Mechanics, thermal physics, waves & optics, electricity & magentism, modern physics

Mechanics
Velocity
Δs
v̅ =
Δt
ds
v=
dt
acceleration
Δv
a̅ =
Δt
dv
a=
dt
equations of motion
v = v0 + at
s = s0 + v0t + ½at2
v2 = v02 + 2a(s − s0)
v̅ = ½(v + v0)
newton's 2nd law
∑F = ma
dp
∑F =
dt
weight
W = mg
dry friction
fs ≤ μsN
fk = μkN
centripetal accel.
v2
ac =
r
ac = − ω2r
momentum
p = mv
impulse
J = F̅ Δt
⌠
J = F dt
⌡
impulse-momentum
F̅ Δt = mΔv
⌠
F dt = Δp
⌡
 work
W = F̅ Δs cos θ
⌠
W = F · ds
⌡
work-energy
F̅ Δs cos θ = ΔE
⌠
F · ds = ΔE
⌡
kinetic energy
K = ½mv2
p2
K=
2m
general p.e.
⌠
ΔU = − F · ds
⌡
F = − ∇U
gravitational p.e.
ΔUg = mgΔh
efficiency
Wout
η=
Ein
power
ΔW
P̅ =
Δt
dW
P=
dt
power-velocity
P = Fv cos θ
P=F·v
angular velocity
Δθ
ω̅ =
Δt
dθ
ω=
dt
v=ω×r
angular acceleration
Δω
α̅ =
Δt
dω
α=
dt
a = α × r − ω2 r
equations of rotation
ω = ω0 + αt
θ = θ0 + ω0t + ½αt2
ω2 = ω02 + 2α(θ − θ0)
ω̅ = ½(ω + ω0)
torque
τ = rF sin θ
τ=r×F
2nd law for rotation
∑τ = Iα
dL
∑τ =
dt
moment of inertia
I = ∑mr2
⌠ 2
I= r dm
⌡
rotational work
W = τ̅Δθ
⌠
W= τ · dθ
⌡
rotational power
P = τω cos θ
P=τ·ω
rotational k.e.
K = ½Iω2
angular momentum
L = mrv sin θ
L=r×p
L = Iω
angular impulse
H = τ̅ Δt
⌠
H = τ dt
⌡
angular i.m.
τ̅ Δt = mΔω
⌠
τ dt = ΔL
⌡
universal gravitation
Gm1m2
Fg = − r̂
r2
gravitational field
Gm
g = − 2 r̂
r
gravitational p.e.
Gm1m2
Ug = −
r
gravitational potential
Gm
Vg = −
r
orbital speed
Gm
v=√
r
escape speed
2Gm
v=√
r
hooke's law
F = − kΔx
spring p.e.
Us = ½kΔx2
s.h.o.
m
T = 2π √
k
simple pendulum
ℓ
T = 2π √
g
frequency
1
f=
T
angular frequency
ω = 2πf
density
m
ρ=
V
pressure
F
P=
A
pressure in a fluid
P = P0 + ρgh
buoyancy
B = ρgVdisplaced
mass flow rate
∆m
q̅ m =
∆t
dm
qm =
dt
volume flow rate
∆V
q̅ V =
∆t
dV
qV =
dt
mass continuity
 ρ1A1v1 = ρ2A2v2
volume continuity
A1v1 = A2v2
bernoulli's equation
P1 + ρgy1 + ½ρv12 = P2 + ρgy2 + ½ρv22
dynamic viscosity
F̅ Δvx
=η
A Δz
F dvx
=η
A dz
kinematic viscosity
η
ν=
ρ
drag
R = ½ρCAv2
mach number
v
Ma =
c
reynolds number
ρvD
Re =
η
froude number
v
Fr =
√gℓ
young's modulus
F Δℓ
=E
A ℓ0
σ = Eε
shear modulus
F Δx
=G
A y
τ = Gγ
bulk modulus
F ΔV
=K
A V0
P = Κθ
surface tension
F
γ=
ℓ
Thermal physics
solid expansion
Δℓ = αℓ0ΔT
ΔA = 2αA0ΔT
ΔV = 3αV0ΔT
liquid expansion
ΔV = βV0ΔT
sensible heat
Q = mcΔT
latent heat
Q = mL
ideal gas law
PV = nRT
molecular constants
nR =Nk
maxwell-boltzmann
mv2
−
4v ⎛ m ⎞
2 3/2 2kT
p(v) = e
√π ⎝2kT ⎠
molecular k.e.
⟨K⟩ = 3 2 kT
molecular speeds
2kT 8kT 3kT
vp = √ ⟨ v⟩ = √ vrms = √
m πm m
heat flow rate
ΔQ
P̅ =
Δt
dQ
P=
dt
thermal conduction
kAΔT
P=
ℓ
stefan-boltzmann law
P = εσA(T4 − T04)
wien displacement law
b
λmax =
T
internal energy
ΔU = 3 2 nRΔT
ΔU = 3 2 NkΔT
thermodynamic work
 ⌠
W = − P dV
⌡
1st law of thermo.
ΔU = Q + W
entropy
ΔQ
ΔS =
T
S = k log w
efficiency
QC
ηreal = 1 −
QH
TC
ηideal = 1 −
TH
c.o.p.
QC
COPreal =
QH − QC
TC
COPideal =
TH − TC

waves & optics

periodic waves
v = fλ
⎡ ⎛ x⎞⎤
∆s(x,t) = ∆s sin 2π ft −
⎣ ⎝ λ⎠⎦
frequency
1
f=
T
beat frequency
fbeat = fhigh − flow
intensity
⟨ P⟩
I=
A
intensity level
⎛I ⎞
LI = 10 log
⎝I0⎠
pressure level
⎛ ∆P ⎞
LP = 20 log
⎝∆P0⎠
interference fringes
nλ = d sin θ
nλ x
≈
d L
index of refraction
 c
n=
v
snell's law
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
critical angle
n2
sin θc =
n1
image location
1 1 1
= +
f do di
image size
hi di
M= =
ho do
spherical mirrors
r
f≈
2

electricity & magnetism

coulomb's law
q1q2
F=k 2
r
1 q1q2
F= r̂
4πε0 r2
electric field, def.
FE
E=
q
electric potential, def.
ΔUE
ΔV =
q
field & potential
∆V
E̅ =
d
E = −∇V
⌠
− E · dr = ∆V
⌡
electric field
q
E = k ∑ 2 r̂
r
⌠dq
E=k r̂
⌡ r2
electric potential
q
V=k∑
r
 ⌠dq
V=k
⌡r
capacitance
Q
C=
V
plate capacitor
κε0A
C=
d
cylindrical capacitor
2πκε0ℓ
C=
ln(b/a)
spherical capacitor
4πκε0
C=
(1/a) − (1/b)
capacitive p.e.
1 2 1 Q2 1
U = CV = = QV
2 2 C 2
electric current
Δq
I̅ =
Δt
dq
I=
dt
charge density
Q
ρ=
V
current density
I
J=
A
J = ρv
ohm's law
V = IR
E = ρJ
J = σE
resitivity-conductivity
1
ρ=
σ
electric resistance
ρℓ
R=
A
electric power
V2
P = VI = I2R =
R
resistors in series
Rs = ∑Ri
resistors in parallel
 1 1
=∑
Rp Ri
capacitors in series
1 1
=∑
Cs Ci
capacitors in parallel
Cp = ∑Ci
magnetic force, charge
FB = qvB sin θ
FB = qv × B
magnetic force, current
FB = IℓB sin θ
dFB = I dℓ × B
biot-savart law
μ0I⌠ds × r̂
B=
4π ⌡ r2
solenoid
B = µ0nI
straight wire
μ0I
B=
2πr
parallel wires
FB μ0 I1I2
=
ℓ 2π r
electric flux
ΦE = EA cos θ
⌠
ΦE = E · dA
⌡
magnetic flux
ΦB = BA cos θ
⌠
ΦB = B · dA
⌡
motional emf
ℰ = Bℓv
induced emf
ΔΦB
ℰ̅ = −
Δt
dΦB
ℰ=−
dt

gauss's law
Q
∯E · dA =
ε0
∇ ·E= ρ
 ε0
no one's law
∯B · dA = 0

∇ ·B=0
faraday's law
∂ΦB
∮E · ds = −
∂t
∂B
∇ ×E=−
∂t
ampere's law
∂ΦE
∮B · ds = μ0ε0 + μ0I
∂t
∇ × B = μ ε ∂E + μ J
0 0 0