Drift

# with
velocity (va):Velocity which

the emove inside the conductor

when keptin electric
field.
an

Components of conductor:
#
a

i) Free 2
=

ii) Heavily A
regions Lattice
-

I 8 e
=

2E

conductor

here, we connect the conductor to

potential difference causes

battery
movement
of free these
free e-

collide with heavily the ions

and move with
uniform accn.

RelaxationTime (i):Time bow

gap
#
any
I consecutive collision
of an e-with
lattice.
the
# Formula:F= GE
=n2E

Here, R = 1 as we are

calculating for bet

ma = 2E

a = 2

M
E
acroge-

Here, acch is
uniform as Fis

constant.

v u at
= +

0 eE
I
+

Va eE
=

T
m

If two wires have

# same in then
they
will have same E.
 conductor:Rate
current
#
Flowing in a

of flow of charge.
#Formula:
2 ↓
time
->

At
-

E ** S 2
I
consider a
Vas 22
2
section

A 2 *
A

VdA nce-density):no. of free

d
m3
-

2
conductor

Here, d=
UdAT

Ag nof section) (charge of et

(vol.
=

Ag (nAVdDT) e
=

Putting Ud
I= DD
At neA eE T
M

neAVd
*

=
#current
density (j):
*

=
ne2 [A E
m

j v
=
E ·:
conductivity.
-
ne2 T
=

():Degree to which material

Conductivity
#

conducts
electricity.

Formula:
#
net
=

#Dimension:8 =
jpE
- =I
FA

I2T
=

current
MLT-2 x 2
X
= [M-12 3 + 3 A2]
-
# conductivity - t
Temperature

Resistivity (P):Electrical resistance

#

of a conductor
of unit
cross sectional
area a
length.

= P
-

Dimension:M'L T-3A-2
#

# Resistivity
& temperature

PTO
Ohrn's Law:
#

A E
-

*
-
<e -

I
R

j = E
=

A
=

v
()
=
I

Resistance
E
v IR.: R Pl
=
=

A
If
#
a conductor is stretched a times

So, R n2
=

2 times
Eg:Stretched
So, R = P2
A
I

=Ye -

4R
-

conceptual question:

I'

E
&

1 2

08
I'By
calculate
solution:Here, V remains same.

I same by
remains continuity i.e.

of flow
rate same.
remains
So,
it
since is I
flow of charge
same
remains irrespective
of area.

A, V, AzV2
=

wire:Entra
Resistance
of non-uniform
#
-
I

ja
L x
O &

D.

Taking a cross section

R P&A
=

ra b
=
+ -
a
A
l
 so
Yan=
n

ax
=

Yaix
n =

5R 2A
#When m is
given
·

to
find Vi

is
replace resistor currentby
battery so, as V IR
=

⑧ ⑧

IOV

OR
-
-
ii) Substract
when
moving in the
direction
of current:
IHigher to lower
V]
2A 4V
⑧7 zu-n ⑧

B 5232 A

So, VA VB-10-4
= -
6

Add when the direction

moving
current:[loween to higher vi
4V 2A
Amu-n
· ⑧

B 5 32 A

So, VB VA=
+
6 4+ 10
+

NOTE:I
IPotential
drop)
·
[potential
gain]
conceptual question:

-
+ 52 LOX
+

Fre e ma
I
-

P9 c
9

9 4tC
=

t Csec.?
Vpg at
calculate =

soln:9: 4t

d0 (t)
I =

-
4.2t
8t
=

16A
-

So,9 16C=

t
v 16v
=
Kirchoff
# laws:

IsLaw (Kirchoff
#
junction Law):Sum
of
all the currents
meeting atjunction
is
zero.

the current the junction is

coming to

ive & the one

leaving is -ve.

I2

··B
Il WR2

Ri -
Iz
s

So, I, I Iz
+ -
=
0

I, + I2 I3
=
End (looplaw):Sum
Law
of all the
#

in
potential drop a

closed loop is zero.

E,it
· S

-
g
at 3 ry

·R

E:EMF
of cell
r:internal resistance;here r0=

IdealCell:EMF 0 =

NOTE:Current
in a cell

-
re to the sincercuit
↑
veto-ve.

NOTE: Imo
·
I
Potential drop
I Es
⑧ - m Potential gain
 NOTE:drop =--> substract

Gain=t -> addition

inarompoint.
on
applying RIL

- Ez rz Ez Iry Irg E, 0
- - -
+ - + =

NOTE:IF I I, are the so direction is

direction will
correct;if-ve the be opp.

Question:
question:

2V
#
&
e

*
E

⑰
I

- a I Il
-

-> I Wit I
-Is
I
2V
cal. II,

2V
soin P # e
&
r
E n

I men*
⑰
#I
9 * I T

4V
I I
Il
-

- a I -

R
I In nr 5
-Is
S
I
2V
On
applying KLLinPTUP
4 -
21 -
I(1 2 +
0
=

2I, I 6 +
=

on
applying KLL in GRSTG

2 (I I,)(1) 211 4 0
-
+ -
- -
=

31, -
1 6 =

both equ:
solving

I
2I, I 6
6,5
+ =
=

31,
-
1 6 =

As both are the

5T I =12 the direction

-

12
In -
-
taken is correct
5
question:
P

et
I Is-

I-I,L rI

2V

I-Iitz in /e
↳
-I

R
cal. I, I, Iz

soln:On
applying RLL in PISP:

-
(I -
I,)(1) -
1 -

Iz(1) I,
+
0
=

21,
-

12 -
1 1 =
On
applying kLLin BSRI:

- -

Iz(1) (I, I2)(1)

- +
(1
+ -

I, -

I2)(1) 0
=

I -21, -312 1 =

PLL in PSRP:
On applying
-

I,(1) -
(I, +
Iz)(1) 2 0
+
=

2I, -

Iz =
-
2

2I,
-

Iz =
-
2

211 I2 2
+
=

On
solving equs:

mo
Charging a Discharging of
#
a cell

When currentis
#

entering the terminal

charging takes place

When currentis
#
leaving the terminal

charging takes place

Discharging of cell:
#
a

E
· I
E:EMF

N p
W

So, Here is
I moving from higherto lower.

-If

↑ ↑
V

As
polarity cell is
both
diff.
So,
 vE=
-
IN

X 8 E

#Graph: mx C
y
+
=

Here, C E
=

m =
-
r

So, A

E
E ⑦
-E
I

here, tant=-r

#charging of a cell:

· *
I
 So,

-If

↑ ↑
V

As,
of
polarity both cell is same so,

V E tIr
=

V>E

#Graph: mx C
y
+
=

Here, C E
=

m r =

A
SO,
A
taM 8 r
=

of *
I
 NOTE:I f cell are connected with

same terminal (i) then substract

to
find V.
NOTE:I f cell are connected with opp.
terminal oft he add
find
to v

Question:

IE =
Ir
+

3
Ix
+
=

soln:

Vc 22x
=

V
 is
cell
Vacross the
charged never
#

zero.

Vacross
#
cell is zero.
uncharged

Question:

soln:

as v Ir
=
OR
-
~ if thati s -ve

So, is not
possible
with value.
given
E

question: ·
V 3V=

I * Cal E, r.

·
-
v 7V
=
SOI:3 E-1(r)
=

7 E
=
+
2(r)

On solving equi

E
I3v
=

* In
conceptual question:

·zi"
W

When key open PD V, =

When Rey closed PD V2 =

is v,xvz or V2>V,!
soln:here, V,>V2

as v E=
-
Fr

I
ez
=

is closed resistor will

when
key
be life so, over all resistance
will be reduced hence v, will

increase.

When resistors are in life over all

#

resistance or net resistance reduces.

When resistors are in series all

#

over

resistance or net resistance increases.

In ideal cell notresistance

#
0
=

N
no resistor
with cell on same side
,
#

E
u

Is
-

m
waeknet 0
=

PTO
question:

·stj"
When key open PD V,
=

When key closed PD V2

=

cal. X
V2

soin:
#Combination of Cell:
combination:
Series
#

E,
Wi
Ez r2
&

So,

Enet E, =
-
Ez

Unet r, 2
=
+

#Parallel Combination:

i) If cells are with same

polarity
on same

side El
In Wi
5 W

#j -
=me
I2

T
I E r
·my
A
D A
V E,=
-

I,N =) I E,
=
-
V

r,

v Ez Ez -V
Izn I
=
-
=
=

r2

V E Ir I E v

r
- -
=
= =

So,

I I, =
+

Iz

E EY Ez
=
+ - V

E E1 f
- + +
=

So,

ret =
And,

E -

putting value
of a
from Ir

E
=
=>

-2
r, 52
+

Erz)
= E,r2 +EzU
Tz

E Eirz Ezr,
= +

r, r2
+
 ii) If cells are with
opp. polarity
on same

side El
In Wi
5 W

#
I
-
-
I2

T
I E r
·my
A
D A

E = Eitz -
Ezr,
r, r2
+

instead
Incapacitance but I of Er.
*
question:

soin: