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Conservation law
In physics, a conservation law states that a particular measurable property of an isolated physical system does not
change as the system evolves over time. Exact conservation laws include conservation of energy, conservation of linear
momentum, conservation of angular momentum, and conservation of electric charge. There are also many
approximate conservation laws, which apply to such quantities as mass, parity, lepton number, baryon number,
strangeness, hypercharge, etc. These quantities are conserved in certain classes of physics processes, but not in all.

A local conservation law is usually expressed mathematically as a continuity equation, a partial differential equation
which gives a relation between the amount of the quantity and the "transport" of that quantity. It states that the
amount of the conserved quantity at a point or within a volume can only change by the amount of the quantity which
flows in or out of the volume.

From Noether's theorem, each conservation law is associated with a symmetry in the underlying physics.

Contents
Conservation laws as fundamental laws of nature
Exact laws
Approximate laws
Global and local conservation laws
Differential forms
Integral and weak forms
See also
Examples and applications

Notes
References
External links

Conservation laws as fundamental laws of nature

Conservation laws are fundamental to our understanding of the physical world, in that they describe which processes
can or cannot occur in nature. For example, the conservation law of energy states that the total quantity of energy in an
isolated system does not change, though it may change form. In general, the total quantity of the property governed by
that law remains unchanged during physical processes. With respect to classical physics, conservation laws include
conservation of energy, mass (or matter), linear momentum, angular momentum, and electric charge. With respect to
particle physics, particles cannot be created or destroyed except in pairs, where one is ordinary and the other is an
antiparticle. With respect to symmetries and invariance principles, three special conservation laws have been
described, associated with inversion or reversal of space, time, and charge.

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Conservation laws are considered to be fundamental laws of nature, with broad application in physics, as well as in
other fields such as chemistry, biology, geology, and engineering.

Most conservation laws are exact, or absolute, in the sense that they apply to all possible processes. Some conservation
laws are partial, in that they hold for some processes but not for others.

One particularly important result concerning conservation laws is Noether's theorem, which states that there is a one-
to-one correspondence between each one of them and a differentiable symmetry of nature. For example, the
conservation of energy follows from the time-invariance of physical systems, and the conservation of angular
momentum arises from the fact that physical systems behave the same regardless of how they are oriented in space.

Exact laws
A partial listing of physical conservation equations due to symmetry that are said to be exact laws, or more precisely
have never been proven to be violated:

Conservation Respective Noether

Number of dimensions
Law symmetry invariance

Conservation of Time
1 translation about time axis
mass-energy invariance

Conservation of Translation
3 translation about x,y,z position
linear momentum symmetry
Lorentz
Conservation of Rotation invariance 3 rotation about x,y,z axes
angular momentum invariance symmetry
CPT symmetry
(combining charge, Lorentz (charge inversion q → −q) + (position inversion
1+1+1
parity and time invariance r → −r) + (time inversion t → −t)
conjugation)

Conservation of scalar field (1D) in 4D spacetime (x,y,z +

Gauge invariance 1⊗4
electric charge time evolution)

Conservation of
SU(3) Gauge invariance 3 r,g,b
color charge

Conservation of
SU(2)L Gauge invariance 1 weak charge
weak isospin

Conservation of total probability always = 1 in whole x,y,z space,

Probability invariance[1] 1⊗4
probability during time evolution

Approximate laws
There are also approximate conservation laws. These are approximately true in particular situations, such as low
speeds, short time scales, or certain interactions.

Conservation of rest mass

Conservation of baryon number (See chiral anomaly and sphaleron)
Conservation of lepton number (In the Standard Model)
Conservation of flavor (violated by the weak interaction)

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Conservation of parity
Invariance under charge conjugation
Invariance under time reversal
CP symmetry, the combination of charge and parity conjugation (equivalent to time reversal if CPT holds)

Global and local conservation laws

The total amount of some conserved quantity in the universe could remain unchanged if an equal amount were to
appear at one point A and simultaneously disappear from another separate point B. For example, an amount of energy
could appear on Earth without changing the total amount in the Universe if the same amount of energy were to
disappear from a remote region of the Universe. This weak form of "global" conservation is really not a conservation
law because it is not Lorentz invariant, so phenomena like the above do not occur in nature.[2][3] Due to Special
Relativity, if the appearance of the energy at A and disappearance of the energy at B are simultaneous in one inertial
reference frame, they will not be simultaneous in other inertial reference frames moving with respect to the first. In a
moving frame one will occur before the other; either the energy at A will appear before or after the energy at B
disappears. In both cases, during the interval energy will not be conserved.

A stronger form of conservation law requires that, for the amount of a conserved quantity at a point to change, there
must be a flow, or flux of the quantity into or out of the point. For example, the amount of electric charge in a volume is
never found to change without an electric current into or out of the volume that carries the difference in charge. Since
it only involves continuous local changes, this stronger type of conservation law is Lorentz invariant; a quantity
conserved in one reference frame is conserved in all moving reference frames.[2][3] This is called a local conservation
law.[2][3] Local conservation also implies global conservation; that the total amount of the conserved quantity in the
Universe remains constant. All of the conservation laws listed above are local conservation laws. A local conservation
law is expressed mathematically by a continuity equation, which states that the change in the quantity in a volume is
equal to the total net "flux" of the quantity through the surface of the volume. The following sections discuss continuity
equations in general.

Differential forms
In continuum mechanics, the most general form of an exact conservation law is given by a continuity equation. For
example, conservation of electric charge q is

where ∇⋅ is the divergence operator, ρ is the density of q (amount per unit volume), j is the flux of q (amount crossing
a unit area in unit time), and t is time.

If we assume that the motion u of the charge is a continuous function of position and time, then

In one space dimension this can be put into the form of a homogeneous first-order quasilinear hyperbolic equation:[4]

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where the dependent variable y is called the density of a conserved quantity, and A(y) is called the current jacobian,
and the subscript notation for partial derivatives has been employed. The more general inhomogeneous case:

is not a conservation equation but the general kind of balance equation describing a dissipative system. The dependent
variable y is called a nonconserved quantity, and the inhomogeneous term s(y,x,t) is the-source, or dissipation. For
example, balance equations of this kind are the momentum and energy Navier-Stokes equations, or the entropy
balance for a general isolated system.

In the one-dimensional space a conservation equation is a first-order quasilinear hyperbolic equation that can be
put into the advection form:

where the dependent variable y(x,t) is called the density of the conserved (scalar) quantity (c.q.(d.) = conserved
quantity (density)), and a(y) is called the current coefficient, usually corresponding to the partial derivative in the
conserved quantity of a current density (c.d.) of the conserved quantity j(y):[4]

In this case since the chain rule applies:

the conservation equation can be put into the current density form:

In a space with more than one dimension the former definition can be extended to an equation that can be put
into the form:

where the conserved quantity is y(r,t), denotes the scalar product, ∇ is the nabla operator, here indicating a gradient,
and a(y) is a vector of current coefficients, analogously corresponding to the divergence of a vector c.d. associated to
the c.q. j(y):

This is the case for the continuity equation:

Here the conserved quantity is the mass, with density ρ(r,t) and current density ρu, identical to the momentum
density, while u(r,t) is the flow velocity.

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In the general case a conservation equation can be also a system of this kind of equations (a vector equation) in the
form:[4]

where y is called the conserved (vector) quantity, ∇ y is its gradient, 0 is the zero vector, and A(y) is called the
Jacobian of the current density. In fact as in the former scalar case, also in the vector case A(y) usually corresponding
to the Jacobian of a current density matrix J(y):

and the conservation equation can be put into the form:

For example, this the case for Euler equations (fluid dynamics). In the simple incompressible case they are:

where:

u is the flow velocity vector, with components in a N-dimensional space u1, u2 ... uN,
s is the specific pressure (pressure per unit density) giving the source term,
It can be shown that the conserved (vector) quantity and the c.d. matrix for these equations are respectively:

where denotes the outer product.

Integral and weak forms

Conservation equations can be also expressed in integral form: the advantage of the latter is substantially that it
requires less smoothness of the solution, which paves the way to weak form, extending the class of admissible solutions
to include discontinuous solutions.[5] By integrating in any space-time domain the current density form in 1-D space:

and by using Green's theorem, the integral form is:

In a similar fashion, for the scalar multidimensional space, the integral form is:

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where the line integration is performed along the boundary of the domain, in an anticlock-wise manner.[5]

Moreover, by defining a test function φ(r,t) continuously differentiable both in time and space with compact support,
the weak form can be obtained pivoting on the initial condition. In 1-D space it is:

Note that in the weak form all the partial derivatives of the density and current density have been passed on to the test
function, which with the former hypothesis is sufficiently smooth to admit these derivatives.[5]

See also
Conserved quantity

Some kinds of helicity are conserved in dissipationless limit: hydrodynamical helicity, magnetic helicity, cross-
helicity.
Conservation law of the Stress–energy tensor
Noether's theorem
Riemann invariant
Dissipative system
Balance equation
Philosophy of physics
Symmetry (physics)
Totalitarian principle
Convection–diffusion equation

Examples and applications

Advection
Mass conservation, or Continuity equation
Charge conservation
Euler equations (fluid dynamics)
inviscid Burgers equation
Kinematic wave
Conservation of energy
Traffic flow

Notes
1. http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/63706/the-gauge-invariance-of-the-probability-current
2. Aitchison, Ian J. R.; Hey, Anthony J.G. (2012). Gauge Theories in Particle Physics: A Practical Introduction: From
Relativistic Quantum Mechanics to QED, Fourth Edition, Vol. 1 (https://books.google.com/books?id=-
v6sPfuyUt8C&pg=PA43&dq=%22global+conservation%22+%22local+conservation%22). CRC Press. p. 43.

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ISBN 1466512997.
3. Will, Clifford M. (1993). Theory and Experiment in Gravitational Physics (https://books.google.com
/books?id=BhnUITA7sDIC&pg=PA105&dq=%22global+conservation%22+%22local+conservation%22+law).
Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 105. ISBN 0521439736.
4. see Toro, p.43
5. see Toro, p.62-63

References
Philipson, Schuster, Modeling by Nonlinear Differential Equations: Dissipative and Conservative Processes, World
Scientific Publishing Company 2009.
Victor J. Stenger, 2000. Timeless Reality: Symmetry, Simplicity, and Multiple Universes. Buffalo NY: Prometheus
Books. Chpt. 12 is a gentle introduction to symmetry, invariance, and conservation laws.
Toro, E.F. (1999). "Chapter 2. Notions on Hyperbolic PDEs". Riemann Solvers and Numerical Methods for Fluid
Dynamics. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-65966-8.
E. Godlewski and P.A. Raviart, Hyperbolic systems of conservation laws, Ellipses, 1991.

External links
Conservation Laws (http://www.lightandmatter.com/lm) — Ch. 11-15 in an online textbook

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