2590 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 56, NO.

3, MAY/JUNE 2020

Stator Faults Modeling and Diagnostics of Line-Start

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors
D. S. B. Fonseca , Member, IEEE, Carlos M. C. Santos, and Antonio J. Marques Cardoso , Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract—In this article, the occurrence of stator faults in line-

start permanent magnet synchronous motors is analyzed. A dy-
namic model of the motor was developed in MATLAB/Simulink,
which considers the performance of the motor both in healthy con-
ditions and under the occurrence of interturn short-circuit faults, at
an early stage of development. To validate the presented approach,
simulation results, covering the full range of operation, and differ-
ent fault severity levels, are compared with the motor experimental
performance. The output of the proposed model, namely voltages
and currents, present a good agreement with experimental results,
demonstrating the accuracy of the proposed model. Additionally,
an online fault diagnostic technique is explored, demonstrating its
potentiality.
Index Terms—Extended Park’s vector approach (EPVA), fault
diagnostics, line-start permanent magnet synchronous motor,
stator fault analysis.

I. INTRODUCTION
INE-START permanent magnet synchronous motors (LS
L PMSMs) have emerged in the market in response to strict
efficiency goals. Since LS PMSMs are able to start directly con-
nected to the grid, they are highly recommended for replacement
of the older induction motors. Thus, LS PMSMs have been the
target of significant technology advances [1], [3].
LS PMSMs are a combination of permanent magnet syn-
chronous motors and of induction motors. The rotor includes
permanent magnets and a squirrel cage, as can be seen in Fig. 1.
At steady-state LS PMSM work as PMSM, and the rotor cage
allows LS PMSM to start as mains-fed induction motors, without
the need for a power electronics converter [1]–[5].
Manuscript received October 6, 2019; revised January 16, 2020; accepted
February 23, 2020. Date of publication March 8, 2020; date of current version
April 24, 2020. Paper 2019-EMC-1154.R1, presented at the 2018 XIII Interna-
tional Conference on Electrical Machines, Alexandroupoli, Greece, September
3–6, and approved for publication in the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY
APPLICATIONS by the Electric Machines Committee of the IEEE Industry
Applications Society. This work was supported in part by the European Re-
gional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Operational Programme for
Competitiveness and Internationalization (COMPETE 2020), under Project
POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029494, and in part by National Funds through the
FCT—Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, under Projects
PTDC/EEI-EEE/29494/2017 and UID/EEA/04131/2019. (Corresponding au-
thor: Davide S. B. Fonseca.)
D. S. B. Fonseca and Antonio J. Marques Cardoso are with the CISE –
Electromechatronic Systems Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior,
Calçada Fonte do Lameiro, P – 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal (e-mail: davide.
fonseca@ieee.org; ajmcardoso@ieee.org).
Carlos M. C. Santos is with the Renova – FPA, SA, P – 2350-859 Zibreira,
Portugal (e-mail: carlos.santos@ubi.pt).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this article are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIA.2020.2979674
0093-9994 © 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See https://www.ieee.org/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
Fig. 1. Cross section of a four-pole line-start permanent magnet synchronous
motor.
The increasing importance of LS PMSM in modern industry
demands the development of the proper approaches for fault
diagnostics, in order to avoid unexpected breakdowns with pos-
sible catastrophic consequences, such as huge economic losses
and even human casualties [6], [7].
Previous research concerning fault diagnostics in LS PMSM
is focused mainly on demagnetization faults, and rotor faults
[8]–[14].
Unfortunately, LS PMSM can fail due to other fault mecha-
nisms. Stator winding faults, highly related with aging mecha-
nisms, are found to be one of the major causes for three-phase
ac motors, representing 21%–37% of all faults in ac machines
[15], [16].
The subject of modeling and online detection of interturn
short circuits in the stator windings of both induction motors
and PMSM has been addressed in the literature, and several
techniques have proved their effectiveness regarding the fault
detection, especially under constant load and balanced voltage
supply conditions [7], [17]–[28].
As already mentioned, LS PMSMs work as PMSM under
healthy and steady-state conditions; however, in the presence of
interturn short-circuit faults, a current will flow in the rotor cage,

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FONSECA et al.: STATOR FAULTS MODELING AND DIAGNOSTICS OF LINE-START PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS 2591

TABLE I
MOTOR PARAMETERS

Fig. 2. Circuit diagram of LS PMSM with an interturn short circuit in

phase A.

in order to consider the iron magnetic saturation, the amplitude

value of the stator linkage flux generated by the permanent
leading to a different performance of LS PMSM as compared to
magnets, obtained in [29], is defined by
PMSM.
This article presents a model for the analysis of interturn short Ψpm (Tl ) = N · Kw · φpm (Tl ) = 0.03883 · Tl + 0.55 (1)
circuits in the stator winding of LS PMSM, which allows the
where Tl is the load torque, N is the total number of turns of a
understanding of the motor behavior under the fault occurrence,
motor phase, Kw is the winding factor, and φpm is the flux per
and helps in the development of fault detection techniques.
pole due to the permanent magnets.
To validate the proposed model, simulation results are com-
As it is well known, the breaking torque due to friction and
pared with the motor experimental performance. Compared with
ventilation is related to the rotor angular speed, as follows:
[26], a more extended validation of the proposed model is
presented. Additionally, the application of the extended Park’s Tf v = 3.93 × 10−4 ωm + 4.57 × 10−2 [N · m] (2)
vector approach (EPVA) for the diagnosis of the occurrence of
where ωm is the rotor angular speed.
this type of stator faults is also explored, proving to be effective
To obtain the abc-model under stator fault conditions,
under constant load and balanced supply voltage conditions.
Kirchhoff’s laws are used.
The proposed LS PMSM model considers the winding faults
II. LS PMSM STATOR WINDING FAULTS MODELING
present in phase A. The number of short-circuited turns per phase
The analysis of three-phase electric motors is usually per- is defined as
formed by considering either a rotating rotor reference frame
(dq) or a stationary reference frame (abc). Nsc = μ · N (3)
However, under faulty conditions, the abc reference frame where Nsc is the number of short-circuited turns in the faulty
model is more suitable [27]. phase, and μ is a value in the range of 0–1, being 0 for healthy
The healthy operation model of LS PMSM is well known. operation and 1 for a short-circuited phase.
However, according to the authors’ best knowledge, the only For interturn short-circuit fault modeling purposes, the faulty
mathematical model presented in the available literature has phase is divided into two windings, as shown in Fig. 2. In healthy
been developed for LS PMSM with asymmetrical stator wind- state, these two windings are connected in series. Under fault
ings [3], and none was presented to model interturn short circuits. condition, the fault part of the winding is short-circuited through
In this article, a three-phase LS PMSM, 50 Hz, 4-pole, 1.1 kW, a switch.
1500 r/min, type WQuattro, manufactured by WEG, with a The transient-state equations for LS PMSM affected by inter-
rms phase rated current value of 2.1 A, and with nonskewed turn short circuits in phase A are expressed, in the abc reference
rotor bars, is tested, and its parameters are considered for the frame, as follows:
computational model.  s    d  s 
The motor parameters were extracted by means of a set Uabcf = [rs ] · isabcf + Ψ + [eabcf ] (4)
dt abcf
of experimental tests, as presented in [29]. Table I presents
the resistances and inductances values of both stator and rotor d
[Uabc
r
] = [rr ] · [irabc ] + [Ψr ] = 0. (5)
circuits, where all rotor parameters are stator referred. dt abc
For the computational model, two additional parameters are Considering the mechanical balance in the shaft, the mechan-
needed: The stator linkage flux generated by the permanent ical speed is given by
magnets and the breaking torque due to friction and ventilation. 
Tem − Tl − Tf v
The stator linkage flux generated by the permanent magnets is ωm =
J
the parameter that is most dependent on the iron core magnetic 
saturation. As it is well known, the iron core magnetic saturation Tcg + Tpm − Tl − Tf v
= (6)
level, in electric machines, is dependent on the load level. Thus, J

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2592 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 56, NO. 3, MAY/JUNE 2020

 
abcf =
Lss
where Tem is the electromagnetic developed torque, Tcg is the
cage torque, Tpm is the permanent magnets torque, and J is the ⎡  ⎤
moment of inertia of the rotor. LA MAB MAC − LA f + MA h A f
⎢ −MBAf ⎥
In (4) and (5) ⎢ MBA LB MBC ⎥
⎡ ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ MCA MCB LC −MCAf ⎦
Rs 0 0 −μ · Rs  
⎢ 0 ⎥ LA f + MA h A f MAf B MA f C −LAf
⎢ Rs 0 0 ⎥
[rs ] = ⎢ ⎥ (7) (16)
⎣ 0 0 Rs 0 ⎦
⎡ ⎤
μ · Rs 0 0 − (μ · Rs + Rf ) La Mab Mac
⎢ ⎥
and [Lrr
abc ] = ⎣Mba Lb Mbc ⎦ (17)
⎡ ⎤ Mca Mcb Lc
Rr 0 0 ⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥
[rr ] = ⎣ 0 Rr 0 ⎦. (8) Lσr 0 0
⎢ ⎥
0 0 Rr abc ] = ⎣ 0
[Lσr Lσr 0 ⎦ (18)
0 0 Lσr
In addition, the stator voltage, stator current, rotor current,
and back EMF vectors are given by, respectively, ⎡ ⎤
MAa MAb MAc
⎡ ⎤  sr  ⎢ ⎥
uA ⎢ MBa MBb MBc ⎥
Labcf = ⎢ ⎥ (19)
 s  ⎢ ⎢ uB ⎥
⎥ ⎣ MCa MCb MCc ⎦
Uabcf = ⎢ ⎥ (9)
⎣ uC ⎦ MA f a MA f b MA f c
0 ⎡ ⎤
MaA MaB MaC −MaAf
⎡ ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
iA [Lrs
abc ] = ⎣ MbA MbB MbC −MbAf ⎦ . (20)
s  ⎢ ⎢ iB ⎥
⎥ McA McB McC −McAf
iabcf = ⎢ ⎥ (10)
⎣ iC ⎦
In (16)–(20), LAh is the self-inductance of the healthy part
if of stator phase A, LAf is the self-inductance of the short-
⎡ ⎤ circuited part of stator phase A, MAh Af is the mutual induc-
ia
⎢ ⎥ tance between the healthy and the short-circuited parts of stator
[irabc ] = ⎣ ib ⎦ (11) phase A.
ic Moreover, MxAf is the mutual inductance between x rotor
⎡   ⎤ phase and the short-circuited part of stator phase A (equal to
⎡ ⎤ sin pω2m t
eA ⎢ ⎥ MAf x ), and MXAf is the mutual inductance between stator
⎢ ⎥ Ψ ·pω ⎢ sin  pωm t − 2π  ⎥ phase X and the short-circuited part of stator phase A (equal
⎢ eB ⎥ pm m ⎢  2 3 ⎥
[eabcf ] = ⎢ ⎥= ·⎢ ⎥ in value to MAf X ).
⎣ eC ⎦ 2 ⎢ sin pω2m t + 2π ⎥
⎣ 3 ⎦
 pωm  In (4)–(19), used to develop the computational model of the
ef μ · sin 2 t motor, the values of self and mutual inductances of the faulty
(12) phase are used. However, these parameters must be estimated
from the healthy motor phase inductances.
where p is the number of poles of the motor. Considering a distributed and perfectly balanced three-phase
The linkage magnetic flux from stator and rotor can be repre- winding, where the winding is composed of diametral pitch
sented as a function of the stator and rotor currents and the self coils, 1 slot per pole and per phase, and the flux and magne-
and mutual inductances, as follows: tomotive force being generated by the healthy stator phases,
 s     ss   s 
Ψabcf = Lσs abcf + Labcf · iabcf rotor phases, and rotor permanent magnets are sinusoidally
 sr   r  distributed
+ Labcf · iabc (13)
  MXAf = MAf X = μ · MAX (21)
[Ψrabc ] = [Lrs
abc ] · iabcf + ([Labc ] + [Labc ]) · [iabc ] (14)
s σr rr r

and
where
⎡ ⎤ MxAf = MAf x = μ · MAx . (22)
Lσs 0 0 −μ2 Lσs
⎢ 0 0 ⎥
⎢ Lσs 0 ⎥
[Lσs
abc ] = ⎢ ⎥ (15) For healthy motors, the mutual inductances between stator
⎣ 0 0 Lσs 0 ⎦ and rotor have the same maximum value (MSr ), however,
μ2 Lσs 0 0 −μ2 Lσs they are dependent on the rotor relative electric position. Thus,

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FONSECA et al.: STATOR FAULTS MODELING AND DIAGNOSTICS OF LINE-START PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS 2593

Based on the currents and machine inductances, the cage

torque Tcg is given by
T  d  

Tcg (t) = p · iabc(−f ) ·
s
L sr
· [irabc ] (29)
dωt abcf
and the permanent magnets torque Tpm is

eA (t) · iA (t) − ef (t) · if (t)

Tpm (t) =
Fig. 3. Distribution of the flux generated by A1 through the air gap. ωm
eB (t) · iB (t) + eC (t) · iC (t)
+ (30)
ωm
considering a fault in one coil of phase A, one obtains (23) and
(24) shown at the bottom of this page, for the mutual inductances III. FAULT DIAGNOSTICS APPROACH
matrix between stator and rotor. As it is well known, the three-phase ac machine stator cur-
To obtain all the inductances of [Lss abcf ], it is necessary to rents, without neutral wiring connection, can be transformed
analyze the magnetic coupling between the coils of the faulty into two components, one in the direct axis and another in the
phase. quadrature axis, according to the Park’s vector transform [25]
Taking into account the previous assumptions, the four-pole ⎧ √
motor presents two diametral pitch coils. The air gap distribution ⎨id = √2 iA − √1 iB − √1 iC
3 6 6
of the flux generated by one coil of phase A (A1 ) is present in (31)
⎩iq = √1 iB − √1 iC .
Fig. 3. 2 2
Considering a similar analysis to the flux generated by the
other coil of phase A (A2 ) and the sum of both fluxes, one obtains Considering (31), the Park’s vector modulus, calculated by
  
3 iS  = i2 + i2q (32)
d
LA 1 = LA 2 = · LA (25)
4
will be constant under healthy and balanced operation
and conditions.
The existence of an unbalance will cause a periodical oscil-
1
MA 1 A 2 = MA 2 A 1 = − · LA . (26) lation of the Park’s vector modulus. Thus, by the application of
4 the fast Fourier transform to the Park’s vector modulus, it can
Once the contribution of each coil for the faulty phase self- be represented by
inductance is known, it is possible to obtain the self and mutual
 
fs /2  
   
inductances of the healthy and short-circuited turns parts of the  iS  ∼
=  iS  + iS  sin p2π + ϕp (33)
AV p TA
faulty phase A. Thus, p=1

LAf = (2μ)2 · LA1 = 3μ2 · LA (27) where fs is the sampling frequency and TA is the acquisition
time window.
and The EPVA consists on the analysis of the ac component of the
  modulus of the stator current Park’s vector |Is | that, according
MAh Af = 2μ − 4μ2 · LA1 + 2μ · MA1 A2 to (33), can be represented by a sum of sinusoidal currents.
  For normalization purposes, the amplitude, for each fre-
= μ − 3μ2 · LA . (28) quency, can be presented in per unit (p.u.) values by considering,

⎡     ⎤
cos (ωt) cos ωt + 2π
3 cos ωt − 2π
3
⎢    ⎥
 sr  ⎢cos ωt − 2π cos (ωt) cos ωt +
2π ⎥
⎢ 3 3 ⎥
Labcf = MSr ⎢     ⎥ (23)
⎢cos ωt + 2π cos ωt + 3 2π
cos (ωt) ⎥
⎣ 3 ⎦
   
μ · cos (ωt) μ · cos ωt + 3 2π
μ · cos ωt − 3 2π

⎡     ⎤
cos (ωt) cos ωt − 2π 3 cos ωt + 2π 3 −μ · cos (ωt)
⎢      ⎥
[Lrs ⎢
abc ] = MSr ⎣cos ωt + 3
2π
cos (ωt) cos ωt − 2π −μ · cos ωt + 2π ⎥
(24)
3 3 ⎦
     
cos ωt − 2π 3 cos ωt + 2π
3 cos (ωt) −μ · cos ωt − 2π
3

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2594 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 56, NO. 3, MAY/JUNE 2020

Fig. 4. Stator winding arrangement. Fig. 5. Location of the tappings for motor phase A.

as base value, the average modulus of the current Park’s vector

 
   iS 
iS  =   p [p.u.] . (34)
p  iS 
AV

IV. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Simulations of healthy and faulty LS PMSMs have been car-
ried out in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The simulation
results are compared with experimental data.

A. Details of the Test Rig

Fig. 6. LS PMSM test branch.
The test motor has a stator winding arrangement as shown in
Fig. 4.
The stator winding has been modified by adding a set of
different load levels covering the entire load range. The voltage
tappings, for each of the three phases, to allow the access to
and current waveforms, obtained from both simulation and
intermediate points of the winding. The location of the tappings,
experimental tests, are present in Figs. 7–13. As can be seen,
for phase A, is present in Fig. 5.
the model presents a good accuracy, for the entire load range, in
The motor was star connected and a shorting resistor, Rf , was
case of both healthy and faulty conditions.
used, whose value was chosen so as to create an effect strong
The low-frequency harmonic distortion presents in the stator
enough to be easily visualized, but simultaneously big enough to
current of the experimental results, and more clearly observed in
limit the current in all the faulty phase winding, thus protecting
the fault current, If , was expected, and is due to the reluctance
the motor from a catastrophic failure.
effect of the aluminum bars of the rotor cage, thus creating a
The motor was loaded by means a MAGTROL Hysteresis Dy-
nonsinusoidal distribution of the permanent magnets’ flux along
namometer, model HD-815-8NA, controlled by the MAGTROL
the air gap and, consequently, the back EMF presents a harmonic
Dynamometer Controller, model DSP7000, as presented in
component with a frequency related with the number of rotor
Fig. 6.
bars per pole [5].
The data acquisition instrumentation was performed by means
Note that, for the same fault level, i.e., the same number of
of a YOKOGAWA precision power analyzer, model WT1800,
short-circuited turns, and the same fault resistance, the current
configured for a sample rate of 32 000 samples per second.
in the short-circuited turn’s decreases with the increase of the
motor load torque.
B. Results
Once validated the model, it is possible to analyze the appli-
To validate the accuracy of the computational model, the cation of the EPVA for the interturn short-circuit diagnostics in
motor was tested in both healthy and faulty conditions, for LS PMSM.

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FONSECA et al.: STATOR FAULTS MODELING AND DIAGNOSTICS OF LINE-START PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS 2595

Fig. 9. Stator waveforms, corresponding to a healthy motor operating at full

load (Tl = 7 N·m).

Fig. 7. Stator waveforms, corresponding to a healthy motor operating at

no load.

Fig. 8. Stator waveforms, corresponding to a healthy motor operating at a Fig. 10. Stator waveforms, for the case of the motor operating at no load, with
partial load of Tl = 4.5 N.m. 27 shorted turns in phase A (X7–X9) of a total of 270 turns, and Rf = 6 Ω.

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2596
Fig. 11. Stator waveforms, for the case of the motor operating at a partial load
of Tl = 4.5 N·m, with 27 shorted turns in phase A (X7–X9) of a total of 270
turns, and Rf = 6 Ω.
Figs. 14 and 15 present the EPVA signature of the supply
current, for several fault levels, were f1 is the frequency of the
supply voltage.
As expected, considering the experience with the application
of the EPVA in the diagnosis of interturn short circuits in induc-
tion motors and PMSM, the 2f1 component is a clear indicator
of the presence of a stator fault in the machine, and the per unit
value of the 2f1 harmonic component can be used as a severity
factor to evaluate the extension of the fault.
It must be noted that, according to [8] and [9], it is expected
that the occurrence of eccentricity do not affect the 2f1 harmonic
component of the Park’s vector modulus.
It is also expected that broken rotor bars will not affect the 2f1
component, since if the stator is balanced and the motor works
at synchronous speed, no current flows in the rotor cage [11].
However, the proposed approach is sensitive to the voltage
supply unbalance, and to possible load oscillations. To over-
come these drawbacks, the authors intend to explore other fault
diagnostic approaches, such as the one described in [28], already
successfully applied for other type of machines.
Once again, it can be observed the accuracy of the proposed
model concerning the evaluation of the LS PMSM performance
with interturn short-circuit faults.
The existence of a spectral component at 2f1 frequency for the
experimental data, under healthy conditions, is due to a residual
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 56, NO. 3, MAY/JUNE 2020
Fig. 12. Stator waveforms, for the case of the motor operating at full load
(Tl = 7 N·m), with 27 shorted turns in phase A (X7–X9) of a total of 270 turns,
and Rf = 6 Ω.
asymmetry of the motor stator circuit and it can, in some cases,
be partially compensated by the unbalance due to the fault, as
can be observed in Fig. 16 [30].
Other discrepancies between the experimental and simulation
results are due to the fact that the model considers a sinusoidal
distribution of the permanent magnets’ flux along the air gap
while due to the reluctance effect of the rotor cage aluminum
bars, the permanent magnets’ flux distribution along the air gap
presents a low-frequency harmonic distortion that is reflected in
the stator current.
Fig. 16 presents the evolution of the severity factor (2f1
harmonic component in per unit values) with the number of
short-circuited turns. As can be seen, apart the influence of the
intrinsic unbalance of the motor, there is a relatively good agree-
ment between simulation and experimental results. In addition,
the values of the severity factor present a monotonical increase
with the number of short-circuited turns.
One can also conclude that the load level has a small impact in
the severity factor. However, as expected, the fault resistance Rf
presents a significant impact on the value of the severity factor.
FONSECA et al.: STATOR FAULTS MODELING AND DIAGNOSTICS OF LINE-START PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS 2597

Fig. 13. Stator waveforms, for the case of the motor operating at full load
(Tl = 7 N·m), with 36 shorted turns in phase A (X6–X9) of a total of 270 turns,
and Rf = 6 Ω.
Fig. 15. EPVA signature of the stator currents, for the case of the motor
operating at no load, with 27 shorted turns in phase A (X7–X9) of a total of
270 turns.

Fig. 16. Evolution of the severity factor with the extension of the fault (number
of short-circuit turns).

Fig. 17 presents the dependency of the severity factor with

the fault resistance, corroborating the accuracy of the model for
Fig. 14. EPVA signature of the stator currents, for the case of the motor the estimation of the severity factor in case of a turn-to-turn
operating at no load, and Rf = 6 Ω. low-impedance short circuit.

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2598 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 56, NO. 3, MAY/JUNE 2020
Fig. 17. Evolution of the severity factor with the extension of the fault (value
of the fault contact resistance).
V. CONCLUSION
In this article, turn-to-turn short circuits in line-started per-
manent magnet synchronous motors were investigated. A MAT-
LAB/Simulink model was presented that allows the study of the
motor under stator fault conditions, which was corroborated by
experimental results.
This article also shows the application of the EPVA for
interturn short-circuits fault diagnosis in LS PMSMs. A fault
severity factor, defined as the per unit value of the 2f1 harmonic
component of the stator current Park’s vector, proved to be a
good indicator of the severity of the fault under constant load,
and balanced supply voltage.
Further work is currently in progress concerning the analysis
of transients in LS PMSM, and the development and application
of other fault diagnostic technics that allow us to complement
the use of the EPVA, under harsh operating conditions.
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Davide S. B. Fonseca (Member, IEEE) was born in
Castelo Branco, Portugal, on December 23, 1972. He
received the E. E. diploma from the University of
Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal, in 1996, and the Ph.D.
degree in EE from the University of Beira Interior,
Covilhã, Portugal, in 2008.
Since 1997, he has been with the University of
Beira Interior, where he is currently an Assistant
Professor with the Department of Electromechanical
Engineering and the Coordinator of the Electrical Ma-
chines and Power Electronics Laboratory. He is also
a Member of CISE—Electromechatronic Systems Research Centre, Covilhã,
Portugal. His research interests are focused on reluctance machine’s design and
fault analysis.
Antonio J. Marques Cardoso (Senior Member,
IEEE) received the Dipl. Eng., Dr. Eng., and Ha-
bilitation degrees from the University of Coimbra,
Coimbra, Portugal, in 1985, 1995, and 2008, respec-
tively, all in electrical engineering.
From 1985 to 2011, he was with the University
of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal, where he was the
Director of the Electrical Machines Laboratory. Since
2011, he has been with the University of Beira In-
terior (UBI), Covilhã, Portugal, where he is a Full
Professor with the Department of Electromechanical
Engineering and the Director of CISE - Electromechatronic Systems Research
Centre (http://cise.ubi.pt), Covilhã, Portugal. He was a Vice-Rector of UBI
(2013–2014). He is the author of a book entitled Fault Diagnosis in Three-
Phase Induction Motors (Coimbra Editora, 1991), (in Portuguese), editor of
a book entitled Diagnosis and Fault Tolerance of Electrical Machines, Power
Electronics and Drives (IET/SciTech, 2018) and of around 500 papers published
in technical journals and conference proceedings. His current research interests
are in fault diagnosis and fault tolerance in electrical machines, power electronics
and drives.
Dr. Marques Cardoso is currently an Associate Editor for the IEEE TRANS-
ACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, IEEE JOURNAL
OF EMERGING AND SELECTED TOPICS IN POWER ELECTRONICS, IEEE Open
Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society, and also for the Springer Interna-
tional Journal of Systems Assurance Engineering and Management.

Carlos M. C. Santos was born in Guarda, Portugal,

on November 9, 1994. He received the B.Sc. and
M.Sc. degrees in electric and computer engineer-
ing from the University of Beira Interior, Covilhã,
Portugal, in 2015 and 2017, respectively.
He is with Renova – FPA, SA, Zibreira, Torres
Novas, Portugal, where he is currently an Industrial
Maintenance Engineer with the Electrical Mainte-
nance Department.

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