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The 9th Power Systems Protection & Control Conference (PSPC20 15)
January 14-15,20 15, AmirkabirUniversity of Technology,Tehran,Iran
Turn to Turn Fault Detection and Classification in
Stator Winding of Synchronous Generators Based on
Terminal Voltage Waveform Components
Mohammad Fayazi
Electrical Engineering Dept.
Shahid Beheshti University, Shahid Abbaspour Campus
Tehran/Iran
M fayazi69 @ace.sbu.ac.ir
Abstract- In this paper, a novel method is presented to detect
and classify turn-turn faults (TTF) in stator winding of the
synchronous generators on the basis of resulting harmonics
contents in the terminal voltage waveforms. Analytical results by
using Decision Tree (DT) show that this algorithm is practicable
using only the first harmonic of residual voltage and only two
harmonic component values. Simulations in Maxwell software
are done using Fuji's technical documents and data sheets of an
actual salient pole synchronous generator (one unit of an Iran's
hydroelectric power plants) and all of related parameters (such
as B-H curve, unsymmetrical air gap and pole saliency, slot-teeth
effect, and so on) are considered to obtain a comprehensive
model, without any simplifier assumption.
Keywords- Synchronous Generator, Turn-Turn Fault,
Detection, Classification, Harmonic Components, Decision Tree.
I. INTRODUCTION
Considering the importance of synchronous generators
protection due to their essential role in the power system,
different algorithms to detect TTFs in stator winding of
synchronous generators are presented and studied.
The best general form of stator protection from phase-to­
phase and phase to ground is provided by an instantaneous
longitudinal percentage biased differential relay. TTFs on the
same phase of the stator winding does not disturb the balance
between the currents in the neutral and the termination CTs,
and then this type of faults cannot be detected by such
protective scheme,while it is possible by transverse differential
protection when the generator has (only) two windings per
phase [1].
In the case of a stator winding with two or more branches
connected in parallel for each phase, it is preferable to apply a
circulating or a differential current for the TTF detection.
During TTFs on the windings with parallel branches, the
current distribution in those branches is changed and the
current circulating between those branches is used for the fault
registration in current differential method [2].
Generators having single winding per phase or those
generators whose parallel windings are not accessible can be
protected by using zero component of voltage caused by
9 78-1-4 799 -8157-1/15/$3 \.00 ©20 15 IEEE
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Farhad Haghjoo
Electrical Engineering Dept.
Shahid Beheshti University, Shahid Abbaspour Campus
Tehran/Iran
f haghjoo@sbu.ac.ir
reduction of EMF in the faulted phase, through the tertiary
winding of the voltage transformer connected to generator
winding terminals [I].
Whereas the above schemes cannot detect weak faults (such
as single tum-tum ones), other methods had been proposed to
achieve this goal,on the basis of consider a model for the stator
winding, to analyze internal faults in synchronous generators.
The first literature [3 ],which had been proposed by Park,is the
well-known dqO model that a sinusoidal distribution is assumed
for machine winding. Using such model, only the fundamental
component is recognized and all higher space harmonics
produced by the machine windings are neglected. However,
when a TTF occurs in the machine, the winding distribution is
no longer sinusoidal and significant space harmonics will be
produced in the air-gap magnetic field. Due to the
inconvenience of the dqO model for internal faults modeling,
other models were generally derived in the phase domain [4 -
9 ], where the voltage and flux linkage equations were directly
developed in the fixed phase reference. These fault models
assume that the ratio between the winding inductances is
proportional to the ratio between the effective numbers of
winding turns. However, this can be acceptable when the
windings are concentrated or a pure sinusoidal distribution of
magneto motive force (MMF) exists in the air gap.
A synchronous machine model has been presented in [10 -
16] to analyze internal faults based on the modified winding
function theory using machine electrical parameters. Although
all space harmonics generated by the windings were accounted
by this model, assumption of sinusoidal distribution is not
realistic for large salient pole synchronous generators.
The combined winding function theory and direct phase
quantities to simulate internal faults in the synchronous
machines were used in [17-19 ], where only the odd space
harmonics are included in the calculation of the winding
inductances, while the faulty windings can produce some
harmonics and even fractional sub-harmonics.
Another model had been presented [18] to simulate
synchronous machine by a multi-loop circuit formed by coils
that are moving relative to each other. The calculation of the
loop inductance is however based on coil-to-coil approach.
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Therefore, it is very difficult to apply TTF to this model, II. MODELIN G OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
especially for large machines with a lot of coils in stator. Other
To generate the request signal waveforms, a hydroelectric
technique for partitioning stator winding had been proposed in
synchronous generator (designed by Fuji's Company) is
[20 ],which the air-gap space harmonics were neglected.
selected and simulated using Maxwell software. This generator
Numerical algorithms to measure harmonics or statistical is operating now in one of Iran's powerhouses with the
value are other proposed methods to detect failures in the stator specifications listed in Table I. A section of this generator (with
windings. For example, in [21] the Principal Component details) in Maxwell software is shown in Fig. 1.
Analysis (PCA) had been used to detect stator winding faults.
This method cannot detect weak TTFs or faults near the neutral TABLE I. SPECIFICATIONS OF THE SIMULATED SALIENT POLE
point. Another protective method, which uses the 3th harmonic SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
voltage in the neutral point and stator terminations [22], not
Stator Inner
only cannot exhibit high sensitivity, but also the related setting 4500 300 MVA Rating
Diameter (mm)
changes in a wide range while the operating condition varies. Stator Outer Voltage Rating
5770 18
Diameter (mm) (kV)
TTFs create some distortions in the air gap flux
Stator Height Current Rating
configuration and reduce and deform the induced voltage 3041 9642
(mm) (A)
waveform in the same phase. Also, some distortions can be Nominal Power
180 Number of Slots 0.9
induced in the other phase voltage waveforms, simultaneously. Factor
This voltage reduction and distortion value depends on the Two Layer 500 Rotation Speed
Winding Type
number and location of the faulty turns. Therefore, in contrary Stator Bars (rpm)
to what has been said in various references, three phases of the 3 Number of Phases 50 Frequency (Hz)
generator cannot be considered as separated ones, and whose Number of Parallel Nominal Excit.
3 230
interactions cannot be neglected. Circuits Voltage (V)
Nominal Excit.
13 Winding Pitch 2157
To simulate the aforementioned dependencies, presented Current (A)
simulations in this paper are done using FEM algorithm in 20 Turns/Circuit 12 Number of Poles
Maxwell software, with considering the effect of the following Rotor Outer
10392/500 Grounding TTR 4398
items: Diameter (mm)
Shaft Outer
Ground Resistance 2300
Diameter (mm)
1.98 at Secondary Side
Y Poles saliency and air gap irregularity; Air Gap Length
(Ohm) 51
Y Magnetic nonlinear characteristic (Core saturation); (mm)

Y Stator edge (slot-teeth);

Y Mutual inductance of the phases;
Y Air gap flux distortion and its effect on other phases
and windings.

Moreover, not only bars dimensions but also even

insulation between them are modeled based on manufacturer's
(Fuji) technical document plans and data sheets,and so, no any
important parameter is neglected in these simulations.
Therefore, it can be claimed that against the mentioned models
(that had been attempted to fmd a compact and simple model to
simulate the faulty machine treatment), a comprehensive and
precised model is presented in this paper, without any
simplification.

In this paper, various TTFs are detected and classified

based on appeared distortions in the three phase terminal
voltage waveforms (the generated harmonic components).
These voltage waveforms are available through the installed PT
Fig. I. A section of the simulated synchronous generator.
at the generator terminals.

Since detection algorithms based on the fewer input

parameters are preferred to others, DT algorithm is applied to
extract the best harmonic components (obtained by DFT
process) to detect and classify the TTFs (determination of the
faulty phase and the number of shorted turns).
III. SIMULATION OF TTFS
In this section, various TTFs are simulated on the
machine's FEM model to generate distorted voltage
waveforms. Generator works in no load condition, and all of
the simulated TTFs are selected on the basis of actual location
of the bars installed in the stator slots. Indeed, if two bars
installed in one slot belong to a branch of a phase, a TTF can
be occurred between them; otherwise it is impossible to form

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such fault. Number of the possible TTFs in one branch/phase in
the stator winding is listed in Table [I. The three phase voltage
waveforms for some sample cases are shown in Fig. 2.
As shown,the apparent voltage drop in the faulty phase and
voltage distortion in other phases caused by a single TTF is
very small, so that the related deformations can only be
observed by using an digital signal processing algorithm, such
as OFT or wavelet transform (WT). Increasing number of
shorted turns results in a rising in the related distortions,so that
their deformations are more detectable.
Since, harmonic components of three phase voltage
waveforms (single phase and cumulative results as U+V+W
that can be considered as the output of an open delta connected
PTs) are used to detect TTFs,the percentage of the 2nd up to the
7th harmonic components (related to the flrst fundamental part)
are extracted to train DT. It is noticeable that only a few of
them are required and used, whenever OT trains and chooses
its discrimination criteria.
Table III shows and compares some of harmonic contents
for above-mentioned cases, while Fig. 3 shows them,
individually, during above TTFs. The normal condition is
shown by'NC'.
It is an important property in these simulations that the
results of occurrence a specific TTF on various paralleled
branches in each phase are identical. Also the effect of
occurrence a TTF in phase U on healthy adjacent phase V (it
can be shown by UF-7VH) is exactly similar to VF-7WH or
WF-7UH• Reversely, UF-7WH, WF-7VH and VF-7UH are the
same, too. This is because of the exact symmetrical and
balanced distribution of the three phase bars along the stator
circumference. Therefore, it is possible to train DT with the
proper shifted data,to detect and classify TTFs in other phases.
Also,TTFs on other parallel circuits in each phase (where these
parallel circuits are located sequentially along the stator
circumference by a 1200 shifting) result in similar outputs.
Then, using the mentioned simulations (totally 60 times), DT
can access to any TTF data that can be happened.

10.00 10.00

_ 5.00 5.00
�
� 0.00 0.00
�
-5.00 -5.00

-10.00 -10.00

TIme [ms]

10.00 10.00

5.00 5.00
� �
� E a.DO
�
0.00

� :g
·5.00 -5.00

·10.00

1.500

10.00 10.00

I
5.00 5.00

� �
8, 0.00
"
:g
/ g, 0.00
g

}�
·5 00 ..s.00

-10.00 ·10.00
.... _._ ..,/ ....
1.450 1.460 1.470 1.480 1.490 1.500 1.450 1.460 1.470 1.480 1.490 1.500
�� ��
Fig 2. Generated terminal voltage waveforms for a) Normal no load condition, b) Case'S', c) Case'D', d) Case 'T', e) Case'Qd', f) Case'Qn'.

TABLE II. NUMBER OF POSSIBLE TTFs

As case studies, some TTFs on the first branch of phase U
are simulated,as follows: TTF type Number of Possible Cases

Single TTF 20
o Single TTF on the [5t tum (Case'S'),
o Double TTF on the 15t up to 2nd turns (Case'D'), Double TTF 16

o Triple TTF on the 15t up to 3rd turns (Case'T'), Triple TTF 12

o Quadruple TTF on the 15t up to 4th turns (Case'Qd'), Quadruple TTF 8
o Quintuple TTF on the I st up to 5th turns (Case'Qn').
Quintuple TTF 4

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Total 60
.... Uh3/Uhl % "Vh3/Vhl % ..... Wh3!Whl %
10--
TABLE III. VARIATION OF HARMONICS RELATIONS AND THE FIRST

f���;;�;�;;�����������
HARMONIC COMPONENT OF THE RESIDUAL VOLTAGE (SUMMATION OF THREE 8
PHASE VOLTAGES ) IN VARIOUS CASES

-
6

The First Harmonic

Ij +---
Phase h3/hl h4/hl
010 0/0 of Residual Voltage
lI+V+W
-
U 5.710 82e-6
NC V 5.710 82e-6 650e-6 case 'NC' case '5' case '0' case T' case 'Qd' case 'Qn'
W 5.710 82e-6
U 6.380 0.407 .... Uh4!Uhl % "Vh4/Vhl % _Wh4!Whl %
Case S V 6.358 0.227 0.281 1.6 r
W 6.370 0.113 ------------------=-.c---
1.4 +L-
U 6.741 0.713
1.2
Case D V 6.945 0.486 0.5425
W 7.059 0.123
U 6.996 0.836 0.8 +-------------,=--__...-_o;;;�
;::;o ----
Case T V 7.538 0.790 0.9096 0.6 .-------7"''''--�.-£--''"''_=_--
W 7.697 0.067
0.4 +------1"--:7'''''------------'''-
- -
U 7.323 0.753
Case Qd V 8.179 1.145 1.107
W 8.293 0.058
U 7.918 0.443 case 'NC' case'S' case '0' case T' case 'Qd' case 'Qn'

Case Qn V 8.812 1.488 1.26

.... Fund. Compo (U+V+W) (kV)
W 8.839 0.222
1.4.,-----
1.2 .J.--------------------:-:;;;�=-
;;ifO' -
[v. EXTRACTION THE ApPROPRIATE HARMONIC COMPONENTS

To obtain the useful hannonic components to detect and O.B

classify TTFs, DT algorithm is applied to various TTFs
0.6 +------,�-
hannonic components and the healthy terminal voltage
waveforms. The best components values will be selected by 0.4 +-------=-,,£--

DT at the highest decision branches as the main classifier 0.2

criteria,while 70% of the data are used to train DT and 30% of O +-���---�--�---�--�--__,
them are employed to test it. DT behavior to achieve such case 'NC' case'S' case '0' case T' case 'Qd' case 'Qn'

detector and classifier is shown in Fig. 4 , as a flowchart. As

shown, the third and fourth harmonics of individual phase Fig 3. Variations of the third (top) and fourth (mid) harmonic components and
voltage waveforms and the first harmonic of the residual the first harmonic of the residual voltage (down) during various cases related
voltage (U+V+W) are selected by DT to do this task. to normal condition

� All of possible TTFs can be detected with accuracy

V. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
[ 00%,
The results of the proposed algorithm performance for the
� The number of shorted turns can be classified with
simulated TTFs detection and classification in the stator
winding of synchronous generator are summarized in Table IV. accuracy about 100%
This table shows that: � The related faulty phases can be detennined by
accuracy about 99%.

Finally,a total accuracy of 99 .64% is obtained by DT.

TABLE IY. THE ACCURACY OF THE PROPOSED METHOD FOR THE

INTERTURN FAULTS DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION IN THE STATOR WINDING
OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Obtained Train Test

Cumulative
Accuracy for (133 samples) (51 Samples)
Fault Detection 100% 100% 100%
Phase Detection 100% 96.07% 98.91%
TTFs Classific. 100% 100% 100%
Total Performance Accuracy 99.64%

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VI. CONCLUSIONS In the presented simulations, all of the machine parameters,

such as magnetic hysteresis, core saturation, slot-teeth effect,
In this paper,an analytical method is proposed to detect and
winding distribution, poles saliency and air gap irregularity,
classify TTFs in synchronous generators based on some
magnetic nonlinearity (core saturation), stator edge (slot-teeth),
harmonic components of the terminal voltage waveforms. To
bars dimensions and even insulation between them flux
achieve this aim, an actual 300MVA, 18 kV, 12 poles
hydroelectric synchronous generator is simulated using FEM in
distortion and its effect on other phases and windin s are �
considered, through the FEM algorithm in Maxwell software,
Maxwell software, and DT is employed to extract the
based on Fuji's technical documents, plans and data sheets.
significant and proper harmonic components. It is shown that
Theref�re, it can be claimed that a comprehensive and precised
using only the third and forth harmonic components of
model IS presented and used to TTFs simulations.
individual terminal voltage waveforms (available from terminal
PTs) and the fundamental component of residual voltage
waveform,not only all of TTFs in stator winding are detectable
but also the related phases can be determined by accuracy
about 99%. Also, the number of shorted turns can be
determined completely.

U_Waveform
V_Waveform
W_Wavefonn
Nonnal condition(NC)
0
SingleTTF
0
Calculate
hl(U+V+W)
DoubleTTF
0
(h3!hl)U%
(h3!hl)V%
TripleTTF
Q
(h3!hl)W%
(h4!hl)U%
(h4!hl)V%
QuadrupleTTF
0
(h4!hl)W%
QuintupleTTF
e

Fig 4. Flowchart of DT operation

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