across a closed
surface 𝑆 is proportional to the total charge 𝑄int inside this area (S)" :
    Q
Φ = ∫∫ E ⋅ dS = ∫∫ E ⋅ n dS = int (SI unit Weber 1Wb=T·m2)
S 
S ε0
For a closed surface the vector n , perpendicular to S, is oriented positively from
interior to exterior. Supposing a charge density ρ (volume charge) inside the volume V
we have:     1
∫∫
S
E ⋅ d S = ∫∫ E
S
⋅ n dS =
ε0 ∫∫∫ ρ ⋅ dτ
V
And from divergence theorem (Green – Ostrogradsky theorem) we find :

  
∫∫S E ⋅ dS = ∫∫∫ div ( E )dτ
V  ρ
And by comparing both formulas we have: div ( E ) =
ε0

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Carl Friedrich Gauss
Born April 30, 1777 in Brunswick and died in 1855 in
Göttingen, Carl Friedrich Gauss is a German
mathematician, astronomer and physicist. He has made
very important contributions to these three areas.
Nicknamed "the prince of mathematicians", he is
considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all
time.
Gauss's law for electric fields expresses that an electric
charge creates a diverging electric field. His law for
magnetic fields states that there is no magnetic charge
analogous to an electric charge, and that the magnetic
field lines are necessarily closed.

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Field lines 
are tangent curves at each point to the vector E
Field tube
The set of field lines based on a closed contour

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Equipotential surfaces
They are surfaces of equation V = c nt, that is to say of equal potential.
 
According to the relation E =− grad (V ) ,the field E is normal to the
equipotential surfaces and directed towards decreasing potentials
 
E E
+ -
V1 V1
V2 < V1 V2 > V1
 
div ( E ) > 0 div ( E ) < 0

Maksim BANO
Example:
Let’s calculate the electrical field in a point M created by a disc of radius
R and with a surface density of charges σ:
 1 σ ( P)dS ( P)
E (M ) =
4πε 0 ∫∫
S PM 3
PM
P(r, θ, z=0) and ds = rdθdr
 
PM = PO + OM = − ru r + zu z
PM = r2 + z2

Maksim BANO
Example:
Let’s calculate the electrical field in a point M created by a disc of radius
R and with a surface density of charges σ :
 1 σ ( P)dS ( P)
E (M ) =
4πε 0 ∫∫
S PM 3
PM
  
1 r = R θ = 2π
σ ( − ru r + zu z ) 1 r=R
σ 
E (M ) =
4πε 0 ∫
r =0
∫θ =0 (r 2 + z 2 )3 / 2 rdθdr = 2ε 0 ∫
r =0 (r 2 + z 2 ) 3/ 2
rzdru z
R
 σ  z  
 ⋅ uz =
σ z 
E (M ) = − (1 − ) ⋅ uz
2ε 0  (r 2 + z 2 )  2ε 0 ( R 2
+ z 2
)
 0
2π
 
Here we have used : ∫ u r dθ = 0
UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021 0
Maksim BANO
The fundamental laws of Magnetostatics
Biot-Savart Law
When a constant electrical current I flows in the z direction along a wire of infinite

extent, the small element dl of the conductor will create at any point M un induction

magnetic field dB given by:
  z dB
 µ Idl ∧ u M
−2⋅A−1 = T Tesla)
dB = 0 (SI units: kg⋅s
4π 2
r

r is the distance between the small element dl of r
current and the point M,
 r
with, u = r 
 u
and µ 0 = 4π ⋅ 10 [ H/m] the magnetic permeability dl
−7
of the free space.

This law shows that the electrical currents are the
sources of the Magnetic Field.

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Potential vector
 consider a
Biot-Savart law can be applied for any distribution of static currents, if we
currents distribution in the volume V0 with a volume density j , the field B created by
this distribution at a point M will be given:
   
 µ0 j ∧u µ0 j ∧ ⋅r
B( M ) =
4π ∫∫∫
V0 r 2
dτ =
4π ∫∫∫
V0 r 3
dτ
  
r = QM = rM − rQ µ 0 = 4π ⋅ 10 −7 [H/m]

And j dτ represents the current contained in the volume dτ
situated at the point Q of the volume V0. By using the result :
 1  
u r
∇( ) = − 2 = − 3
r r r
 µ0   1 µ0  1
B( M ) = −
4π ∫∫∫
V0
j ∧ ∇( )dτ = −
r 4π ∫∫∫
V0
j ∧ grad ( )dτ
r
Maksim BANO
Potential vector
By using the identity (derivative product rule): ( fg )′ = f ′g + fg ′
           
∇ ∧ (αA) = α∇ ∧ A + ∇α ∧ A → −∇α ∧ A = α∇ ∧ A − ∇ ∧ (αA)
     
A ∧ ∇α = α∇ ∧ A − ∇ ∧ (αA)
  1 1    1
j ∧ ∇( ) = ∇ ∧ j − ∇ ∧ ( j )
r r r
 µ0 1   1
B(M ) = −
4π ∫∫∫
V0
( ∇ ∧ j − ∇ ∧ ( j ))dτ
r r
  
 µ0  j µ0 ∇ ∧ j
B( M ) = ∫∫∫ ∇ ∧ ( ) dτ − ∫∫∫ dτ
4π V0 r 4π V0 r
  
In the small volume dτ the vector j is constant, which implies: ∇ ∧ j = 0
Maksim BANO
Potential vector

Which gives for B

 µ0  j  
B( M ) =
4π ∫∫∫
V0
∇ ∧ ( )dτ = ∇ ∧ A with
r

 µ0 j
A( M ) = ∫∫∫
4π V0 r
dτ

The static magnetic field B is a curl field and:
  
∇ ⋅ B = divB = 0

Therefore, we can associate a vector field A , called

potential vector to any static magnetic field B
  
B= ∇ ∧ A
Maksim BANO
Ampere’s Law
This law is a consequence of the Biot-Savart law which confirms that
electric currents are sources of
 magnetic field.
The circulation of the field B along a contour
is proportional to the current crossing the
surface S delimited par le contour Γ :
   
∫ B ⋅ dl = µ0 ∫∫ j ⋅ dS
Γc S
And using the Stokes theorem :

    
∫ B ⋅ dl = ∫∫ (∇ ∧ B) ⋅ dS
Γc S
       
∫∫ (∇ ∧ B) ⋅ dS = µ0 ∫∫ j ⋅ dS → ∇ ∧ B = µ0 j
S S

Maksim BANO
Fundamental laws of EM, static regime
Ampere’s Law   
The equation ∇ ∧ B = µ 0 j shows that the
 density current j creates a field
that twists around j (rotation axes of B )
Summary 
 B
ρ   
div ( E ) = rotE = ∇ ∧ E = 0
ε0
     
∇ ⋅ B = divB = 0 ∇ ∧ B = µ0 j
Those equations show that in static regime (invariant in time)

- The Electric and Magnetic fields are not coupled (V/m; T)
- The Electric field is created by the electrical charges (C)
- The Magnetic field is created by the electrical current (A)
Maksim BANO
Fundamental laws of EM, static regime
André Marie Ampère
André Marie Ampère is a French physicist, born in Lyon
in 1775 and died in Marseille in 1836.
At the same time mathematician, mechanic and chemist,

his contributions concern mainly electricity and electromagnetism, like
the law of electrodynamics actions (in one of his works published in
1827).
It is he who employed the terms of currents and tensions to designate

these electrical quantities. His name is used to designate the unit of
measurement of electrical intensity in the international system (A) .

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Fundamental laws of EM, variable regime
Variable regime
Consider the charge dq in the small volume dτ given by: dq = ρ ( M , t ) ⋅ dτ
Where ρ(M,t) is the density of volume charges at point M which depends on the
position of the point and the time (unit of ρ is [C/m3]).
In addition
 some of these charges are moving (according to a referential R) with a
velocity v , so we have:  
j (M , t ) = ρ m (M , t ) ⋅ v (M , t ) [ A / m ]
2
Where ρm(M,t) represents

 the density of mobile charges, not always equal to ρ. The
flux of the vector j ( M , t ) across any surface S represents the intensity I of the current
through this surface:
    dl d dqm
I = ∫∫ j ( M , t ) ⋅ dS = ∫∫ ρ m v ( M , t ) ⋅ dS = ∫∫ ρ m ⋅ dS = ∫∫∫ ρ m dτ =
S S S dt dt V dt
Where dqm is the quantity of charges crossing

the surface dS during the time dt (see figure).
 
UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021 dl = v ⋅ dt dl
Maksim BANO
Charge conservation
Consider a volume V contained a quantity of charges Q, the volume is delimited by the
closed surface Sc. Suppose that some charges are going out of the surface Sc , in that
case the charge Q is going to vary in time :
dQ ∂ρ
Q = ∫∫∫ ρ ( M , t )dτ or = ∫∫∫ dτ
V
dt V
∂t
When this charge variation is produced through the surface Sc, the charge movement
will give a current :  
I = ∫∫ j ( M , t ) ⋅ dS
Sc
The quantity of charges in V will decrease so dQ/dt < 0, then we can write :
dQ ∂ρ   ∂ρ  
I =− = − ∫∫∫ dτ = ∫∫ j ⋅ dS or ∫∫∫ dτ = − ∫∫ j ⋅ dS
dt V ∂t Sc V ∂t Sc
This is the equation of the charge conservation in the integral form.

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Charge conservation
dQ ∂ρ   ∂ρ  
I =− = − ∫∫∫ dτ = ∫∫ j ⋅ dS or ∫∫∫ dτ = − ∫∫ j ⋅ dS
dt V ∂t Sc V ∂t Sc
Using the Divergence Theorem (Green – Ostrogradsky theorem):
    ∂ρ  ∂ρ
∫∫
Sc
j ⋅ dS = ∫∫∫ divj dτ → ∫∫∫ divj dτ = − ∫∫∫
V V V
∂t
dτ → divj = −
∂t
And the local expression of the charge conservation law can be written :
 ∂ρ
divj + =0
∂t
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Maxwell-Ampere Equation   
We have seen the Ampere theorem: ∇ ∧ B = µ0 j
In 1864, James Maxwell pointed out that Ampere theorem and the equation of the
charge conservation ( divj + ∂ρ = 0 ) are not compatible.

   ∂t    
Indeed : ∇ ∧ B = µ j → div [∇ ∧ B ] = µ divj and → divj = 0
0 0
And Maxell proposed to modify the Ampere’s Law as follows :


   ∂E
∇ ∧ B = µ0 ( j + ε 0 )
∂t
This is Maxwell-Ampere Equation in which we have a second term called
“Displacement current” 
 ∂E
jd = ε 0
∂t
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Conservation of the magnetic flux law
The flux of the magnetic induction field B (non-uniform field) through any closed
surface (Sc) is always zero.
 
- Integral form : Φ = ∫∫ B ⋅ dS = 0
Sc
(SI unit: Weber (Wilhelm Weber 1804-1891), 1Wb=T·m2)
- Local form:
From the divergence theorem (Green-Ostrogradsky) we have:
  
∫∫ B ⋅ dS = ∫∫∫ divB ⋅dτ
Sc V
  
And ∇ ⋅ B = divB = 0 (second law of Maxwell)

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EM Induction law of Faradey
Faraday's law states that when an electrical circuit is subjected to a variable magnetic
flux, Φ(𝑡), generated by a magnetic field B, this circuit acquires an electromotive force
dΦ
(e.m.f.) 𝑈 [Volt] given by: U = − [Volt ]
dt
 
The flux of B is given : Φ = ∫∫ B ⋅ dS (the sign “-” corresponds to Lenz Law)
S
The variation of the magnetic field creates also un electrical field E whose circulation
 
along the contour Γ (bounded the surface S) determines the e.m.f. U : U = ∫ E ⋅ dl
    
∫ ∫∫
Using the curl Theorem, we have: U = E ⋅ dl = (∇ ∧ E ) ⋅ dS Γ
Γ S

dΦ d   ∂B 
And U = − = − ∫∫ B ⋅ n dS = − ∫∫ ⋅ n dS
dt dt S S ∂t

  ∂B
By comparing we get: ∇ ∧ E = − Maxwell-Faraday Equation , one of the four
equation of Maxwell. ∂t
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Variation of a magnetic field B in a conductive loop
An induced current I (e.m.f., electromotive force) is created if the number of lines of the
magnetic field that cross the surface delimited by the conductive loop varies over time.
This is produced when a conductive loop moves in a non-uniform magnetic field. We
observe the same thing when the magnet (which produces a non-uniform magnetic
field) is moving up and down.

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Lenz’s law according Maxwell
An induced current is created (e.m.f., electromotive force) if the number
of lines of the magnetic field that cross the surface delimited by the
conductive loop varies over time.
"The effect of the e.m.f. induced is such that it opposes the flow
variation that produces it. "
Bind Bind
Initial B (uniform) Decreasing B Increasing B

Corkscrew rule
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Maxwell’s Equations
Maxwell - Gauss equation describe how the electrical field E is generetated from
electrical charges:
 ρ
div ( E ) =
ε0
Maxwell-Magnetic flux equation. This equation states that the lines of magnetic field B
must be closed, and there is no magnetic charge "analogous to an electric charge
  
∇ ⋅ B = divB = 0
Maxwell-Faraday equation. This equation describes how the variation of a Magnetic
field can create an electric field.  
 ∂B
∇∧E =−
∂t
Maxwell-Ampere Equation. This equation states that magnetic fields can be generated
in two ways: by the electric currents (this is the Ampere theorem), or by the variation of
an electric field (it is the contribution of Maxwell on this law, displacement current).

   ∂E
∇ ∧ B = µ0 ( j + ε 0 )
∂t
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Thus, the equations of Maxwell-Faraday and Maxwell-Ampere, respectively state that
the variation of a magnetic field creates an electric field and that the variation of an
electric field creates a magnetic field.
Therefore, these two equations allow the propagation of (self-sustaining)

electromagnetic waves, including in the void (in the absence of charges and currents).
 
  ∂B    ∂E
∇∧E =− ∇ ∧ B = µ0 ( j + ε 0 )
∂t ∂t
Maxwell's equations involve the following physical quantities:
- The electric field E, which is expressed in V/m;

- The magnetic induction field B, which is expressed in Tesla or Wb/m2, (Wb = T·m2);
- The electric charge density ρ, which is expressed in C/m3;
- The electric current density 𝑗, which is expressed in A/m2;
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General principle. The necessary condition for an electromagnetic field
to exist in a medium, is that in every point of the medium the Maxwell's
equations are satisfied.
Methodology. Maxwell's equations provide a mathematical framework
for the determination of the electromagnetic field, by two distinct
methods.
- The first method consists to determine in advance the pair of scalar
and vector potentials (V and A) associated with the electromagnetic
field (E and B). It is then necessary to deduce the electromagnetic field
from the field-potential relationships.
- The second method consists to implement the wave propagation
equation, and then solve that equation. In what follows, we present the
two methods.
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James Clerk Maxwell
James Maxwell is a Scottish physicist, born in
Edinburgh in 1831 and died in Cambridge in 1879.
In 1865, he proposed his complete theory of
electromagnetism with his famous partial differential
equations which describe the coupled evolution of
electric and magnetic fields.
He deduces a theory of light as waves of particular
frequencies, experimentally verified by Heinrich Hertz
in 1887. In Cambridge, he is appointed first director of
the famous Cavendish Laboratory. From 1855 to
1872, he also published a series of researches on the
perception of colors.

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Method of scalar and vector potentials
Field-Potentials relationships.
Maxwell’s equations that do not contain source terms
 (electric charges and current) are
as follows:      ∂B
∇ ⋅ B = divB = 0 ∇∧E =−
   ∂t
Knowing that B = ∇ ∧ A , we can write: (A is the vector potential of B)
   
  ∂ (∇ ∧ A)  ∂A   ∂A
∇ ∧ E = − = ∇ ∧ (− ) → ∇ ∧ ( E + ) = 0
 ∂A ∂t ∂t ∂t
Which shows that E + is gradient field. As in electrostatic, we can write:
 ∂t 
 ∂A  ∂A
E+ = − grad (V ) → E = − grad (V ) −
∂t ∂t
We remark that in variable regime E depends on both potentials (V and B), while the
relationship between B and A keeps the same expression as in static regime:
  
B=∇∧ A
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Sources-Potentials relationships.
Let’s consider now the Maxwell’s equations with source terms (electric charges and

current)  ρ    ∂E
div ( E ) = ∇ ∧ B = µ0 ( j + ε 0 )
ε0 ∂t
In these two equations, replacing the fields E and B by their expressions as a function

potentials, we obtain:
 ∂A 
 ∂A ρ     ∂ (−∇V − )
div (−∇V − )= and ∇ ∧ (∇ ∧ A) = µ [ j + ε ∂t ]
∂t ε0 0 0
∂t
Using the identities:
        
∇ ⋅ (∇V ) = ∆V (Laplasian) and ∇ ∧ (∇ ∧ A) = ∇(∇ ⋅ A) − ∆A
We obtain:

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We obtain:

  ∂ A 2     ∂V
 ∆A − µ 0ε 0 2 + µ 0 j = ∇(∇ ⋅ A + µ 0ε 0 )
 ∂t   ∂t

∆V + ρ = − ∂ (∇ ⋅ A)
 ε0 ∂t
These two equations are coupled, but we can impose to V and A special conditions:
- One of the conditions (Coulomb) is :
 
∇⋅ A = 0
- Another condition (Lorentz), consists of imposing :
   ∂V
∇(∇ ⋅ A + µ 0ε 0 )=0
∂t
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In this later case (Lorentz condition), ) we have:

 ∂ A 2   ∂ 2V ρ
∆A − µ 0ε 0 2 + µ 0 j = 0 and ∇V − µ 0ε 0 2 + = 0
∂t ∂t ε0
The solutions of these two equations are known as delayed (shifted) potentials :

 µ0 j (t − r / c) 1 ρ (t − r / c)
A( M , t ) = ∫∫∫ dτ and V ( M , t ) = ∫∫∫ dτ
4π V0 r 4πε 0 V0 r
These are the Sources-Potentials relationships. Therefore, the knowledge of the

potentials (V and A) makes it possible to determine the fields E and B using the field-
potentials relationships : 
  ∂A   
E = −∇V − and B = ∇ ∧ A
∂t
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Method direct of wave propagation equation
Case of the free space containing by location charges and currents.
We have seen that in such a medium the Maxwell's equations are written:
 ρ   
div ( E ) = and ∇ ⋅ B = divB = 0
ε 0 
  ∂B    ∂E
∇∧E =− and ∇ ∧ B = µ 0 ( j + ε 0 )
∂t       ∂t
Using the identity: ∇ ∧ (∇ ∧ E ) = ∇(∇ ⋅ E ) − ∆E and
    
 ρ   ∂B ∂ (∇ ∧ B) ∂j ∂E 2
∇( ) − ∆E = ∇ ∧ (− ) = − = −µ0 ( + ε 0 2 )
ε0 ∂t  ∂t  ∂t ∂t
Then we have:   ρ ∂j ∂2E
∆E = ∇( ) + µ 0 ( + ε 0 2 )
ε0 ∂t ∂t
 
The wave propagation equation for the field E :  ∂E
2
∂j  ρ
∆E − µ 0ε 0 2 = µ 0 + ∇( )
∂t ∂t ε0
Maksim BANO
Case of the free space containing by location charges and currents.
      
In the same way using the identity ∇ ∧ (∇ ∧ B ) = ∇(∇ ⋅ B ) − ∆B , for the induction
of the magnetic field
and 
   
  ∂E   ∂ (∇ ∧ E )   ∂B
2
− ∆B = ∇ ∧ µ 0 ( j + ε 0 ) = µ 0 ∇ ∧ j + µ 0ε 0 = µ 0 ∇ ∧ j − µ 0ε 0 2
∂t ∂t ∂t

 ∂B
2  
Then we have: ∆B − µ 0ε 0 2 = − µ 0∇ ∧ j
∂t
This is the wave propagation equation for the field B

Maksim BANO
Case of the free space without charges and currents.
In this case we have: 

ρ = 0 and j = 0
And we get:  
 ∂E
2  1 ∂E
2
∆E − µ 0ε 0 2 = ∆E − 2 2 = 0
∂t c ∂t
 
 ∂B2  1 ∂B2
And ∆B − µ 0ε 0 2 = ∆B − 2 2 = 0
∂t c ∂t
The wave propagation equations for the fields E and B (case of free space).
1
With c= , the velocity of EM waves in the free space
µ 0ε 0
ε 0 = 8,85 ⋅10 −12 [C 2 / N ⋅ m -2 or F/m] and µ 0 = 4π ⋅ 10 −7 [H/m]
Maksim BANO
Plane wave propagation in the free space.
The components of the fields E and B obey the wave equation of the type:
∂ 2ψ 1 ∂ 2ψ
∆ψ − µ 0ε 0 2 = ∆ψ − 2 2 = 0
∂t c ∂t
Where ψ shows the components of E or B .
The plane wave solution can be represented by a combination of the form:
ψ = f (t − z / c) + g (t + z / c)
where the term f(t – z/c) represents a wave propagating in the direction of 𝑧 positives,
and the term g(t + z/c) a wave propagating in the direction of 𝑧 negatives.
Whatever the direction of propagation of a plane wave, it is easy to show that :

- the fields E and B are perpendicular to each other,
- each of them is perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

Maksim BANO
Plane wave propagation in the free space.
A monochromatic sinusoidal plane wave in the complex notation can be represented by:
 
ψ = ψ 0 exp[i (ωt − k ⋅ r )]
Where k is the wave number vector (it points the direction of propagation) and ω is the
pulsation (angular frequency).   ∂ψ
This complex notation leads to: ∇ψ = −ik ψ and = iωψ
∂t
Therefore the Maxwell’s equation can be written in the form :
         
k ⋅ E = 0, k ⋅ B = 0, k ∧ E = ω B, k ∧ B = − µ 0ε 0ω E
ω
And k = ω µ 0ε 0 = , the dispersion relationship E
E
c
k
B B
k || E x B k
B E k
Maksim BANO
Wave propagation equations
Exercises on wave propagation equations.
Exercise 2.1, page 42.

Solution page 43.

Solution page 44.

Solution page 45.

Maksim BANO
EM waves in Matter
Electric Induction vector (D) and Magnetic field (H)
Electric induction vector (D)
  
It is given as follows : D = ε 0 E + P , with P the Polarization vector. The
electric induction vector obeys the following fundamental relationship:

div ( D ) = ρ free , with ρfree the density of free charges.
For a linear, homogenous and isotropic medium the three vectors (E, P,
D) are linked by the relation (E and P locally parallel) :
     
D = ε 0 (1 + χ e ) E = ε 0ε r E = ε E with P = ε 0 χ e E
With χe the electric susceptibility of the medium, which is always

positive (χe > 0). εr is the relative dielectric permittivity : εr = 1+ χe = ε/ε0
(without units) and ε [F/m] is the permittivity of the medium.

Maksim BANO
EM waves in Matter
Electric Induction vector (D) and Magnetic field (H)
Magnetic field (H)   
It is given as follows : H = B / µ 0 − M , with M the magnetization vector.
The magnetic field (H) obeys the following fundamental relationship:
   ∂D , with jfree the density of free currents.
∇ ∧ H = j free +
∂t
For a linear, homogenous and isotropic medium the three vectors (H, M,
B) are linked by the relation (M is very small and locally parallel to H ):
     
B = µ 0 (1 + χ m ) H = µ 0 µ r H = µH with M = χ m H
With χm the magnetic susceptibility of the medium, µr is the relative
magnetic permeability : µr = 1+ χm = µ/µ0 (without units) and µ [H/m] is
the magnetic permeability of the medium. Unlike electrical susceptibility
χe, the magnetic susceptibility χm can be positive or negative, and the
sign of χm distinguishes diamagnetic (χm<0) from paramagnetic materials
(χm>0).
Maksim BANO
EM waves in Matter
Conductivity of materials
Ohm’s law
Most conductive media, are characterized by a linear relationship
between the electric field at a point and the volume density of the current
j at this point:  
j = σE (σ : SI unit [S/m], Siemens/m; S = 1/Ohm = 1/Ω)
where σ is called conductivity. This relationship is known as local Ohm’s

law.
σ = 1/Resistivity, (Resistivity: SI unit [Ohm∙m, Ω ∙m])

Maksim BANO
EM waves in Matter
Maxwell's equations in a material medium
Ohm’s law
In a linear, homogeneous and isotropic (LHI) medium of constants ε and
µ we have D = εE and B= µH. In this case the equations of Maxwell-
Magnetic Flux and Maxwell-Faraday, remain unchanged :
 
    ∂B ∂H
∇ ⋅ B = 0 and ∇ ∧ E = − = −µ
∂t ∂t
And the two others equations are:  
     ∂D  ∂E
∇ ⋅ D = ρ free and ∇ ∧ H = σE + = σE + ε
∂t ∂t
µ [H/m] is the magnetic permeability of the medium
ε [F/m] is the permittivity of the medium
σ [S/m = 1/(Ohm∙m)] is the conductivity of the medium

Maksim BANO
Annex
Any moving charge creates a magnetic field B in a vacuum
(free space):
  
F= Fe + Fm
  
= q2 E1 + q2V2 ∧ B
  
(
= q2 E1 + V2 ∧ B )
In a general way:
   
F= q ( E + V ∧ B)
This is Lorentz 's strength (force).
Maksim BANO
Annex
Current and magnetic field
Recall:
Lines enter from the
south (green) and exit
from the north (red)
The two red arrows indicate the direction of

A bit more the current in the wire (see slide 27).
http://labo.ntic.org/ph11f/mfwire_f.html
Right hand rule or corkscrew rule
Maksim BANO
Annex
Right hand or corkscrew rule (See slide 27)

Maksim BANO

Cours L3 UFAZ2020 EM Waves Part2

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Cours L3 UFAZ2020 EM Waves Part2

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Fundamental Laws of

EOST, ITES/UMR-7063, CNRS, Strasbourg University,

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

We note that if qq´ > 0 the force directed from q´

e = 1, 6·10−19 C (coulomb C is the unit of charge )

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

This is called the superposition principle

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

dτ is the elementary volume situated at point Q, and :

and ρdτ represents the charge contained in the elementary volume dτ

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

And from divergence theorem (Green – Ostrogradsky theorem) we find :

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

P(r, θ, z=0) and ds = rdθdr

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

of the free space.

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

And using the Stokes theorem :

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

Those equations show that in static regime (invariant in time)

At the same time mathematician, mechanic and chemist,

It is he who employed the terms of currents and tensions to designate

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

Where ρm(M,t) represents

Where dqm is the quantity of charges crossing

This is the equation of the charge conservation in the integral form.

Using the Divergence Theorem (Green – Ostrogradsky theorem):

And Maxell proposed to modify the Ampere’s Law as follows :

(SI unit: Weber (Wilhelm Weber 1804-1891), 1Wb=T·m2)

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

Initial B (uniform) Decreasing B Increasing B

Therefore, these two equations allow the propagation of (self-sustaining)

- The electric field E, which is expressed in V/m;

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

These are the Sources-Potentials relationships. Therefore, the knowledge of the

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

In this case we have: 

Whatever the direction of propagation of a plane wave, it is easy to show that :

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

Exercise 2.1, page 42.

Exercise 2.2, page 42.

Exercise 2.4, page 42.

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

With χe the electric susceptibility of the medium, which is always

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

where σ is called conductivity. This relationship is known as local Ohm’s

σ = 1/Resistivity, (Resistivity: SI unit [Ohm∙m, Ω ∙m])

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

The two red arrows indicate the direction of

Right hand or corkscrew rule (See slide 27)

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

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