Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com
ScienceDirect

Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 167 (2020) 325–339

www.elsevier.com/locate/matcom

Original articles

Modeling and detecting the stator winding inter turn fault of

permanent magnet synchronous motors using stator current
signature analysis
N. Yassa ∗, M. Rachek
Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tizi-Ouzou University, Algeria

Received 29 August 2017; received in revised form 19 March 2018; accepted 21 April 2018
Available online 4 May 2018

Abstract

Many researchers have been attracted by the challenges of electrical machines fault detection, diagnosis and monitoring, which
provide early warning that could help schedule necessary maintenance to avoid catastrophic consequence. Considerable papers
have presented reviews and compared conditions monitoring and fault diagnosis methods for induction machines, but none for
permanent magnet machines. In this paper a dynamic fault model for a rotor surface mounted PMSM machine under inter-turn
insulation failure is derived. this model allows to study the location and severity of the stator winding fault using electrical circuit
magnetically coupled. To achieve this objective, a precise mathematical model that can describe both healthy and fault conditions
is developed. To detect stator winding short circuit faults automatically and to estimate the severity of the fault, power spectral
density (PSD) was used. It was found that the amplitude of the third harmonic of the current was the most distinctive characteristic
for detecting the short circuit fault ratio of the SPMSM.
⃝c 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of International Association for Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (IMACS).

Keywords: Diagnosis; SPMSM; Short circuit; Motor current signature analysis

1. Introduction
The permanent magnet (PM) synchronous motors (PMSMs) are widely used in industry due to their higher
torque, higher output to volume ratio, and better dynamic performance compared to the motors with electromagnetic
excitation, simple construction, and easy maintenance. In order to increase PMSM performance, raise their lifetime,
and lower their high costs, fault prediction in PMSMs is necessary [7].
Stator short-circuit faults are a problem particularly for permanent-magnet (PM) machines, since this type of fault
can produce magnetic field intensity higher than the coercivity of the magnets, thereby demagnetizing the magnets
permanently and, in the process, damaging the machine. However, in a fault-tolerant methodology, even if the turn-
to-turn fault is detected at an early stage, it is difficult to demagnetize the magnets by external means. This induces
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: yassa.nacera@yahoo.fr (N. Yassa), rachek mhemed@yahoo.fr (M. Rachek).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matcom.2018.04.012
0378-4754/⃝ c 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of International Association for Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (IMACS).
326 N. Yassa and M. Rachek / Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 167 (2020) 325–339

currents in the shorted turns that can damage the winding. For this reason, it is paramount that inter-turn faults are
detected at the earliest. Short-circuit faults form 21% of the faults occurring in electrical machines [4]. It has been
reported that most short-circuit faults begin as inter-turn faults [3], which occur due to insulation failures but develop
into more serious faults very quickly. Insulation failures are attributed to different reasons, with the primary reason
being excessive thermal stresses. Other reasons for insulation failure include voltage stresses, aging, vibrations, or
mechanical handling during assembly [8].
There are many studies of stator winding faults in electrical motors [13,22]. Motor current signature analysis
(MCSA) was used to detect faults in electrical motors. Usually, MCSA is an efficient condition-monitoring method
for detecting short circuit winding faults, broken rotor bars, eccentricity, and other mechanical faults [5]. The superior
features of the MCSA method are that it is unaffected by loading and other mechanical faults. The superior features
of the MCSA method are that it is unaffected by loading and other imbalanced situations and that the harmonic
components that result from electrical and mechanical faults become more visible [16,20]. An inter-turn short circuit
fault is the most important fault type [11]. There are several fault detection methods for inter-turn short circuit faults,
using current, voltage, axial flux, and d-q component analyses [2,12].
The objective of this work is precise mathematical modeling of inter-turn short circuit of PMSM stator winding
using the multiple-coupled circuit MCC [17,18]. The first developed MCC model of the PMSMs is presented in [19].
For a MCC model the can be represented by the classic voltage equations of the stator (with shorted turns) and the
rotor as well as the torque equation (mechanical equation) in the (abc) frame. These equations are represented as
function of the resistances, inductances and mutual inductances [19]. The conception of this model is mainly based
on the basic geometry and windings layout of the arbitrary phases machine. In such a model, parameters (particularly
the mutual inductances between stator and rotor windings) are considered to be time- varying and can be evaluated
in real time, while secondary parameters such as end-turn effect, leakage inductances are pre-calculated and treated
as constants. These machine inductances are conveniently calculated by means of winding function. According to
winding function theory, the mutual inductance between any two windings “i” and “ j” in any electric machine can be
computed by Eq. (1) (assuming that permeance of iron is infinite) [19].
µ0 .l.r 2π
∫
Li j = Ni (ϕ, θr ) .N j (ϕ, θr ) .g −1 (ϕ) dθr (1)
g 0
where µ0 is the permeability of free space, r the average radius of the air-gap, l the axial length of the machine, and
g −1 (ϕ, θr ) is the inverse air-gap length (constant in the case of uniform air-gap). Furthermore, Ni (ϕ, θr ) and N j
(ϕ, θr ) are i j the winding functions of the windings i and j, ϕ the angle along the inner surface of the stator, and θ is
the angular position of the rotor with respect to the stator reference axis. The winding function Ni (ϕ, θr ,) represents
the MMF i distribution along the air-gap for a unit current flowing in the winding i. In general, for a rotating coil
it is assumed to be a function of ϕ and θr . For a stationary coil it is only a function of ϕ. This general expression
is inappropriate to deal with arbitrary distribution windings of synchronous machines; a new form of this equation
should be employed [19]. The self inductance terms can be calculated by merely setting i = j [1,15].
An elementary two-pole, salient pole synchronous machine with two concentrated stator coils a and b is shown in
Fig. 1.
Moreover, with the aim of simplifying the MCC model, a reference frame transformation theory had been widely
applied to the MCC model as it is shown in several papers [6,10]. In fact, the expressions of the voltage equations of
the healthy (PMSMs) and the faulty turns as well as the torque equation can be transformed from the (abc) frame to
the stationary reference frame (dq), where the machine equations are therefore expressed in complex (dq) variables
to represent a transient model suitable for simulating an inter turns short circuit (ITSC) fault in one phase.
The current monitoring technique is used these days for detecting faults. Due to the advancement in the digital
signal processing techniques (DSP), the fault diagnosis in the machines is being easy for the researchers. They used
motor current with DSP techniques such as Fast Fourier transform (FFT), Short Term Fourier Transform (STFT) and
Wavelet Transform (WT). The FFT technique diagnoses almost all existing faults of the induction machine in the
steady state condition but it is found that this method is not able to diagnose faults efficiently where load is varied. It
gives excellent results for constant load conditions. Therefore, some researchers used STFT method for fault diagnosis
purpose. This method is having excellent capability to diagnose faults in the transient conditions. Therefore, early
fault detection has been done by this method with constant window size for all frequencies. Since, this method gives
constant window for all frequencies. Therefore, it gives good time resolution but with poor frequency resolution.
 N. Yassa and M. Rachek / Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 167 (2020) 325–339 327

Fig. 1. Elementary salient pole synchronous machine.

Some researchers used WT for induction machine faults diagnosing purpose. This method has excellent features; it
is able to diagnose faults in the transient conditions with improved frequency resolution. In this method the size of
window is not same for all frequencies. Therefore, frequency resolution is good [14].
Frequency analysis using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is the most common signal processing method used
for on-line condition monitoring. This is because many mechanical and electrical faults produce signals whose
frequencies can be determined from knowledge of motor parameters such as the number of poles. These fault signals
appear in a variety of sensor signals including vibration, current and flux. Frequency analysis can thus provide
information about a number of faults. Though some faults produce similar fault frequencies and so require other
information to differentiate them. It also allows the detection of low level fault signal in the presence of large “noise”
signals at other frequencies [9]. The use of frequency analysis of vibration and current signals has been heavily
researched to detect bearing, stator, and rotor and eccentricity faults.
The frequency analysis has also been applied to quantities such as the instantaneous “partial” power and
instantaneous torque, which can be computed from the measured voltage and current signals. This FFT technique
is much suitable in the steady state analysis where load is constant. For variable load, fault diagnosis from this method
is not suitable. This method is not applied for the fault diagnosis in the transient conditions also. Some researchers
also found that the sideband frequencies are overlapped from the fundamental frequency. Therefore, fault cannot
diagnose in the no-load condition from this method. The FFT method only gives frequency information it cannot give
the information at what time which frequency exists [21].
The proposed model represents PMSM under the case of introduced fault, and to analyze the behavior and the
performance of the faulty machine and compare it with a healthy model. The MSCA method is used to detect the
inter-turn fault by analyzing the machine stator current spectrum using the power spectral density (PSD) analysis.

2. Modeling in abc phase frame

PMSM are brushless machines with sinusoidally distributed stator windings. The excitation flux of PMSM is
produced by the permanent magnet rotor. Fig. 2. and Kirchhoff ’s law are used to develop the electric model of the
PMSM seen in Fig. 2. The following assumptions are made in developing this model: The magnetic permeability of
iron is considered to be infinite, the operation is far from magnetic saturation, the magnetic motive force and the flux
profiles are considered sinusoidally distributed and higher harmonics are neglected.
These assumptions are commonly acknowledged as appropriate for a lumped parameter model of the electric
motors, as found in the electric motor references b. Fig. 1 is a schematic illustration of a three-phase two-pole
PMSM.
328 N. Yassa and M. Rachek / Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 167 (2020) 325–339

Fig. 2. Circuit diagram of the permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs).

In the above figure, symbols vs and is represent terminal voltages and currents in each phase; Rs and Ls represent
the stator resistance and inductance respectively, Ns is the turn numbers of each stator winding.
Without magnetic saturation, the electrical model of the three-phase PMSM is obtained in its abc-phase frame as
(2):
d([L SS ] [I S ]) d [ m ]
[Vs ] = [R SS ] [I S ] + + φ (2)
dt dt abcm
[ ]T
[I S ] = Ia Ib Ic (3)
]T
[VS ] = va vb vc
[
(4)
m T
φabc = φa φb φc
[ s ] [ m m
]
(5)
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
RS 0 0 LS MS MS
[R SS ] = ⎣ 0 RS 0 ⎦, [L SS ] = ⎣ M S LS MS ⎦ . (6)
0 0 RS MS MS LS
Stator inductance Lss in (3.3) is a 3 × 3 symmetric matrix as defined in (3). The diagonal elements are the self
inductances of each winding, and the off diagonal elements are the mutual inductances between different phase
windings.
R S is the resistance of each stator winding.
L S is the self inductances of each stator winding.
M S is the mutual inductances between different phase windings.
The flux linkage generated by permanent magnet ϕmabc , relates to the rotor electrical angular position θr .
Assuming that the stator windings are placed evenly with a relative phase angle of 120◦ and the flux linkage
distribution obeys the sinusoidal law, ϕmabc can then be expressed as periodic functions of θr defined by (7). ϕm in (7)
is the magnitude of the permanent magnet flux linkage.
sin (θr ) cos (θr )
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤

φma (θr )
⎡ ⎤ ⎢ ( ) ⎢ ( )
2π ⎥ 2π ⎥
⎢sin θr − dφ ⎢cos θr −
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
mabc
φmabc = ⎣φmb (θr )⎦ = φm ⎢ 3 ⎥, = φm ωr ⎢ 3 ⎥. (7)
⎥ ⎥
φmc (θr )
⎢ ( )⎥ dt ⎢ ( ) ⎥
2π 2π
sin θr + cos θr +
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
3 3
In (7), the rotor angle θr and the electrical angular velocity ωr are two unknown variables that need to be calculated
before solving the equation. To do this PMSM’S mechanical dynamic equations are incorporated. The mechanical
 N. Yassa and M. Rachek / Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 167 (2020) 325–339 329

I cc Rcc

vcc
(R,L)h
I hxyz Id (R,L)d

vh vd

Fig. 3. Faulty PMSM model used for inter-turn short-circuit diagnosis.

model can be described using (7) and (8)

ωr
[ ]
dωr 1
= p Te − Bm − Tl (8)
dt J p
dθr
= ωr (9)
dt
p is the number of the pole pairs of the motor, J is the inertia of the rotor, Bm is the viscous friction coefficient. Te is
the electromagnetic torque and TL is the load torque of the motor.
The electromagnetic torque Te generated by PMSM can be derived from the coenergy Wc of the magnetic system
as in (10)
∂ Wc
Te = p. (10)
∂θr
with
1 ( s )T ( s ) ( s )T
Wc = i abc .L s i abc + i abc φmabc . (11)
2
The torque can be expressed using phase currents and rotor angular position as in (12)
sin (θr )
⎛ ⎛ ⎞⎞
⎜ ⎜ ( ) ⎟
2π ⎟
⎜ 1 ( ) ∂ L (i s ) ( ) ( )
sin θ −
⎜ ⎟⎟
T s
s
Te = n p ⎜ i abc . abc s
i abc . i abc
s
.φm ⎜ r
3 ⎟⎟ . (12)
⎜ ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜2 ∂θr ⎜ ( )⎟⎟
2π ⎠⎠
sin θr +
⎝ ⎝
3

3. Mathematical model of SPMSM with a stator winding inter-turn short circuit fault
Fig. 3 illustrates the magnetic circuit of one phase of a signal pole PMSM with a turn-to-turn short fault in the
stator winding. In order to consider the turn-to-turn fault in PMSM model, the affected phase winding is partitioned
into two portions: A healthy and a shorted part. The shorted portion forms an extra circuit, which creates stationary
magnetic fields by adding the fourth coupled magnetic circuit into the system.
The system of differential equation governing the behavior of this dipole is written:
d L h .I hh + M h←d .I d
( )
v = Rs .Ias +
h h h
(13)
dt
v cc = R cc .I cc (14)
d L d .I d + M d←h .I h
( )
v = R .I +
d d d
(15)
dt
v cc = v d (16)
R h : The resistance of the non-short-circuited part of the phase.
R d : The resistance of short-circuited turns of the phase.
330 N. Yassa and M. Rachek / Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 167 (2020) 325–339

R cc : The short-circuit resistance of the coil.

L h :: The inductance of the non-short-circuited part of the phase.
L d : The inductance of the short-circuited part of the phase.
The new motor voltage equation is rewritten as (16) some quantities are primed to signify a change under the fault
d([L]ssf [I S ]) d [ f ]
[Vs ] = [R]ssf [I S ] + + ϕ . (17)
dt dt abcm
The matrices resistors and inductors in this case are defined as follows:
[R] f [0] [0] [L] f [M] f [M] f
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤

[R]ssf = ⎣ [0] Rs 0 ⎦ , [L]ssf = ⎣[M] f Ls Ms ⎦ . (18)

s f
[0] 0 R [M] Ms Ls
Or
Rh Lh M h←d
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
0 0 0
f
[R] = ⎣ 0 R cc 0 ⎦, f
[L] = ⎣ 0 0 0 ⎦. (19)
0 0 Rd M h←d 0 Ld
And
Lh M h←d
⎡ ⎤
0
f
[M] = ⎣ 0 0 0 ⎦. (20)
M h←d 0 Ld
The derivate of the flux is given by
β. cos (θr )
⎡ ⎤
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢(1 − β) . cos (θr )⎥
⎢ ⎥
f
dφabcm ⎢ ⎥
= φm ωr ⎢
( )
⎢ 2π ⎥ (21)
⎢ cos θr −
⎥
dt ⎥
⎢ 3 ⎥
⎢ ( )⎥
2π ⎦
cos θr +
⎣
3
β = NNccs represents the fraction per unit of faulty turns of the winding,
Ncc the shorted turns,
Ns the total turns number.
⎡ f ⎤
dφmabc
⎛
f
⎞ ⎡ [R]ssf [0]⎥
vabcs
⎤⎡ f ⎤ ⎢ ⎡ f ⎤
[L]ssf [0] [0] Iabcs ⎢ dθr ⎥ d Iabcs
⎝ Tr ⎠ = ⎣ [0]
⎜ ⎟
J 0 ⎦ ⎣ ωr ⎦ + ⎢ 1 ( s )T dφmabc
⎢ f ⎥
⎥ ⎣ ωr ⎦ . (22)
⎢− i abc Bm 0⎥ dt
0 [0] [0] 1 θr ⎣ 2 dθr ⎦ θr
[0] −1 0
Hence the PMSM space state model is
[ ]
dX
= [A]−1 [U ] − [A]−1 [B] [X ] (23)
dt
where
[ ] ( )T
dX di as di bs di ic
= ωr θr (24)
dt dt dt dt

)T )T
ωr θr , [U ] = vabc 0 .
([ s ] ([ s ]
[X ] = i abc [−Tl ] (25)
 N. Yassa and M. Rachek / Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 167 (2020) 325–339 331

Fig. 4. Flowchart for calculation of the state vector.

Fig. 5. Speed oscillation with different turns short circuits number in the phase a.

The matrices [A] and [B] obtained are written as

⎛[ f
] ⎞
( s ) dφabcm
⎛ ⎞ ⎜ Rabc f + dt 0 0⎟
[L ss ] [0] [0] ⎜ ⎟
A = ⎝ [0] J 0 ⎠, B ⎜ 1 ( )T dϕ s ⎟. (26)
⎜ ⎟
⎜ − is mabc f
[0] 0 1 ⎝ 2 abc Bm 0⎟
dt ⎠
0 −1 0
332 N. Yassa and M. Rachek / Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 167 (2020) 325–339

Fig. 6. Torque oscillation with different turns short circuits number in the phase a.

-2

-4
1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2

Fig. 7. Three PMSM stator currents in healthy case with full load.

Fig. 8. Stator current under 10% of time ITSC fault in phase b, with half load.

To simulate the five PMSM model, a native open computer program implemented under Matlab is used to perform
calculation of inductance matrix and to simulate transient and steady state behavior of the PMSM where the main state
 N. Yassa and M. Rachek / Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 167 (2020) 325–339 333

Fig. 9. Stator current under 15% of time ITSC fault in phase bs, with half load.

Fig. 10. Stator current under 10% of time ITSC fault in phase bs, with half load.

Fig. 11. Stator current under 15% of time ITSC fault in phase b, with half load.

formulation of the differential equations system (22) is solved using the fourth order Rung–Kutta method according
to the illustrated chart in Fig. 4.

4. Simulation results and discussions

The simulation results of transient and steady state behavior of the motor are obtained after numerically solving
the differential algebraic equations system (22). The model program implemented under Matlab environment is open
for interfaces with commercial softwares. The stator windings studies defects are different number of turns-to-turns
short circuits. The motor parameters are detailed in the Appendix. The motor current spectra were analyzed under
334 N. Yassa and M. Rachek / Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 167 (2020) 325–339

Fig. 12. Stator current under 10% of time ITSC fault in phase b, with half load.

Fig. 13. Stator current under 15% of time ITSC fault in phase b, with half load.

Fig. 14. Stator current under 15% of time ITSC fault in phase b, with full load.

various conditions, including the healthy and faulty conditions. The obtained results for simulated operating modes
and inter-turns short-circuit are given by following figures.
The rotor speed and the electromagnetic torque responses with healthy and faulty stator winding are contrasted in
Figs. 5, 6.
The obtained results show that the speed and the electromagnetic torque are oscillatory in faulty condition.
The oscillations amplitudes also increase with the increased number of the short circuit turns and the number of
the faulty phases and then will generate important torque oscillations and vibrations (see Fig. 7).
The steady state currents results for different inter-turns short-circuits percent in the phase are summarized
in Figs. 8–14. We can see that while the short circuits turns increase, this occurs important amplitude of the stator phase
 N. Yassa and M. Rachek / Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 167 (2020) 325–339 335

Fig. 15. Fault current under 10% of time ITSC fault in phase a without limitation of the short-circuit current.

Fig. 16. Fault current under 15% of time ITSC fault in phase a without limitation of the short-circuit current.

Fig. 17. Fault current under 10% of time ITSC fault in phase a with limitation of the short-circuit current.

currents magnitude, especially in the injured phases. It shows that after average 15% turns short circuits, the phase
‘a’ current is higher than the maximum steady state admissible current. There is then a risk of further degradation or
a complete failure of the phase (see Figs. 15–19).
When inter-turn short circuit occurs, different frequency harmonics are developed. Under faulty conditions, the
amplitude of the 3rd, and the 5th harmonic and of the current increased as the severity of the fault increased as shown
in Figs. 20, 21, 22, 23. Also, the amplitude of the 3rd harmonic current signal was close to zero for the healthy case.
The simulation results showed that by analyzing changes in the 3rd harmonic of the stator phase current, a stator short
circuit fault in the SPMSM could be detected (see Figs. 24 and 25).
336 N. Yassa and M. Rachek / Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 167 (2020) 325–339

Fig. 18. Fault currents under 10% of ITSC fault in phase a with limitation of the short-circuit current Rcc = 0.2  .

Fig. 19. Current spectra of the SPMSM under healthy case.

Fig. 20. Current spectra of the phase a under 10% short circuit ratio in the phase a with half load.

In this study, the spectra of the current signals acquired from three different motors operating at a constant speed
and load, with different ratios of stator short circuit turn faults, were compared. It was observed that the amplitude of
the 3rd harmonic from the current spectra increased in direct proportion to the fault severity, whereas the amplitude
of the fundamental harmonic showed no change.
 N. Yassa and M. Rachek / Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 167 (2020) 325–339 337

Fig. 21. Current spectra of the phase b under 10% short circuit ratio in the phase a with half load.

Fig. 22. Current spectra of the SPMSM under 15% short circuit ratio in the phase a with half load.

Fig. 23. Current spectra of the phase ab under 15% short circuit ratio in the phase a with full load.

5. Conclusion

A dynamic fault model for a rotor surface mounted PMSM machine under inter-turn insulation failure is derived.
This fault model is used to simulate the PM machine under fault conditions. It is well known that in the case of an
inter-turn fault, the shorted turn will cause an extra high current path that is coupled with the winding current and flux
circuit path. This current will heat the shorted turns and the turns that are near, which will cause insulation damage
and might expand the fault to other windings. That is why detecting the inter-turn fault while it is still in the early
338 N. Yassa and M. Rachek / Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 167 (2020) 325–339

Fig. 24. Third and fifth harmonic FFT magnitude components versus different percentages of a fault for phase (A).

Fig. 25. Third and fifth harmonic FFT magnitude components versus different percentages of a fault for phase.

Table 1
MPSM parameters.
Components Rating values
Pa rated power 533 W
Ωn rated speed 1000 rpm
p number of pole pairs 3
Ns the turn number of stator winding 80
Rs stator resistance 1.5 
L s stator inductance 0.0032 H
Ms mutual inductance 0.0013 H
ϕm magnetic flux 0.3web
Bm the viscous friction coefficient 0.000185 N m s/rd
J the inertia of the rotor 0.00065 kg m2

stage is important in order to protect the machine winding from severe damage. Stator current frequency spectrum
around fundamental component of the current was used to precisely diagnose the fault and location of the inter turn
short circuit (ITSC). It was shown the appearance of harmonic components in the right and left sidebands of the
fundamental with frequencies corresponding exactly to the mathematical relation (k.fs), with fs is the fundamental
frequency. As shown, the fault related spectral components tend to grow with the extent of the fault.

Appendix

See Table 1.
 N. Yassa and M. Rachek / Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 167 (2020) 325–339 339

References
[1] M. Arkan, D. Kostic-Perovic, P.J. Unsworth, Modelling and simulation of induction motors with inter-turn faults for diagnostics, Electr. Power
Syst. Res. 75 (1) (2005) 57–66.
[2] M.A. Awadallah, M.M. Morcos, Application of AI tools in fault diagnosis of electrical machines and drives-an overview, IEEE Trans. Energy
Convers. 18 (2) (2003) 245–251.
[3] A.H. Bonnett, G.C. Soukup, Cause and analysis of stator and rotor failures in three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors, IEEE Trans. Ind.
Appl. 28 (4) (1992) 921–937.
[4] A.H. Bonnett, C. Yung, Increased efficiency versus increased reliability, IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag. 14 (1) (2008) 29–36.
[5] Y. Da, X. Shi, M. Krishnamurthy, Health monitoring, fault diagnosis and failure prognosis techniques for brushless permanent magnet
machines, in: Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), IEEE, 2011, pp. 1–7.
[6] V. Devanneaux, B. Dagues, J. Faucher, G. Barakat, An accurate model of squirrel cage induction machines under stator faults, Math. Comput.
Simul. 63 (3–5) (2003) 377–391.
[7] B.M. Ebrahimi, J. Faiz, M.J. Roshtkhari, Static-, dynamic-, and mixed-eccentricity fault diagnoses in permanent-magnet synchronous motors,
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 56 (11) (2009) 4727–4739.
[8] A. Gandhi, T. Corrigan, L. Parsa, Recent advances in modeling and online detection of stator interturn faults in electrical motors, IEEE Trans.
Ind. Electron. 58 (5) (2011) 1564–1575.
[9] Zhang Jian wen, Zhu Ning-hui, Yang Li, Yao Qi, Lu Qing, A fault diagnosis approach for broken rotor bars based on EMD and envelope
analysis, J. China Univ. Min. Technol. 17 (2) (2007) 205–209.
[10] B. Liang, B.S. Payne, A.D. Ball, S.D. Iwnicki, Simulation and fault detection of three-phase induction motors, Math. Comput. Simul. 61 (1)
(2002) 1–15.
[11] N. Mehala, R. Dahiya, Motor current signature analysis and its applications in induction motor fault diagnosis, Int. J. Syst. Appl. Engrg. Dev.
2 (1) (2007) 29–35.
[12] M. Messaoudi, L. Sbita, Multiple faults diagnosis in induction motor using the MCSA method, Int. J. Signal Image Process. 1 (3) (2010).
[13] S. Nandi, H.A. Toliyat, X. Li, Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of electrical motors—A review, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 20 (4)
(2005) 719–729.
[14] Khadim Moin Siddiqui, Kuldeep Sahay, V.K. Giri, Health monitoring and fault diagnosis in induction motor- A review, Int. J. Adv. Res.
Electr. Electron. Instrum. Eng. 3 (1) (2014).
[15] R.M. Tallam, T.G. Habetler, R.G. Harley, Transient model for induction machines with stator winding turn faults, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.
38 (3) (2002) 632–637.
[16] W.T. Thomson, R.J. Gilmore, Motor current signature analysis to detect faults in induction motor drives-fundamentals, data interpretation, and
industrial case histories, in: Proceedings of the 32nd Turbomachinery Symposium, Texas A & M University. Turbomachinery Laboratories,
2003, pp. 145–156.
[17] H.A. Toliyat, T.A. Lipo, Transient analysis of cage induction machines under stator, rotor bar and end ring faults, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers.
10 (2) (1995) 241–247.
[18] H.A. Toliyat, S.P. Waikar, T.A. Lipo, Analysis and simulation of five-phase synchronous reluctance machines including third harmonic of air
gap MMF, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 34 (2) (1998) 332–339.
[19] X. Tu, L.A. Dessaint, M. El Kahel, A. Barry, Modeling and experimental validation of internal faults in salient pole synchronous machines
including space harmonics, Math. Comput. Simulation 71 (4–6) (2006) 425–439.
[20] B. Vaseghi, N. Takorabet, B. Nahid-Mobarakeh, F. Meibody-Tabar, Modelling and study of PM machines with inter- turn fault dynamic
model-FEM model, Electr. Power Syst. Res. 81 (8) (2011) 1715–1722.
[21] Cha-A-Cho Yeh, Gennadi Y. sizov, Ahmed Sayed-Ahmed, Nabeel A.O. Demerdash, Richard J. Ponivelli, Edwin E. YAz, Dam M. Ionel, A
reconfigurable motor for experimental emulation of stator winding interturn and broken bar fault in polyphase induction machines, IEEE
Trans. Energy Convers. 23 (2008).
[22] Y. Zhongming, W. Bin, A review on induction motor online fault diagnosis, in: Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference,
in: Proceedings. IPEMC, IEEE, 2000, pp. 1353–1358 The Third International.