PHYSICS 3APHY and 3BPHY

Formulae and constants sheet

182118_3.DOC

Physics Stage 3: Formulae and Constants Sheet 1

2 Physics Stage 3: Formulae and Constants Sheet
 Physics 3A/3B: Formulae and constants sheet

Forces and motion

s v+u
Mean velocity v av =
=
t 2
Δv
Equations of motion a= ; s = ut + 12 at 2 ; v 2 = u 2 + 2as ; v = u + at
Δt

Force F = ma

Weight force F = mg

Momentum p = mv

Change in momentum (impulse) FΔt = mv − mu

Kinetic energy E k = 12 mv 2

Gravitational potential energy E p = mgh

Work done W = Fs = ΔE

W ΔE
Power P= = = Fv av
t t
v2
Centripetal acceleration ac =
r
mv 2
Centripetal force Fc = ma c =
r
mm
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation F = G 12 2
r
M
Gravitational field strength g=G 2
r
Moment of a force τ = rF

Physics Stage 3: Formulae and Constants Sheet 3

Electricity and magnetism
q
Electric current I=
t
F V
Electric field E= =
q d

Work and energy W = qV = VIt

Ohm’s law V = IR

Resistances in series R T = R 1 + R 2 + ...

1 1 1
Resistances in parallel = + + ...
R T R1 R 2
V2
Power P=VI = I 2 R =
R

Magnetic flux Φ = BA

ΔΦ
Electromagnetic induction emf = - N , emf = l v B
Δt

Magnetic force F = I lB , F = qvB

Vs N s
Ideal transformer turns ratio =
Vp N p

Particles and waves

Energy of photon E = hf

Energy transitions E 2 − E 1 = hf
1
Wave period T=
f
Wave equation v wave = fλ

Internodal distance d = 12 λ

Absolute refractive index n x = ccx

Snell’s law n 1 sin θ1 = n 2 sin θ 2

4 Physics Stage 3: Formulae and Constants Sheet

 Physical constants

Speed of light in vacuum or air ........................................ c = 3.00 x 108 m s-1

Electron charge................................................................ e = -1.60 x 10-19 C
Mass of electron............................................................... me = 9.11 x 10-31 kg
Planck's constant ............................................................. h = 6.63 x 10-34 J s
Universal gravitational constant....................................... G = 6.67 x 10-11 N m2 kg-2
Electron volt ................................................................. 1 eV = 1.60 x 10-19 J
Mass of proton ............................................................. mp = 1.67 x 10-27 kg
Mass of alpha...............................................................mα = 6.65 x 10-27 kg

Physical data
-2
Mean acceleration due to gravity on Earth ..................... g = 9.80 m s
Mean acceleration due to gravity on the Moon............... gM = 1.62 m s-2
Mean radius of the Earth ................................................. RE = 6.37 x 106 m
Mass of the Earth............................................................. ME = 5.98 x 1024 kg
Mean radius of the Sun.................................................... RS = 6.96 x 108 m
Mass of the Sun ............................................................... MS = 1.99 x 1030 kg
Mean radius of the Moon................................................. RM = 1.74 x 106 m
Mass of the Moon ............................................................ MM = 7.35 x 1022 kg
8
Mean Earth-Moon distance .............................................................. 3.84 x 10 m
11
Mean Earth-Sun distance ................................................................. 1.50 x 10 m
3 6
Tonne........................................................................ 1 tonne = 10 kg = 10 g

Electromagnetic spectrum

Wavelength
λ (m) 102 10 1 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-11 10-12

radio frequencies
X-rays

microwaves
Area of
visible

ultraviolet
spectrum radiation

gamma rays
infrared radiation

f(Hz) 106 107 108 109 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020
Frequency

Note: 1. Shaded areas represent regions of overlap.

2. Gamma rays and X-rays occupy a common region.

Physics Stage 3: Formulae and Constants Sheet 5

Prefixes of the metric system

Factor Prefix Symbol Factor Prefix Symbol

12 -3
10 tera T 10 milli m
9 -6
10 giga G 10 micro µ
106 mega M 10-9 nano n
103 kilo k 10-12 pico p

Mathematical expressions

−b± b 2 − 4 ac
Given ax + bx + c = 0 , x =
2

2a

The following expressions apply to the triangle The following expressions apply to the right-
ABC as shown: angled triangle ABC as shown:

B B
c a c
a
A C A
b C b
a b c a
= = sin A =
sin A sin B sin C c
b
cos A =
c
b = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B a
tan A =
b

6 Physics Stage 3: Formulae and Constants Sheet