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Abstract -- A high precision search coil is proposed for

monitoring of the broken bars in the squirrel cage induction
machines. The search are implemented in finite element model
witch describe the real behavior of the machine. The external
search coils are fixed on Ox and Oy axis for analyzing the
leakage flux in the outer region. The method offer a number of
advantages including compact size of the sensor, great
accuracy, high bandwidth, low cost, and it is applicable even
for already fabricated electric machine. The performance of
the search coils is evaluated by some default degrees. The Ox
search coils voltage spectral analysis has also been performed.
All tests were performed for the proposed FE model of 5,5kW,
400 V, 1455 r/min induction motor, for the case of a healthy
rotor and for the cases with different deliberately damaged
rotor.

Index Terms-- Broken bars, Faults diagnosis, Finite
Element Method, Induced voltage, Induction machine,
Leakage flux, Search coil,:

I. INTRODUCTION
Condition monitoring, fault diagnosis, and prognosis are
significant for medium and high power induction machines.
Various approaches for condition monitoring and fault
diagnosis have been proposed for different types of
electrical machines [9-10]. However the offline machine
fault detection and diagnostic methods do not allow for
frequent testing and are financially impractical, many online
methods have been proposed by researchers to reduce
maintenance costs and provide more reliable diagnosis. One
cost-effective way is based on stator current spectrum,
usually called motor current signature analysis (MCSA).
Specific harmonics in the motor current spectrum can be
detected as a signature of a specific type of fault. The
limitations of these frequency analysis based algorithms are
relatively time consuming, and it can be difficult to
determine the source of specific harmonics. For a brushless
permanent magnet machine, additional harmonic
frequencies due to partial demagnetization are the same as
dynamic eccentricity signature frequencies [6], and they
cannot be distinguished. In reality, not only partial
demagnetization, but also other asymmetric problems such
load imbalance, misalignment, or oscillating load can
produce the same harmonics.

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Financial support should be acknowledged here. Example: This work
was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Commerce under Grant
BS123.
The paper title should be in uppercase and lowercase letters, not all
uppercase.
The name and affiliation (including city and country) of each author
must appear on the paper. Full names of authors are preferred in the author
line, but are not required. Initials are used in the affiliation footnotes (see
below). Put a space between authors' initials. Do not use all uppercase for
authors' surnames.
Examples of affiliation footnotes:
J. W. Hagge is with Nebraska Public Power, District Hastings, NE
68902 USA (e-mail: j.hagge@ieee.org).
L. L. Grigsby is with the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA (e-mail: l.grigsby@ieee.org).
In this paper, an alternative for the rotor broken bars
detection method using external search coils is proposed.
These coils are wound around armature core and the
detection is based on the analysis of the induced voltage. As
a matter of fact, search coils are not a new concept at all for
electric machine fault detection. Various works [1], [2] , [5]
have been developed a similar approach using a search coil
to measure axial leakage flux signal of an induction
machine to detect some common faults in induction
machines, such as broken rotor bars, wound rotor short
circuit, inter-turn short circuit and mechanical faults, etc.
In order to evaluate the validity of the presented method,
simulation has been conducted for an induction machine.
Broken bars under full load conditions have been modeled
by Finite Element Analysis (EFA) and the search coils
induced voltage has been analyzed. The most useful results
have been taken at position around the middle of a stator
joke where the leakage flux is concentric [ ].



Fig. 1. Leakage flux lines and external search coil
II. MODELING OF INDUCTION MACHINE USING FINITE
ELEMENT METHOD (FEM)
The basis of any reliable fault diagnosis method is the
analysis of behaviors and conditions of the machine. A real
and proper modeling is the first step in this process.
Winding function method (WFM) has been used to model
induction machine under fault [8], and then winding
function method (WFM) and finite-element method (FEM)
have been introduced as the most powerful modeling
methods.
WFM was first used for analysis of the induction
motor transient mode under internal faults [8]. Then,
dynamics of a faulty induction motor and harmonics of the
stator current over different stator winding fault, broken
rotor bars and eccentricities have been treated. Recent
works based on the WFM has been used for faulty induction
motor modeling in which the air gap is considered to be
symmetrical. FEM allows to calculate the magnetic field
distribution within induction motor using its geometry and
magnetic parameters. Having this field distribution, other
Rotor Fault Diagnosis Using External Search
Coils Voltage Analysis



quantities such as induced voltage waveform, winding
inductances, currents, air gap magnetic flux density, torque
and speed are easily extracted [7-8]. TSFE method has been
used to study the air gap eccentricity and in order to
decrease the noise due to the eccentricity, parallel paths
within the stator windings are employed. Time stepping
finite elements analysis (TSFE) is used to calculate the
unbalanced magnetic pull (UMP) created by any fault in
the induction motors [11].
A. Geometry and meshing
In this work a CAD software package is used to
simulate the induction machine and the magnetic transitory
formulation is included, which solves the problem in
discrete time points. The geometry of the materials and the
development of the winding were obtained by fragmenting a
real motor, in which field test were performed. Fig. 2 shows
the machine geometry entirely, meshing, in which stator and
rotor core regions, squirrels cage bars and the two search
coils are shown.



Fig. 2: Induction machine Geometry and meshing

Fig. 3 shows electrical circuit used in the healthy motor
simulations. This circuit is divided in three parts: external
sources, stator circuit and the squirrel cage. To make the
different simulations of the broken bars , the faults have
been introduced by affecting a high resistivity to the bars.

LA1 LA2 LA3 LA4 LA5 LA6 LA7 LA8
LA16 LA15 LA14 LA13 LA12 LA11 LA10 LA9
LB9 LB10 LB11 LB12 LB13 LB14 LB15 LB16
LB8 LB7 LB6 LB5 LB4 LB3 LB2 LB1
LC9 LC10 LC11 LC12 LC13 LC14 LC15 LC16
LC8 LC7 LC6 LC5 LC4 LC3 LC2 LC1
+
V1
+
V2
+
V3


Fig. 3: Electrical Circuit coupling
The study into magneto-transient is appropriate
particularly well for our need. The coupling of our magnetic
diagram to an electrical circuit and the presence of a tread
in the air-gap make it possible to follow the dynamic
behavior of the machine. The proposed cad software solves
the following equation:
1
( )
( )
e
d A
rot J rot H
dt rot A
o

| |
+ = +
|
\ .

(1)
Where:
A : Magnetic potential (Weber/m)
J : Density of current (A/m)
: Magnetic permeability (H/m)
H : Magnetic field (A/m)
e: Electric conductivity (1/m)
t : Time(s)

The numerical simulations in this paper refer to
following induction motor specifications:

TABLE I
INDUCTION MOTOR SPECIFICATIONS

Rated power 5,5 KW
Rated Voltage 400 V
Rated line current 12.45A
Rated speed 1455 tr/mn
Coupling Star
Poles 4

The motor has been tested under full load condition
for healthy condition and with four different defectives
cases. In the first case one of the bars was brooked,
representing a first stage of the rotor fault. Later, the tests
were performed with tow broken bars and three broken
bars. Finally four bars were taken out. This represented
completely damaged rotor. In this digest the voltage
induced in the search coils is shown for the all cases:

Case A: Healthy Machine
Case B: Machine With 1 broken bar
Case C: Machine With 2 broken bars
Case D: Machine With 3 broken bars
Case E: Machine With 4 broken bars
B. Results of flux distribution
By the computation of the electromagnetic field using the
proposed finite element CAD package, the machine
inductances, back EMFs and leakage flux can be obtained.
The flux density distribution in the outer region for the
healthy and three broken bars cases are shown in the
Figures 3 and 4.


Fig. 4: Outer region Flux density for healthy case





Fig. 5: Outer region Flux density for 3 broken bars
The numerical results corresponding to a magnetic flux
analysis shows the unsymmetrical distribution of the
leakage flux in the outer region for the case of 3 broken
bars.
III. SEARCH COILS INDUCED VOLTAGE ANALYSIS
External coils voltage analysis can be used to detect
various rotor faults. The goal of performed simulation was
to detect broken rotor bars and in the case of a greater rotor
fault to find out the amount of damage. The analysis can be
performed in time as well in a frequency domain. The
asymmetry caused by a rotor fault will induce voltage in a
search coil with additional harmonics at frequencies given
by [1]:
( ) . 1 .
s
coil s
f
f k s s f
p
= (2)
Where
fs : supply voltage frequency,
s : slip,
p : number of pole pairs.
from the equation (2), a three components can be induced
by the broken bars as flowing:
( ) . 1
s
bc
f
f k s
p
= (3)
( ) . 1 .
s
b s
f
f k s s f
p
+
= + (4)
( ) . 1 .
s
b s
f
f k s s f
p

= (5)
A. Induced voltages waveforms
In this digest the induced voltages in Ox and Oy search
coils are shown for the different simulation cases (Fig. 6),
healthy and defective rotors at nominal load.



Fig. 6a: Search coils induced voltages for healthy case



Fig. 6b: Search coils induced voltages for one broken bar



Fig. 6c: Search coils induced voltages for two broken bars


Fig. 6d: Search coils induced voltages for three broken bars





Fig. 6e: Search coils induced voltages for four broken bars

As can be seen in figures, in the case of broken rotor
bars the induced voltages in Ox and Oy search coils are
distorted compared to the case of a healthy rotor. This
distortion became more and more important when the
number of broken bars increases and if the graph is
zoomed the distortion of the voltage is even more obvious.
B. Induced Voltage Harmonics analysis
In order to confirm this fact that the induced voltages
include sufficient information about the motor condition,
Fast Fourier Transform of the induced voltages relevant to
one of the coils is calculated. Fast Fourier Transformer
(FFT) of the output voltage relevant to one of these coils is
considered to show the capability of the proposed sensor for
fault diagnosis purpose. In Figs. 7 the FFTs of Ox search
induced voltage coil are presented for normal condition
and different faulty cases, respectively. In these figures the
frequency bands, in which more considerable variation
occur are reported.


Fig. 7a: FFT of induced voltage for healthy case


Fig. 7b: FFT of induced voltage for one broken bar



Fig. 7c: FFT of induced voltage for 2 broken bars



Fig. 7d: FFT of induced voltage for 3 broken bars



Fig. 7e: FFT of induced voltage for 4 broken bars

As shown in Fig. 7b, 7c, 7d and 7e the main faults
frequency components are shown near 25Hz, 50Hz,
75Hz, 100Hz....etc in the faulty condition. The spectral
components rated to broken bars at the selected frequency
band shown in Fig. 7 does not appear in the normal
condition. Consequently, the capability of the proposed
search coils for monitoring of the rotor bars is confirmed
by the extracted frequency components. The Table II shows
the amplitude evolution of different components for the
studied cases.
TABLE II
AMPLITUDES OF FREQUENCY COMPONENTS FOR DIFFERENT CASES

fb+ (Hz) 25,9 73,9 98,9 125,8 173,8
Case A - - - - -
Case B 4,1mV 2,6 mV 1,6 mV 2,9 mV 1,5 mV
Case C 7,7 mV 4,1 mV 3,4 mV 5,6 mV 2,8 mV
Case D 12,0 mV 5,1 mV 5,6 mV 8,2 mV 3,4 mV
Case E 16,0 mV 5,7 mV 7,7 mV 11,0 mV 5,1 mV



The figure 8 shows the plot of the frequency
components amplitudes for different simulated cases. A
comparison of curves in Fig. 8 indicates that there is no
components due to normal condition because of the
uniformed flux distribution in outer region.



Fig. 8: Variation of the frequency components

As can be seen in figure, in the cases of broken rotor bars
the amplitude of the additional components is more
important than in the case of a healthy rotor. This
amplitude became more and more significant when the
number of broken bars increases.
IV. CONCLUSION
This paper presented the modeling method for
induction motor under broken bars condition using FE
techniques. The proposed detection method was based on
the external search coils and the induced voltages are used
to diagnosis of the broken bars faults. It clearly observed
the distortion of the induced voltages for the defective cases
and was indicated that the amplitude of simulated
harmonic components obtained by FFT due to the faults has
considerable differences with the healthy case, and this was
justified by the non unsymmetrical distribution of leakage
flux.
The search coils voltage recording can easily be
performed in real-time for on line monitoring during the
normal motor operation, in a very short time. The result
could be very useful especially when the signal of a
healthy motor is known. In those situations short
comparison of that signal and signal taken after some
period of usage could make easier to early detect motor
faults.
V. REFERENCES
[1] A. Miletic, " Experimental Research on Rotor Fault Diagnosis Using
External Coil Voltage Analysis and Shaft Voltage Signal Analysis,"
Symposium on Diagnostics for Electric Machines, Power
Electronics and Drives SDEMPED 2005, Vienna, Austria, 2005.
[2] Don-Ha Hwang, Jung-Hwan Chang, Dong-Sik Kang, Jin-Hee Lee,
and Kyeong-Ho Choi, " A Method for Dynamic Simulation and
Detection of Air-gap Eccentricity in Induction Motors by Measuring
Flux Density," 12th Biennial IEEE Conference on Electromagnetic
Field Computation, 2006.
[3] Yao Da, Xiaodong Shi, and Mahesh Krishnamurthy. A New
Approach to Fault Diagnostics for Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Machines Using Electromagnetic Signature Analysis. IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, Vol. 28, No. 8,
2013, pp.4104-4112.
[4] Don-Ha Hwang, Ki-Chang Lee, Joo-Hoon Lee, Dong-Sik Kang, Jin-
Hee Lee, Kyeong-Ho Choi, " Analysis of a Three Phase Induction
Motor under Eccentricity Condition," Industrial Electronics Society,
31st Annual Conference of IEEE , IECON 2005.
[5] E. E. Reber, R. L. Mitchell, and C. J. Carter, " Application of
Rogowski Search Coil for Stator Fault Diagnosis in Electrical
Machines," IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, VOL. 14, NO. 2, pp.311-
312. 2014.
[6] Pedro Vicente Jover Rodrguez, Anouar Belahcen, Antero Arkkio,
Antti Laiho, Jos A. Antonino-Daviu ," Air-gap force distribution
and vibration pattern of Induction motors under dynamic
eccentricity". Electr Eng , 2008, N. 90:pp. 209-218.
[7] S. Palko, Structural Optimization of an Inductive Motor
using Genetic Algorithm and a Finite Element Method,
Thesis, Acta Polytechnica Scandinavia, Helsinki, 1996.
[8] T. Ilamparithi, T. ; Nandi, S., Comparison of Results for Eccentric
Cage Induction Motor Using Finite Element Method and Modified
Winding Function Approach. Conference on Power Electronics,
Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES) 2010, pp.1-7.
[9] A. Bellini, F. Filippetti, C. Tasoni, and G.-A. Capolino, Advances
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[10] S. Nandi and H. A. Toliyat, Condition monitoring and fault
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[11] JawadFaiz, Bashir Mahdi Ebrahimi, Bilal Akin, and Hamid A.
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MAGNETICS, Vol. 44, No. 1, 2008, pp.66-74.

VI. BIOGRAPHIES
A technical biography for each author must be included.
It should begin with the authors name (as it appears in the
byline). Please do try to finish the two last columns on the
last page at the same height. The following is an example of
the text of a technical biography:
Nikola Tesla was born in Smiljan in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, on
July 9, 1856. He graduated from the Austrian Polytechnic School, Graz,
and studied at the University of Prague.
His employment experience included the American Telephone
Company, Budapest, the Edison Machine Works, Westinghouse Electric
Company, and Nikola Tesla Laboratories. His special fields of interest
included high frequency.
Tesla received honorary degrees from institutions of higher learning
including Columbia University, Yale University, University of Belgrade,
and the University of Zagreb. He received the Elliott Cresson Medal of the
Franklin Institute and the Edison Medal of the IEEE. In 1956, the term
"Tesla" (T) was adopted as the unit of magnetic flux density in the MKSA
system. In 1975, the Power Engineering Society established the Nikola
Tesla Award in his honor. Tesla died on January 7, 1943.