Current Electricity

19
Current
Electricity
The directional flow of charge in a conductor under a potential difference IN THIS CHAPTER ....
maintained between the ends of the conductor constitutes an electric current.
Electric Current
Electric Current Ohm’s Law
It is defined as the amount of charge flowing across any section of wire per unit Colour Code for Carbon Resistors
time. If charge Dq passes through the area in time interval Dt at uniform rate, Combination of Resistors
then current i is defined as Electric Cell
Dq
i= Kirchhoff’s Laws
Dt
Electrical Energy
If rate of flow of charge is not steady, then instantaneous current is given by
Electrical Power
Dq dq
i = lim = Heating Effects of Current
Dt ® 0 D t dt
Electricity Consumption
The SI unit of current is ampere (A). Smaller currents are more conveniently
expressed in milliampere (mA) or microampere ( mA ). Wheatstone Bridge
1 mA = 10-3 A and 1 mA = 10-6 A Meter Bridge

Potentiometer
Note Total charge in time interval t 1 and t 2 is given as
t2
q= ò i × dt = Area under the graph i versus t in interval t 1 to t 2.
t1
Current Density
Current density at any point inside a conductor is defined as ‘‘the amount of
charge flowing per second through a unit area held normal to the direction of
the flow of charge at that point.’’
Current density is a vector quantity and its direction is along the motion of the
positive charge.
Current Electricity 653
q/ t i Example 2. Drift speed of electrons, when 1.5 A of current

Current density, J = =
A A flows in a copper wire of cross-section 5 mm 2 is v. If the
The SI unit of current density is ampere per square electron density in copper is 9 ´ 10 28 / m3, the value of v (in
metre, i.e. Am- 2 and its dimensional formula is [AL -2]. mm/s) is close to (Take, charge of electron to be
. ´ 10 -19 C)
= 16 [JEE Main 2019]
Drift Velocity (a) 0.02 (b) 0.2 (c) 2 (d) 3
It is defined as ‘‘the average velocity with which the free
electrons in a conductor get drifted towards the positive Sol. (a) Relation between current (i) flowing through a conducting
end of the conductor under the influence of an electric wire and drift velocity of electrons (v d) is given as i = neAv d
field applied across the conductor.’’ where, n is the electron density and A is the area of cross-section
eE of wire.
It is given by, vd = t i
m Þ vd =
neA
where, e = charge on electron, E = electric field, Substituting the given values, we get
m = mass of the electron and t = relaxation time. 1.5
v=
The electric current relates with drift velocity as 9 ´ 10 28 ´ 1.6 ´ 10 - 19 ´ 5 ´ 10 - 6
i = neAvd . ´10 -3
15
v= m/s = 0.2 ´10 - 4 m/s
i 72
Hence, current density is also given by, J = = nevd .
A or v = 0.02 mm/s
The direction of drift velocity for electrons in a metal is
opposite to that of applied electric field.
The drift velocity of electron is very small of the order of
Ohm’s Law
10-4 ms-1 as compared to thermal speed (» 105 m / s) of It states that, “the current i flowing through a conductor
is always directly proportional to the potential difference
electron at room temperature. V applied across the ends of the conductor”, provided that
the physical conditions (temperature, mechanical strain,
Relaxation Time ( t) etc.) are kept constant.
As free electrons move in a conductor, they continuously
collide with positive ions. The time interval between two i. e. i µ V or V µ i or V = Ri
successive collisions of electrons with the positive ions in V
or = R = a constant
the metallic lattice is defined as relaxation time. i
mean free path l where, R = electrical resistance of the conductor.
t= =
rms velocity of electrons vrms The SI unit of R is W (ohm) and its dimensions are
With rise in temperature vrms increases, consequently t [ML2T -3 A -2 ].
decreases. Graph between V and i for a metallic conductor is a
straight line as shown below
Mobility (m) V
Drift velocity per unit electric field is called mobility of
v et
electron, i.e. m = d = . Slope of line
E m
= tan θ = V = R
Its unit is m 2/V-s. i
Mobility of free electrons is independent of electric field.
θ
O i
Example 1. The current in a wire varies with time
according to the equation i = 4 + 2t, where i is in ampere and Limitations of Ohm’s Law
t is in second. The quantity of charge which has to be passes There are some materials and devices used in electric
through a cross-section of the wire during the time t = 2 s to circuits, where the proportionality of V and i does not
t = 6 s is hold. The deviations broadly are one or more of the
following types:
(a) 40 C (b) 48 C
(i) V ceases to be proportional to i.
(c) 38 C (d) 43 C
(ii) If i is the current for a certain V , then reversing
Sol. (b) Let dq be the charge which passes in a small interval of the direction of V keeping its magnitude fixed,
time dt. Then, dq = idt = ( 4 + 2t )dt does not produce a current of the same magnitude
6
Þ q = ò ( 4 + 2t )dt = [ 4t + t 2]62 = 48 C as i in the opposite direction. This happens in a
2 diode.
654 JEE Main Physics
\From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

Electrical Resistance and Resistivity
l2
The property of a substance by virtue of which it opposes R =r ...(iii)
V
the flow of current through it is known as resistance.
As, the length has been increased to 0.5%.
It depends on the geometrical factors of the substance
\ New length of the wire,
[length ( l ), cross-sectional area (A)] as well as on the
l ¢ = l + 0.5% of l = l + 0.005 l =1005
. l
nature of the substance from which the resistor is made.
rl But V and r remains unchanged.
\Electrical reistance, R= …(iv) r[(1.005) l ]2
A So, new resistance, R ¢ = ...(iv)
V
where, r is a constant of proportionality called resistivity
or specific resistance of substance. Dividing Eq. (iv) by Eq. (iii), we get
R¢
Resistivity depends only on the nature of the material of = (1.005) 2
R
the resistor and its physical conditions such as
æ R¢ ö
temperature and pressure. Its unit is ohm-m ( W-m ). Þ % change in the resistance = ç - 1÷ ´ 100
èR ø
Conductance and Conductivity = [(1.005) 2 - 1] ´ 100 = 1.0025%~ - 1%
Conductance The reciprocal of resistance of a
conductor is called its conductance. Thus, conductance
Example 4. Space between two concentric conducting
(G) of a conductor having resistance R is given by spheres of radii a and b ( b > a) is filled with a medium of
resistivity r. The resistance between the two spheres (in ohm)
1
G= will be [JEE Main 2019]
R
r æ 1 1ö r æ 1 1ö
Unit of conductance is ohm -1( W-1 ), which is also called (a) ç + ÷
è a bø
(b) ç - ÷
è a bø
2p 4p
mho. The unit of conductance in SI system is siemens and
r æ 1 1ö r æ 1 1ö
is denoted by the symbol S. (c) ç - ÷ (d) ç + ÷
2p è a bø 4p è a bø
Conductivity The reciprocal of resistivity of the
material of a conductor is called its conductivity. It is Sol. (b) For an elemental shell of radius x and thickness dx,
denoted by s. Thus,
1
s= dx
r ρ x
Its SI unit is siemen metre -1 (Sm -1 ). a
b
Vector Form of Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s law in vector form is given as
E = rJ l dx
Resistance, dR = r Þ dR = r
or J = sE A 4px2
æ ne2t ö So, resistance of complete arrangement is
\Current density, J = ç ÷E b b dx r b -2
R = ò dR = ò r
4p òa
è m ø = x dx
a a 4 px2
ne2t b
æ x-1 ö b
Conductivity, s = r r æ 1ö
m Þ R= ç ÷ = ç- ÷
4p è -1 ø a 4 p è x ø a
1 m
and resistivity, r = = 2 r æ 1 æ 1ö ö
s ne t = ç- - ç- ÷÷
4p è b è aø ø
Example 3. A copper wire is stretched to make it 0.5% r æ 1 1ö
= ç - ÷ ohm
longer. The percentage change in its electrical resistance, if its 4p è a bø
volume remains unchanged is [JEE Main 2019]
(a) 2.0% (b) 1.0% (c) 0.5% (d) 2.5% Example 5. In a conductor, if the number of conduction
electrons per unit volume is 8.5 ´ 10 28 m -3 and mean free
Sol. (b) Electrical resistance of wire of length l, area of
time is 25 fs (femto second), it’s approximate resistivity is
cross-section A and resistivity r is given as
(Take, me = 91 . ´ 10 -31 kg) [JEE Main 2019]
l
R =r ...(i) (a) 10 -7 W-m (b) 10 -5 W-m
A
(c) 10 -6 W-m (d) 10 -8 W-m
Since we know, volume of the wire is V = A ´ l ...(ii)
me Sol. (c) Here, V = 230 V, initial current, i1 = 3.2 A, steady

Sol. (d) Resistivity of a conductor is r = … (i)
ne2t current, i2 = 2.8 A
where, me = mass of electron = 9.1 ´ 10 - 31 kg,
Therefore, resistance of wire at room temperature ( q12 = 27° C),
n = free charge density = 8.5 ´ 10 28 m- 3 , V 230
R1 = = = 71.875 W
t = mean free time = 25 fs = 25 ´ 10 - 15 s i1 3.2
and . ´ 10 - 19 C
e = charge of electron = 16 Resistance of wire at steady temperature q2° C,
Substituting the values in Eq. (i), we get V 230
R2 = = = 82.143 W
. ´ 10 - 31
91 i2 2.8
r= R2 - R1
. ´ 10 - 19) 2 ´ 25 ´ 10 - 15
8.5 ´ 10 28 ´ (16 Now, a=
R1( q2 - q1)
. ´ 10 - 6
91
= = 0.016 ´ 10 - 6 82.143 - 71.875
8.5 ´ 2.56 ´ 25 \ 1.70 ´ 10 -4 =
-8 71.875 ´ ( q2 - 27)
= 1. 6 ´ 10 W-m
82.143 - 71.875
- 10 - 8 W-m
~ or q2 = 27 +
71.875 ´ 1.70 ´ 10 -4
= 27 + 840.35
Temperature Dependence of Resistivity = 867.35° C
Resistivity of a conductor varies approximately linearly
with temperature as Example 7. In an experiment, the resistance of a material is
plotted as a function of temperature (in some range). As
r = r 0 [1 + a (T - T0 )]
shown in the figure, it is a straight line.
Here, r is resistivity at temperature T and r 0 is
resistivity at temperature T0.
Also, a is temperature coefficient of resistivity which is
r - r0 InR(T)
given as a=
r 0 (T - T0 )
In terms of resistance, R = R0 [1 + a (T - T0 ) ]
1/T2
R - R0 [JEE Main 2019]
Þ a=
R0 (T - T0 ) One may conclude that
-T 2 /T 02 T 2 /T 02
Variation of resistance of some electrical material with (a) R(T) = R0 e (b) R(T) = R0 e
temperature is as given in table -T 02 /T 2 R
(c) R(T) = R0 e (d) R(T) = 02
T
Temperature Effect of
Material coefficient of temperature rise on Sol. (c) From the given graph,
resistance resistance
Metals a> 0 Increases ln R(T0)
Solid non-metal a» 0 No effect
Semiconductors a< 0 Decreases
ln R(T)
Electrolytes a< 0 Decreases
1/T02
Alloys 0< a<1 Nearly constant
1/T2
Example 6. A heating element using nichrome connected 1
We can say that, lnR (T) µ -
to a 230 V supply draws an initial current of 3.2 A in first T2
2 seconds, which settles, after a few seconds to a steady value Negative sign implies that the slope of the graph is negative.
of 2.8 A. What is the steady temperature of the heating æ 1ö
element, if the room temperature is 27°C? Temperature or ln R(T) = constant ç - 2 ÷
è T ø
coefficient of resistance of nichrome averaged over the exp (const.)
temperature range involved is 1.70 ´ 10 -4 °C -1. Þ R(T) =
æ 1ö
exp ç 2 ÷
(a) 678.35°C (b) 768.35°C èT ø
(c) 867.35°C (d) 976.35°C æ T2ö
Þ R(T) = R0 exp ç - 02 ÷
è T ø
Same current flows through each resistance but potential

Colour Code for Carbon Resistors difference distributes in the ratio of their resistance, i.e.,
The resistance of a carbon resistor can be calculated by V µ R.
the code given on it in the form of coloured strips as So, the total potential drop is equal to the sum of
shown below potential applied across the combination.
Decimal multiplier
Equivalent resistance in series combination is given by
Req = R1 + R2 + R3
i.e. Equivalent resistance is greater than the maximum
A B C D value of resistance in the combination.
Tolerance power
First two significant figures If n identical resistances are connected in series, then
\The value of a carbon resistor is given as Req = nR and potential difference across each resistance,
R = AB ´ C ± D % is V ¢ = V / n.
The table for colour code of carbon resistor is given below Parallel Combination Combination of resistors in
parallel is as shown below
Color codes Values (A, B) Multiplier (C) Tolerance (D) (%)
0
Black 0 10 i1 R1
1
Brown 1 10 i2 R2 i
i
i3
Red 2 102
R3
Orange 3 103
Yellow 4 104 V
Green 5 105
Blue 6 106
Same potential difference appears across each resistance
but current distributes in the reverse ratio of their
Violet 7 107 V
resistance, i.e. I µ . So, the total current is equal to the
Grey 8 108 R
White 9 109 sum of currents through each resistance.
Gold ± 5% 1 1 1 1
Equivalent resistance is given by, = + +
Silver ± 10% Req R1 R2 R3
No colour ± 20% i.e. Equivalent resistance is less than the minimum
value of resistance in the combination.
Example 8. A 200 W resistor has a certain colour code. If In n identical resistance are connected in parallel, then
one replaces the red colour by green in the code, the new R I
resistance will be [JEE Main 2019]
Req = and current through each resistance is, I ¢ = .
n n
(a) 100 W (b) 400 W (c) 300 W (d) 500 W
Example 9. A uniform metallic wire has a resistance of
1
Sol. (d) Given, resistance is 200 W = 20 ´ 10 W 18 W and is bent into an equilateral triangle, then the
R B Br resistance between any two vertices of the triangle is
[JEE Main 2019]
(a) 12 W (b) 8 W
(c) 2 W (d) 4 W
So, colour scheme will be red, black and brown.
Significant figure of red band is 2 and for green is 5. When red (2) Sol. (d) Resistance of each arm of equilateral triangle will be
is replaced with green (5), new resistance will be 18
R= =6 W
200 ohm ¾¾® 500 ohm 3
So, we have following combination
Combination of Resistors
6Ω 6Ω
There are two types of combination of resistances,
i.e. series and parallel combination.
A 6Ω B
Series Combination Combination of resistors in series
is as shown below Equivalent resistance,
R1 R2 R3 12 ´ 6 12 ´ 6
V RAB = = = 4W
V1 V2 V3 12 + 6 18
i
Example 10. A metal wire of resistance 3 W is elongated to The equivalent resistance across AB,
10000 ´ 400
make a uniform wire of double its previous length. This new RAB =
wire is now bent and the ends joined to make a circle. If two 10000 + 400
10000 ´ 400
points on this circle make an angle 60º at the centre, the =
equivalent resistance between these two points will be 10400
[JEE Main 2019] 40000
=
7 5 12 5 104
(a) W (b) W (c) W (d) W
2 2 5 3 = 384.6 W » 385 W
\ Total circuit resistance = 385 + 800 = 1185 W
Sol. (d) Initial resistance of wire is 3 W. Let its length is l and area
V 6
is A. Hence, circuit current is i = = = 5.06 ´ 10 -3 A
Req 1185
l
Then, Rinitial = r = 3 W … (i)
A Now, potential drop across points A and B is
When wire is stretched twice its length, then its area becomes A¢, VAB = i × RAB
on equating volume, we have = 5.06 ´ 10 -3 ´ 385
A = 1946
. V~
- 195
. V
Al = A¢2l Þ A¢ =
2
So, after stretching, resistance of wire will be
Electric Cell
l¢ l
R ¢ = Rfinal = r = 4 r = 12 W [using Eq. (i)] It is a device which maintains a continuous flow of
A¢ A charge (or electric current) in a circuit by a chemical
Now, this wire is made into a circle and connected across two reaction. It converts chemical energy into electrical
points A and B (making 60º angle at centre) as energy.
R2 Electromotive Force (emf) of a Cell (e) Electric cell
has to do some work in maintaining the current through
300° a circuit. The work done by the cell in moving unit
positive charge through the whole circuit (including the
60°
cell) is called the electromotive force (emf) of the cell.
If during the flow of q coulomb of charge in an electric
A B circuit, the work done by the cell is W, then
R1
Now, above arrangement is a combination of two resistances in W
emf of the cell, e =
parallel, q
60 ´ R ¢ 1 Its unit is joule/coulomb or volt.
R1 = = ´ 12 = 2 W
360 6
Internal Resistance (r) Internal resistance of a cell is
300 5 defined as the resistance offered by the electrolyte of the
and R2 = ´ R ¢ = ´ 12 = 10 W
360 6 cell to the flow of current through it. It is denoted by r. Its
Since, R1 and R2 are connected in parallel. unit is ohm.
Terminal Potential Difference (V ) Terminal
R1R2 10 ´ 2 5
So, RAB = = = W potential difference of a cell is defined as the potential
R1 + R2 12 3 difference between the two terminals of the cell in a
closed circuit (i.e. when current is drawn from the cell).
Example 11. Two resistors 400 W and 800 W are connected It is represented by V and its unit is volt.
in series across a 6 V battery. The potential difference
Terminal potential difference of a cell is always less than
measured by a voltmeter of 10 kW across 400 W resistor is
the emf of the cell.
close to [JEE Main 2020]
Relation between Terminal Potential Difference,
(a) 1.95 V (b) 2 V (c) 1.8 V (d) 2.05 V
emf of the Cell and Internal Resistance of a Cell
Sol. (a) The circuit diagram is ● If no current is drawn from the cell, i.e. the cell is in
10 kΩ open circuit, so emf of the cell will be equal to the

V terminal potential difference of the cell.
i = 0 or V = e
A
400Ω
B
800Ω
● Consider a cell of emf e and internal resistance r is
connected across an external resistance R.
+ –
e
Current drawn from the cell, i =
6V R+r
where, e = emf of the cell, R = external resistance nr

Total resistance, Req = R +
and r = internal resistance of a cell; m
æe ö ne
and r = ç - 1÷ R Hence, i=
èV ø nr
R+
m
Grouping of Cells Example 12. In the given circuit, an ideal voltmeter
Series Grouping Suppose n cells each of emf e and connected across the 10 W resistance reads 2 V. The internal
internal resistance r are connected in series as shown in resistance r, of each cell is [JEE Main 2019]
figure, then net emf = ne
15 Ω
ε r ε r ε r
2Ω
i
10 Ω
R
Total resistance = nr + R 1.5 V, 1.5 V
Net emf rΩ rΩ
\Current in the circuit = (a) 1.5 W (b) 0.5 W
Total resistance
(c) 1 W (d) 0 W
ne
or i=
nr + R Sol. (b) For the given circuit,
i A 15Ω B 2Ω i
Note If polarity of m cells is reversed, then equivalent emf
( n - 2m) e i1
eeq = ( n - 2m)e while total resistance is still nr + R, so i = . i2
10Ω
nr + R
Parallel Grouping Let n cells each of emf e and
internal resistance r are connected in parallel as shown rΩ rΩ
in figure, then net emf = e
ε r 1.5 V 1.5 V
Given, VAB = 2V
ε r
Equivalent resistance between A and B is
1 1 1 1
= + =
RAB 10 15 6
ε r
Þ RAB = 6 W
i i
\Equivalent resistance of the entire circuit is,
R
R eq = 6 W + 2 W + 2 r = 8 + 2r
Now, current passing through the circuit is given as
r
Total resistance = +R e e
n i = net = net
R + req Req
Net emf
\ Current in the circuit, i = where, R is external resistance, req is net internal resistance and
Total resistance
e net is the emf of the cells.
e
or i= Here, enet = 15. + 15. = 3V
R + r/ n
req = r + r = 2r
Mixed Grouping If n identical cells are in a row and 3
Þ i=
such m rows are connected in parallel as shown, then net 8 + 2r
emf = ne
Also, reading of the voltmeter,
ε r ε r ε r
1 V = 2V = i × RAB
æ 3 ö
2 2=ç ÷ ´6
è 8 + 2r ø
Þ 8 + 2r = 9
m i i 1
R or r = = 0.5 W
2
Example 13. For the circuit shown with R1 = 10

. W, This rule is based on conservation of electric charge.
R2 = 2.0 W, e1 = 2 V and e 2 = e3 = 4 V, the potential difference Loop Rule The algebraic sum of the potential
between the points a and b is approximately (in volt) differences in any closed circuit is zero.
[JEE Main 2019] i.e. S DV = 0
R1 a R1 closed loop
ε3 This law is based on conservation of energy.

R2
ε1 R1 Sign Convention in Kirchhoff’s Laws
ε2
In applying the loop rule, we need sign convention as
R1 b discussed below
(a) 2.7 (b) 2.3 (c) 3.7 (d) 3.3 (i) When we travel through a source in the direction
from –ve to +ve, the emf is considered to be
Sol. (d) Given circuit is
positive.
1Ω 1Ω ε
a A B
Path V= + ε
2V 2Ω 4V (a)
4V (ii) When we travel from +ve to -ve, the emf is
considered to be negative.
1Ω b 1Ω ε
A B
Above circuit can be viewed as
Path V = − ε
2V 2Ω (b)
(iii) When we travel through a resistor in the same
a b direction as the assumed current, the iR term is
4V 2Ω negative because the current goes in the direction
of decreasing potential.
4V 2Ω R i
A B
This is a parallel combination of three cells or in other words, a Path
parallel grouping of three cells with internal resistances. (c)
e1 e 2 e3 (iv) When we travel through a resistor in the direction
+ +
ieq r r2 r3 opposite to the assumed current, the iR term is
So, Vab = e eq = = 1
req 1 1 1 positive because this represents a rise of potential.
+ +
r1 r2 r3 R i
2 4 4 A B
+ + Path
=2 2 2 (d)
1 1 1
+ +
2 2 2 Example 14. When the switch S in the circuit shown is
10 closed, then the value of current i will be
= V » 3.3 V
3
20 V i1 C i2 10 V
A 2Ω 4Ω B
Kirchhoff’s Laws i
Many complex electrical circuits cannot be reduced to 2Ω
simple series or parallel combinations. S
However, such circuits can be analysed by applying two V=0 [JEE Main 2019]
rules, devised by Kirchhoff which are as follows (a) 4A (b) 3A (c) 2A (d) 5A
Junction Rule The sum of the currents meeting at any
junction in a closed circuit is zero, i. e. S i = 0 Sol. (d) When the switch S is closed, the circuit hence formed is
junction given in the figure below
VA=20 V 2Ω VC 4Ω VB=10 V
i2
i1
A i1 C i2 B
i
i3
i4 2Ω
In figure, i1 + i2 = i3 + i4 V=0
Then, according to Kirchhoff’s current law, which states that the

sum of all the currents directed towards a point in a circuit is
Electrical Power
equal to the sum of all the currents directed away from that point. It is defined as the rate of electrical energy supplied per
Since, in the above circuit, that point is C. unit time to maintain flow of electric current through a
\ i1 + i2 = i conductor.
VA - VC VB - VC VC - V V2
Þ + = Mathematically, P = Vi = i 2R =
2 4 2 R
(Q using Ohm‘ s law, V = iR) The SI unit of power is watt (W), where
20 - VC 10 - VC VC - 0
or + = 1 watt = 1 volt ´ 1 ampere = 1 ampere-volt.
2 4 2
Þ 20 - VC + (10 - VC )2 = VC Þ 40 = VC + 3VC
The bigger units of electrical power are kilowatt (kW)
and megawatt (MW)
40 = 4 VC or VC = 10 V
V 10 where, 1kW = 1000 W and 1 MW = 106 W
\ Current, i = C = = 5A
2 2 Commercial unit of electrical power is horse power (hp)
where, 1 hp = 74 6 watt.
Example 15. In the given circuit, currents in different
branches and value of one resistor are shown. Then, potential
at point B with respect to the point A is
Heating Effects of Current
[JEE Main 2020] When some potential difference V is applied across a
2V resistance R and charge q to flow through the circuit in
E D
B time t, the heat absorbed or produced, is given by
1A
V 2t
2Ω W = qV = Vit = i 2Rt = joule
R
A F Vit i 2Rt V 2t
C 2A or = = = cal
1V 4.2 4.2 4.2 R
(a) +2 V (b) -2 V where, J is the Joule’s mechanical equivalent of
(c) -1V (d) +1V heat (4.21 J/cal).
Sol. (d) The given circuit can be drawn as
Electricity Consumption
2V
1A D 2A To measure the electrical energy consumed commercially,
E B
1A i3 joule is not sufficient. So, to express electrical energy
2Ω consumed commercially a special unit kilo-watt-hour is
used in place of joule. It is also called 1 unit of electrical
i1=1A energy.
A F
C
1V i2=2A 1 kilowatt hour or 1 unit of electrical energy is the
Current in branch DC (using KCL at point C), amount of energy dissipated in 1 hour in a circuit, when
i1 + i3 = i2 the electric power in the circuit is 1 kilowatt.
2 - 1 - i3 = 0 1 kilowatt hour (kWh) = 3.6 ´ 106 joule (J)
i3 = 1 A
Now, while moving from A to Bvia C and D, the potential along Example 16. A current of 2 mA was passed through an
ACDB, unknown resistor which dissipated a power of 4.4 W.
VA + 1 + 2 ´ i3 - 2 = VB Þ VB - VA = 1V Dissipated power when an ideal power supply of 11 V is
connected across it is [JEE Main 2019]
Electrical Energy (a) 11 ´ 10 -4 W (b) 11 ´ 10 -5 W
The total work done or energy supplied by the source in (c) 11 ´ 10 5 W (d) 11 ´ 10 -3 W
maintaining the current in electric circuit for a given
time is called electric energy consumed in the circuit. Sol. (b) Power dissipated by any resistor R,
V 2 when i current flows through it is, P = i 2R … (i)
Electric energy, W = Vit = i 2Rt = t -3
R Given, i = 2 mA = 2 ´ 10 A and P = 4.4 W
Its Sl unit is joule (J). Using Eq. (i), we get
4.4 = (2 ´ 10 - 3) 2 ´ R
where, 1 joule = 1 volt ´ 1 ampere ´ 1 second
4.4
= 1 watt ´ 1 second or R= …(ii)
4 ´ 10 - 6
When this resistance R is connected with 11 V Now, from Ohm’s law, V = iR

supply, then power dissipated is, 2.5 = iR
V2 iR = 2.5 …(ii)
P=
R and given that, PR = 0.5, i 2R = 0.5 …(iii)
(11) 2 Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
or P= ´ 4 ´ 10 - 6
4.4 ir 0.5 r 1
= Þ = …(iv)
[Q using Eq. (ii)] iR 2.5 R 5
11 ´ 11 ´ 4 ´ 10 - 6 Pr i 2r
Þ P= W Now, =
44 ´ 10 - 1 PR i 2R
or P = 11 ´ 10 - 5 W Þ
Pr
=
r
0.5 R
Example 17. In a building, there are 15 bulbs of 45 W, Pr 1
Þ =
15 bulbs of 100 W, 15 small fans of 10 W and 2 heaters of 0.5 5
1 kW. The voltage of electric main is 220 V. The minimum Þ Pr = 0 .10 W
fuse capacity (rated value) of the building will be
[JEE Main 2020] Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
(a) 25 A (b) 10 A
It states that the power output across load due to a cell or
(c) 20 A (d) 15 A or battery is maximum, if the load (external) resistance is
Sol. (c) Power of 15 bulbs (each of 45 W), equal to the effective internal resistance of cell of battery.
It means, when the effective internal resistance of cell or
P1 = 15 ´ 45 = 675 W a battery is equal to external load resistance in a circuit,
Power of 15 bulbs (each of 100 W), the efficiency of battery or cell is maximum.
P2 = 15 ´ 100 = 1500 W
Power of 15 fans (each of 10 W), Example 19. A cell of internal resistance r drives current
P3 = 15 ´ 10 = 150 W through an external resistance R. The power delivered by the
Power of 2 heaters (each of 1 kW), cell to the external resistance will be maximum when
P4 = 2 ´ 1000 = 2000 W (a) R = 2r (b) R = r [JEE Main 2019]
Total power usage of building, (c) R = 0.001 r (d) R = 1000 r
P = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 = 4325 W Sol. (b) Given circuit is shown in the figure below
Using P = V × i, current drawn from mains supply of 220 V, ε,r
P 4325
i= = = 19.66 A
V 220
\Minimum fuse capacity required is 20 A. I
Example 18. A battery of 3.0 V is connected to a resistor

dissipating 0.5 W of power. If the terminal voltage of the R
battery is 2.5 V, the power dissipated within the internal e
Net current, I= …(i)
resistance is [JEE Main 2020] R+r
2
(a) 0.072 W (b) 0.125 W æ e ö
Power across R is given as, P = I 2R = ç ÷ ×R [using Eq. (i)]
(c) 0.50 W (d) 0.10 W èR + r ø
Sol. (d) Using Kirchhoff ’s loop law, dP
For the maximum power, =0
V = e - ir dR
2.5 = 3 - ir dP d æç æ e ö
2 ö d æ R ö
Þ ir = 0.5 …(i) Þ = ç ÷ × R÷ = e 2 ç ÷
ç
dR dR è è R + r ø ÷ dR è (R + r) 2 ø
ø
i R i
é (R + r) 2 ´ 1 - 2R ´ (R + r) ù
V=2.5 V = e 2ê ú =0
i ë (R + r) 4 û
i
Þ (R + r) 2 = 2R(R + r)
+–
i ε=3 V r i or R + r = 2R Þ r = R
\The power delivered by the cell to the external resistance is
V=2.5 V maximum when R = r.
Assuming that the colour code for the carbon resistors gives
Wheatstone Bridge their accurate values, the colour code for the carbon resistor
It is an arrangement of four resistances used to measure used as R3 would be [JEE Main 2019]
one of them in terms of other three. (a) brown, blue, black
i1 B
(b) brown, blue, brown
P Q (c) grey, black, brown
P i1
(d) red, green, brown
A C
G Q Sol. (b) The value of R1 (orange, red, brown)
i2 i2
S2 = 32 ´ 10 = 320 W
R S
I i Given, R2 = 80 W and R4 = 40 W
D In balanced Wheatstone bridge condition,
E
R1 R3
=
S1 R2 R4
The bridge is said to be balanced when deflection in R
Þ R3 = R4 ´ 1
galvanometer is zero, i.e. i g = 0. So, we have the balanced R2
condition as 40 ´ 320
Þ R3 =
P R 80
=
Q S or R3 = 160 W
= 16 ´ 10 1
Example 20. Four resistances of 15 W, 12 W, 4 W and
Comparing the value of R3 with the colours assigned for the
10 W respectively in cyclic order to form Wheatstone’s carbon resistor, we get
network. The resistance that is to be connected in parallel 1
R3=16 × 10
with the resistance of 10 W to balance the network is
Brown
[JEE Main 2020] Blue Brown
(a) 4 W (b) 7 W
(c) 10 W (d) 12 W
Meter Bridge
A meter bridge is slide wire bridge or Carey Foster
Sol. (c) Cyclic order and resistance X W which is connected to bridge. It is an instrument which work on the principle
obtain balance condition is as shown in the figure. of Wheatstone bridge.
B It consists of a straight and uniform wire along a meter
15 Ω 12 Ω scale (AC) and by varying the taping point B as shown in
figure, the bridge is balanced.
A C
R S
4Ω
10 Ω B
X
D
G
æ 10 X ö
ç ÷
15 è10 + X ø 10 X A D C
For balance, = Þ =5
12 4 10 + X I1 I1
Þ X = 10 W
Meter scale
Example 21. The Wheatstone bridge shown in figure here,
gets balanced when the carbon resistor is used as R1 has the
colour code (orange, red, brown). The resistors R2 and R4 are V K
80 W and 40 W, respectively. R l1
In balanced condition, =
S (100 - l1 )
R1 R2
l1
or R=S
G 100 - l1
R3 R4 where, l1 is the length of the wire from one end, where null
point is obtained. The bridge is most sensitive, when null
+ – point is somewhere near the middle point of the wire.
K
Example 22. In a meter bridge experiment, the circuit E
diagram and the corresponding observation table are shown – + + –
A
in figure [JEE Main 2019] Rh
X 400
R
B
Resistance
box 300
Unknown
G resistance
200
l
K A 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
E
Meter rod R
S. No. R (W) l (cm) + G−
1. 1000 60 The principle of potentiometer states that, when a

2. 100 13 constant amount of current flows through a wire of
uniform cross-section, then the potential drop across the
3. 10 1.5
wire is directly proportional to its length,
4. 1 1.0 i.e. V µl
Which of the readings is inconsistent? Þ V = kl
(a) 3 (b) 2 where, k is known as potential gradient.
(c) 1 (d) 4 SI unit of k is Vm -1.
Sensitivity of potentiometer is increased by increasing
Sol. (d) Unknown resistance ‘X’ in meter bridge experiment is
given by length of potentiometer wire.
æ100 - l ö
X=ç ÷R Applications of Potentiometer
è l ø
Case I When R = 1000 W and l = 60 cm, then Potentiometer can be used for following purpose
● To Compare the emf’s of Two Cells using
(100 - 60) 40 ´ 1000
X= ´ 1000 = Potentiometer The arrangement of two cells of emfs
60 60
2000 e1 and e 2 which are to be compared is shown in the
Þ X= W » 667 W figure below
3 K
Case II When R = 100 W and l = 13 cm, then ε
– + + –
æ100 - 13 ö 100 ´ 87 A
X=ç ÷ ´ 100 =
è 13 ø 13 Rh
8700 400
= W » 669 W B
13
J 300
Case III When R = 10 W and l = 15 . cm, then
æ 100 - 15
. ö 98.5 200
X=ç ÷ ´ 10 = ´ 10
è 15 . ø 15
.
9850
= W » 656 W A 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
15
+ – 1
Case IV When R = 1 W and l = 10 . cm, then ε1 Meter rod
G R
- + – 3
æ 100 1 ö
X=ç ÷ ´1 ε2 2
è 1 ø
\ X = 99 W If the plug is put in the gap between 1 and 3, we get
Thus, from the above cases, it can be concluded that, value e1 = ( x l1 ) i …(i)
calculated in case (4) is inconsistent. where, x = resistance per unit length.
Similarly, when the plug is put in the gap between 2
Potentiometer and 3, we get
It is an ideal device used to measure the potential e 2 = ( x l2 ) i …(ii)
difference between two points. It consists of a long From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
resistance wire AB of uniform cross-section in which a e1 l1
or =
steady direct current is set up by means of a battery. e 2 l2
● Determination of Internal Resistance of a Cell Now, 1.02 V is balanced against 51 cm length, so potential
using Potentiometer The arrangement is shown in gradient of wire PQ is;
figure 1.02 V
Potential gradient = Fall of potential per unit length =
51 cm
ε′ K1 = 0.02 V/cm
– + + –
A
Rh Example 24. In the circuit shown, a four-wire
400 potentiometer is made of a 400 cm long wire, which extends
B between A and B. The resistance per unit length of the
J 300 potentiometer wire is r = 0.01 W/cm. If an ideal voltmeter is
connected as shown with jockey J at 50 cm from end A, the
200 expected reading of the voltmeter will be [JEE Main 2019]
1.5 V, 1.5 V, V
0.5 Ω 0.5 Ω
A 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 A
50 cm
ε
G R
K2 R=1Ω
S
B
When K 2 is kept out, e = xl1i 100 cm
But if by inserting key K 2 and introducing some
(a) 0.20 V (b) 0.75 V
resistance S (say), then potential difference V is balanced
(c) 0.25 V (d) 0.50 V
by a length l2, where V = kl2
e-V l - l2 Sol. (c) In given potentiometer, resistance per unit length is
Internal resistance of cell, r = R= 1 R x = 0.01 Wcm-1.
V l2
1.5 V, 1.5 V, V
Example 23. A potentiometer wire PQ of 1 m length is 0.5 Ω 0.5 Ω A
connected to a standard cell e1. Another cell e 2 of emf 1.02 V
is connected with a resistance r and switch S (as shown in 50 cm
figure). With switch S open, the null position is obtained at a
distance of 49 cm from Q. The potential gradient in the
R=1Ω
potentiometer wire is [JEE Main 2020]
ε1 B
100 cm
I Length of potentiometer wire is L = 400 cm

P Q
Net resistance of the wire AB is
r
G RAB = resistance per unit length ´ length of AB
= 0.01 ´ 400
ε2 S Þ RAB = 4 W
(a) 0.02 V/cm (b) 0.01 V/cm Net internal resistance of the cells connected in series,
(c) 0.03 V/cm (d) 0.04 V/cm r = 0.5 + 0.5 = 1W
\Current in given potentiometer circuit is
Sol. (a) Resistance r limits current through e 2 when there is no Net emf
balance situation. I=
Total resistance
But at balance point, no current flows through galvanometer G Net emf
and e 2, so r does not affects the position of balance point as shown =
r + R + RAB
in figure.
3
ε1 =
1+ 1+ 4
= 0.5 A
100 cm
51 cm I 49 cm Reading of voltmeter when the jockey is at
P Q
50 cm (l¢ ) from one end A,
1.02 V r V = IR = I( xl ¢ )
G
= 0.5 ´ 0.01 ´ 50
ε2 S = 0.25 V
Practice Exercise
ROUND I Topically Divided Problems
Electric Current and Drift Velocity 7. The resistance of a 10 m long wire is 10W. Its length
1. The current flowing through a wire depends on time is increased by 25% by stretching the wire uniformly.
as i = 3 t2 + 2 t + 5. The charge flowing the The resistance of wire will change to (approximately)
cross-section of the wire in time from t = 0 to t = 2 s is (a) 12.5 W (b) 14.5 W (c) 15.6 W (d) 16.6 W
(a) 21 C (b) 10 C (c) 22 C (d) 1 C 8. Masses of the three wires of same material are in
2. There is a current of 0.21 A in a copper wire whose the ratio of 1 : 2 : 3 and their lengths in the ratio of
area of cross-section is 10-6 m 2 . If the number of 3 : 2 : 1. Electrical resistance of these wires will be
free electrons per m 3 is 8.4 ´ 1028 , then find the in the ratio of
(a) 1 : 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 : 3
drift velocity. (Take, e = 1.6 ´ 10–19 C)
-5 -1 -5 -1 (c) 9 : 4 : 1 (d) 27 : 6 : 1
(a) 2 × 10 ms (b) 1.56 × 10 ms
(c) 1 × 10 -5 ms -1 (d) 0.64 × 10 -5 ms -1 9. Two conductors are made of the same material and
have the same length. Conductor A is a solid wire
3. Two wires of the same material but of different of diameter 1 mm. Conductor B is a hollow tube of
diameters carry the same current i. If the ratio of outer diameter 2 mm and inner diameter 1mm.
their diameters is 2 : 1, then the corresponding What is the ratio of resistances R A to RB ?
ratio of their mean drift velocities will be (a) 1 : 3 (b) 3 : 1
(a) 4 : 1 (b) 1 : 1 (c) 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 4
(c) 2 : 3 (d) 3 : 2
4. Every atom makes one free electron in copper. If 10. A metal rod of length 10 cm and a rectangular
1.1 A current is flowing in the wire of copper 1
having 1 mm diameter, then the drift velocity cross-section of 1 cm ´ cm is connected to a
2
(approx.) will be (Take, density of copper battery across opposite faces. The resistance will be
= 9 ´ 103 kg m -3 and atomic weight of copper = 63 )
(a) maximum when the battery is connected across
(a) 0.1 mms -1 (b) 0.2 mms -1 1
1 cm ´ cm
(c) 0.3 mms -1 (d) 0.2 cms -1 2
(b) maximum when the battery is connected across
5. A straight conductor of uniform cross-section
10 cm ´ 1 cm faces
carries a current i. If s is the specific charge of an
(c) maximum when the battery is connected across
electron, the momentum of all the free electrons per 1
10 cm ´ cm faces
unit length of the conductor, due to their drift 2
velocity only is (d) same irrespective of the three faces
(a) is (b) i /s (c) i /s (d) (i /s) 2
11. Consider four conducting materials copper,
tungsten, mercury and aluminium with resistivity
Resistance and Resistivity r C , r T , r M and r A , respectively. Then, [JEE Main 2020]
6. The current i and voltage V graphs for a given (a) r A > rT > rC (b) r A > rM > rC
metallic wire at two different temperatures T1 and (c) rC > r A > rT (d) rM > r A > rC
T2 are shown in the figure. It is concluded that
12. A resistance is shown in the figure. Its value and
i
T2 tolerance are given respectively by [ JEE Main 2019]
Red Orange
T1
V Violet Silver
(a) 270 W, 5% (b) 27 k W, 20%
(a) T1 > T2 (b) T1 < T2 (c) T1 = T2 (d) T1 = 2T1
(c) 27 k W, 10% (d) 270 k W, 10%
13. Resistance of a resistor at temperature t° C is 18. The resistance across R and Q in the figure.
Rt = R0 (1 + at + bt2 ) A
Here, R0 is the resistance at 0°C. The temperature
coefficient of resistance at temperature t° C is
(1 + at + bt 2) r r
(a) (b) (a + 2 bt )
a + 2bt r r
r
a +2 bt (a + 2 bt )
(c) (d)
(1 + at + bt 2) 2(1 + at + bt )
R B r C Q
14. A silver wire has a resistance of 2.1 W at 27.5 °C
and a resistance of 2.7 W at 100 °C. Determine the (a) r/3 (b) r/2 (c) 2 r (d) 6r
temperature coefficient of resistivity of silver. 19. What is the equivalent resistance across the points
(a) 0.049/°C A and B in the circuit given below ?
(b) 0.0049/°C
(c) 0.0039/°C C
(d) 0.039/°C 10Ω
B
15. A copper wire of length 1 m and radius 1 mm is
joined in series with an iron wire of length 2 m and 10Ω 16Ω
radius 3 mm and a current is passed through the
wires. The ratio of the current density in the copper 12Ω
and iron wires is 10Ω 2.5Ω A
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 6 : 1 D E
(c) 9 : 1 (d) 18 : 1
(a) 8 W (b) 12 W
Grouping of Resistors (c) 16 W (d) 32 W
16. Six equal resistances each of 4W are connected to 20. The current i1 (in ampere) flowing through 1W
form a figure. The resistance between two corners resistor in the following circuit is
A and B is 1Ω
i1
4Ω 2Ω
A B 1Ω
4Ω
4Ω
O 2Ω
4Ω
4Ω 1V
[JEE Main 2020]
D C (a) 0.25 (b) 0.4
4Ω
(c) 0.5 (d) 0.2
(a) 4 W (b) (4/3) W
(c) 12 W (d) 2 W Grouping of Cells
17. The effective resistance between points A and B is 21. The strength of current in a wire of resistance R
R C 2R B
will be the same for connection in series or in
A
parallel of n identical cells each of the internal
resistance r, when
(a) R = nr (b) R = r /n
2R
(c) R = r (d) R ® ¥ , r ® 0
R
22. n identical cells, each of emf e and internal
resistance r, are connected in series, a cell A is
joined with reverse polarity. The potential
D difference across each cell, except A is
R 2 ne (n - 2)e
(a) R (b) (a) (b)
3 n -2 n
2R 3R (n - 1)e 2e
(c) (d) (c) (d)
3 5 n n
23. Two cells of emf 2E and E with internal resistances 28. In the circuit shown the current through 2 W
r1 and r2 respectively are connected in series to an resistance is
external resistor R (see figure). The value of R, at
+ +
which the potential difference across the terminals 5W 10 W 20 V
10 V – –
of the first cell becomes zero is [JEE Main 2021]
2E E 2W
(a) 5 A (b) 2 A (c) 0 (d) 4 A
29. In the given circuit diagram, a wire is joining
points B and D. The current in this wire is
[JEE Main 2020]
R 1Ω B 2Ω
r1 r1
(a) r1 + r2 (b) - r2 (c) + r2 (d) r1 - r2 A C
2 2 4Ω 3Ω
24. To get a maximum current through a resistance of D
2.5 W, one can use m rows of cells each row having
n cells. The internal resistance of each cell is 0.5W.
What are the values of m and n, if the total number 20 V
of cells are 20? (a) 0.4 A (b) zero (c) 2A (d) 4A
(a) m = 2 , n = 10 (b) m = 4, n = 5
30. For the given circuit,
(c) m = 5 , n = 4 (d) n = 2 , m = 10 + –
25. The series combination of two batteries, both of the 20 V, 1.5 W
same emf 10 V, but different internal resistance of 3W 2W
P
20 W and 5 W, is connected to the parallel
combination of two resistors 30 W and R W. The
voltage difference across the battery of internal
2W Q 3W
resistance 20 W is zero, the value of R(in W) is
[JEE Main 2020] If internal resistance of cell is 1.5 W, then
(a) 15 (b) 30 (c) 45 (d) 60 (a) VP - VQ = 0 (b) VP - VQ = 4 V
(c) VP - VQ = - 4 V (d) VP - VQ = - 2.5 V
Kirchhoff’s Law
31. In the given circuit, the cells have zero internal
26. In the given circuit diagram, the currents
resistance. The currents (in ampere) passing
i1 = - 0.3 A, i4 = 08
. A and i5 = 0.4 A, are
through resistances R1 and R2 respectively are
flowing as shown. The currents i2 , i3 and i6
[JEE Main 2019]
respectively are [JEE Main 2019]
P i6 Q
i3 R1 20 Ω R2 20 Ω
– + + –
i5 i2 i1
S i R 10 V 10 V
4
(a) 0.5, 0 (b) 1, 2 (c) 2, 2 (d) 0, 1
(a) 1.1 A, 0.4 A, 0.4 A (b) 1.1 A, - 0.4 A, 0.4 A
(c) 0.4 A, 1.1 A, 0.4 A (d) - 0.4 A, 0.4 A, 1.1 A 32. In the circuit shown in figure, if the ammeter reads
2 A. Then, i1 and i2 are
27. For the given circuit, terminal potential differences
15 V
of cells are around
+ –
18 V
– + 7W
r2 = 2 W
A
R = 6.6 W 5W
r1 = 1 W + –
– + 2W E
12 V (a) i1 = 1.8 A, i 2 = 0.2 A (b) i1 = 0.8 A, i 2 = 1.2 A
(a) 15 V, 10 V (b) 12 V, 15 V
(c) i1 = 0.75 A, i 2 = 1.25 A (d) i1 = 0.714 A, i 2 = 1.29 A
(c) 6 V, 12 V (d) 17 V, 13 V
33. For the given network, mark the correct statement. 37. For two incandescent bulbs of rated power P1 and
3W P2 , if P1 > P2 , then
i2 i3 (a) filament of bulb 1 is more thicker than filament of
i1 bulb 2
5W 1W (b) filament of bulb 1 is thinner than the filament of
8W bulb 2
1W (c) filament of both bulbs is of same thickness
+
+ (d) rated power of a bulb is independent of filament
– 12 V
–4V thickness
(a) Current through 8 W resistor is 846 mA. 38. A heating filament of 500 W, 115 V is being
(b) Current through 1 W resistor is 846 mA. operated at 110 V, percentage drop in output power
(c) Current through 1 W resistor is 400 mA. (with comparison to rated output power) is
(d) Current through 3 W resistor is 2 A. (a) 10.20% (b) 8.1% (c) 8.6% (d) 7.6%
34. For the given circuit, potential difference between 39. Power of a heater is 500 W at 800°C. What will be
points c and f is its power at 200°C, if a = 4 ´ 10-4 per°C?
4 kW (a) 484 W (b) 672 W (c) 526 W (d) 620 W
b c d
+ i2 + + 40. A wire when connected to 220 V mains supply has
E
– 70 V – 60 V – 80 V power dissipation P1. Now, the wire is cut into two
i3 equal pieces which are connected in parallel to the
i1 3 kW
same supply. Power dissipation in this case is P2 .
a Then, P2 : P1 is
2 kW f e
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 4 : 1
(a) V c - V f = 69.2 V (b) V c - V f = - 69.2 V (c) 2 : 1 (d) 3 : 1
(c) V c - V f = 48.3 V (d) V c - V f = - 48.3 V 41. In a large building, there are 15 bulbs of 40 W,
35. For the circuit given below, the charge on the 5 bulbs of 100 W, 5 fans of 80 W and 1 heater of
capacitor is 1 kW. The voltage of the electric mains is 220 V.
– + The minimum capacity of the main fuse of the
5W 4V building will be [JEE Main 2014]
3W (a) 8 A (b) 10 A
5W (c) 12 A (d) 14 A
8V
+ – 42. An electrical power line, having a total resistance of
2 W, delivers 1 kW at 220 V. The efficiency of the
– + + –
6 mF transmission line is approximately [JEE Main 2020]
3V (a) 91% (b) 85%
(a) 45 mC (b) 75 mC (c) 96% (d) 72%
(c) 66 mC (d) 78 mC 43. Two electric bulbs rated at 25 W, 220 V and 100 W,
220 V are connected in series across a 220 V voltage
Electrical Energy and Power source. If the 25 W and 100 W bulbs draw powers P1
36. For the circuit shown, energy stored by the and P2 respectively, then [JEE Main 2019]
capacitor is (a) P1 = 16 W, P2 = 4W (b) P1 = 4 W, P2 = 16W
1A (c) P1 = 9 W, P2 = 16W (d) P1 = 16 W, P2 = 9W
3W
44. The resistive network shown below is connected to
+ – 3W 5W
a DC source of 16 V. The power consumed by the
2A 4V network is 4 W. The value of R is [JEE Main 2019]
4 mF 1W
4R 6R
1W R R
2A 2W 4W 4R 12 R
3W
1A ε = 16 V
(a) around 0.3 mJ (b) around 0.5 mJ (a) 6 W (b) 8 W
(c) around 0.8 mJ (d) around 0.1 mJ (c) 1 W (d) 16 W
45. A resistor develops 500 J of thermal energy in 20s 49. In a Wheatstone bridge (see figure), resistances P
when a current of 1.5 A is passed through it. If the and Q are approximately equal. When R = 400 W,
current is increased from 1.5 A to 3A, what will be the bridge is balanced. On interchanging P and Q ,
the energy developed in 20 s? [JEE Main 2021] the value of R for balance is 405 W. The value of X
(a) 1500 J (b) 1000 J (c) 500 J (d) 2000 J is close to
B
46. A torch battery of length l is to be made up of a thin
P Q
cylindrical bar of radius a and a concentric thin
cylindrical shell of radius b is filled in between with G
A C
an electrolyte of resistivity r (see figure). If the
battery is connected to a resistance R, the K2
R X
maximum Joule’s heating in R will takes place for
D
K1
[JEE Main 2019]
l ρ (a) 404.5 W (b) 401.5 W (c) 402.5 W (d) 403.5 W
50. On interchanging the resistances, the balance point
of a meter bridge shifts to the left by 10 cm. The
a
resistance of their series combination is 1 kW. How
b [JEE Main 2020] much was the resistance on the left slot before
r æ bö r æ bö
(a) R = ç ÷ (b) R = ln ç ÷ interchanging the resistances? [JEE Main 2018]
2 pl è a ø 2 pl è a ø (a) 990 W (b) 505 W (c) 550 W (d) 910 W
r æ bö 2r æ b ö
(c) R = ln ç ÷ (d) R = ln ç ÷ 51. In the experimental set up of meter bridge shown
pl è a ø pl è a ø
in the figure, the null point is obtained at a
Measuring Instruments distance of 40 cm from A. If a 10 W resistor is
connected in series with R1, the null point shifts by
47. Which of the following statements is false? 10 cm. The resistance that should be connected in
[JEE Main 2017]
parallel with ( R1 + 10) W such that the null point
(a) In a balanced Wheatstone bridge, if the cell and shifts back to its initial position is [JEE Main 2019]
the galvanometer are exchanged, the null point is
R1 R2
disturbed.
(b) A rheostat can be used as a potential divider.
(c) Kirchhoff ’s second law represents energy G
conservation. A B
(d) Wheatstone bridge is the most sensitive when all
the four resistances are of the same order of ()
magnitude.
(a) 60 W (b) 20 W (c) 30 W (d) 40 W
48. The four arms of a Wheatstone bridge have
52. In a meter bridge, the wire of length 1m has a
resistances as shown in the figure. A galvanometer
non-uniform cross-section such that the variation
of 15 W resistance is connected across BD. Calculate dR dR 1
the current through the galvanometer when a of its resistance R with length l is µ .
dl dl l
potential difference of 10 V is maintained across
Two equal resistance are connected as shown in the
AC. [JEE Main 2021]
figure. The galvanometer has zero deflection when
B
the jockey is at point P. What is the length AP?
0Ω
10
[JEE Main 2019]

Ω
10
A G C
R′ R′
60
5Ω
Ω
D G
P
10 V A B
l 1– l
(a) 2.44 mA (b) 2.44 mA (c) 4.87 mA (d) 4.87 mA (a) 0.3 m (b) 0.25 m (c) 0.2 m (d) 0.35 m
53. The length of a wire of a potentiometer is 100 cm 56. The resistance of the potentiometer wire AB in
and the emf of its stand and cell is e volt. It is given figure is 4 W. With a cell of emf e = 05
. V and
employed to measure the emf of a battery whose rheostat resistance Rh = 2 W . The null point is
internal resistance is 0.5 W. If the balance point is obtained at some point J. When the cell is replaced
obtained at l = 30 cm from the positive end, the emf by another one of emf e = e2 , the same null point J
of the battery is is found for Rh = 6 W. The emf e2 is [JEE Main 2019]
30e ε
(a)
100.5
30e
(b)
100 - 0.5 A B
J
30 (e - 0.5 i )
(c) , where i is the current in the
100
potentiometer wire 6V Rh
30e (a) 0.6 V (b) 0.3 V (c) 0.5 V (d) 0.4 V
(d)
100
57. A potentiometer wire AB having length L and
54. In a potentiometer experiment, the balancing with resistance 12 r is joined to a cell D of emf e and
a cell is at length 240 cm. On shunting the cell with e
internal resistance r. A cell C having emf and
a resistance of 2 W, the balancing length becomes 2
120 cm. The internal resistance of the cell is internal resistance 3 r is connected. The length AJ
(a) 1 W (b) 0.5 W at which the galvanometer as shown in figure
(c) 4 W (d) 2 W shows no deflection is
D (ε,r)
55. In a potentiometer experiment, it is found that no + –
current passes through the galvanometer when the
terminals of the cell are connected across 52 cm of A
J B
the potentiometer wire. If the cell is shunted by a
resistance of 5 W, a balance is found when the cell is +–
connected across 40 cm of the wire. Find the Cε G
,3 r
internal resistance of the cell. [JEE Main 2018] 2
(a) 1 W (b) 1.5 W 5 11 13 11
(a) L (b) L (c) L (d) L
(c) 2 W (d) 2.5 W 12 12 24 24
ROUND II Mixed Bag

Only One Correct Option 4. A conducting wire of length l, area of cross-section
1. The temperature dependence of resistances of Cu A and electric resistivity r is connected between the
and undoped Si in the temperature range terminals of a battery. A potential difference V is
300-400 K, is best described by [JEE Main 2016] developed between its ends, causing an electric
(a) linear increase for Cu, linear increase for Si current. If the length of the wire of the same
(b) linear increase for Cu, exponential increase for Si material is doubled and the area of cross-section is
(c) linear increase for Cu, exponential decrease for Si halved, resultant current would be [JEE Main 2021]
(d) linear decrease for Cu, linear decrease for Si 1 VA 3 VA
(a) (b)
2. An energy source will supply a constant current 4 rl 4 rl
into the load, if its internal resistance is 1 rl VA
(c) (d) 4
(a) equal to the resistance of the load 4 VA rl
(b) very large as compared to the load resistance
(c) zero 5. The resistance of the series combination of two
(d) non-zero but less than the resistance of the load resistors is S. When they are joined in parallel, the
total resistance is P. If S = nP, then the minimum
3. The length of a given cylindrical wire is increased by possible value of n is
100%. Due to the consequent decrease in diameter,
the change in the resistance of the wire will be (a) 4 (b) 3
(a) 200% (b) 100% (c) 50% (d) 300% (c) 2 (d) 1
6. A current of 10 A exists in a wire of cross sectional 12. A 5 V battery with internal resistance 2 W and a 2 V
area of 5 mm2 with a drift velocity of 2 ´ 10-3 ms-1. battery with internal resistance 1 W are connected
The number of free electrons in each cubic meter of to a 10 W resistor as shown in the figure
the wire is [JEE Main 2021]
P2
(a) 2 ´ 106 (b) 625 ´ 1025
(c) 2 ´ 1025 (d) 1 ´ 1023
7. A material B has twice the specific resistance of A. 5V
10 Ω
2V
A circular wire made of B has twice the diameter of 2Ω 1Ω
a wire made of A. Then, for the two wires to have
the same resistance, the ratio lB / l A of their
respective lengths must be P1
(a) 1 (b) 2/1 The current in the 10 W resistor is
(c) 1/4 (d) 2 (a) 0.27 A, P2 to P1 (b) 0.03 A , P1 to P2
8. A carbon resistor has a following colour code. What (c) 0.03 A , P2 to P1 (d) 0.27 A , P1 to P2
is the value of the resistance? [JEE Main 2019]
13. When 5V potential difference is applied across a
wire of length 0.1m, the drift speed of electrons is
G O Y Golden . ´ 10- 4 ms -1 . If the electron density in the wire is
25
(a) 5.3 MW ± 5% (b) 64 kW ± 10% 8 ´ 1028 m - 3 the resistivity of the material is close
(c) 6.4 MW ± 5% (d) 530 kW ± 5% to [JEE Main 2015]
(a) 1.6 ´ 10- 8 W-m (b) 1.6 ´ 10- 7 W-m
9. The value of current i1 flowing from A to C in the (c) 1.6 ´ 10- 6 W-m (d) 1.6 ´ 10- 5 W-m
circuit diagram is [JEE Main 2020]
14. The supply voltage to room is 120 V. The resistance
of the lead wires is 6 W. A 60 W bulb is already
8V B
switched on. What is the decrease of voltage across
i i the bulb, when a 240 W heater is switched on in
2Ω 2Ω
5Ω parallel to the bulb? [JEE Main 2013]
4 Ω i1 4 Ω (a) Zero (b) 2.9 V
A C
5Ω (c) 13.3 V (d) 10.04 V
2Ω 2Ω
15. Two equal resistances when connected in series to a
battery consume electric power of 60 W. If these
D
resistances are now connected in parallel
(a) 1 A (b) 5 A
combination to the same battery, the electric power
(c) 2 A (d) 4 A
consumed will be [JEE Main 2019]
10. In a Wheatstone’s bridge, three resistances (a) 60 W (b) 30 W
P, Q and R are connected in the three arms and the (c) 240 W (d) 120 W
fourth arm is formed by two resistances S1 and S2
16. Two sources of equal emf are connected to an
connected in parallel. The condition for the bridge
external resistance R. The internal resistances of
to be balanced will be
P 2R the two sources are R1 and R2 ( R2 > R1). If the
(a) = potential difference across the source having
Q S1 + S 2
internal resistance R2 is zero, then
P R (S1 + S 2) R2 ´ (R1 + R2)
(b) = (a) R = (b) R = R2 - R1
Q S1S 2 (R2 - R1 )
P R (S1 + S 2) R1R2 R1R2
(c) = (c) R = (d) R =
Q 2 S1S 2 (R1 + R2) (R2 - R1 )
P R
(d) =
Q S1 + S 2 17. An ideal battery of 4 V and resistance R are
connected in series in the primary circuit of a
11. A 2 W carbon resistor is colour coded with green, potentiometer of length 1 m and resistance 5 W.
black, red and brown, respectively. The maximum The value of R to give a potential difference of
current which can be passed through this resistor 5 mV across 10 cm of potentiometer wire is
is [JEE Main 2019] [JEE Main 2019]
(a) 0.4 mA (b) 63 mA (a) 395 W (b) 495 W
(c) 20 mA (d) 100 mA (c) 490 W (d) 480 W
18. In the given circuit diagram, when the current 23. In the given circuit, the internal resistance of the
reaches steady state in the circuit, the charge on 18 V cell is negligible. If R1 = 400 W, R3 = 100 W and
the capacitor of capacitance C will be R4 = 500 W and the reading of an ideal voltmeter
ε r across R4 is 5 V, then the value of R2 will be
[JEE Main 2019]
r1
R3 R4
C r2
[JEE Main 2017] R1 R2
r1 r2
(a) Ce (b) Ce
(r2 + r ) (r + r2)
r1
(c) Ce (d) Ce 18 V
(r1 + r )
(a) 550 W (b) 230 W
19. The total current supplied to the circuit by the (c) 300 W (d) 450 W
battery is
24. The actual value of resistance R , shown in the
figure is 30 W. This is measured in an experiment
2Ω V
6V 6Ω as shown using the standard formula R = , where
3Ω i
V and i are the readings of the voltmeter and
1.5 Ω ammeter, respectively. If the measured value of R
is 5% less, then the internal resistance of the
voltmeter is
(a) 1 A (b) 2 A (c) 4 A (d) 6 A
V
20. The current i drawn from the 5 V source will be
A
10Ω R
5Ω 10Ω 20Ω [JEE Main 2019]

(a) 600 W (b) 570 W
10Ω (c) 350 W (d) 35 W
i
25. Two conductors have the same resistance at 0°C
+– but their temperature coefficients of resistance are
5V a 1 and a 2 . The respective temperature coefficients
(a) 0.33 A (b) 0.5 A (c) 0.67 A (d) 0.17 A of their series and parallel combinations are nearly
a1 + a 2 a1 + a 2
(a) , a1 + a 2 (b) a1 + a 2,
21. In above figure shown, the current in the 10 V 2 2
battery is close to [JEE Main 2020] a1a 2 a1 + a 2 a1 + a 2
(c) a1 + a 2, (d) ,
5Ω a1 + a 2 2 2
26. Four resistances 40 W, 60 W, 90 W and 110 W make

10 Ω 10 V the arms of a quadrilateral ABCD. Across AC is a
20 V
battery of emf 40 V and internal resistance
2Ω 4Ω negligible. The potential difference across BD (in
volt) is
(a) 0.71 A from positive to negative terminal B
(b) 0.42 A from positive to negative terminal 40 Ω 60 Ω
(c) 0.21 A from positive to negative terminal
A C
(d) 0.36 A from negative to positive terminal
22. Two batteries with emf 12 V and 13 V are 90 Ω 110 Ω
connected in parallel across a load resistor of 10 W.
The internal resistances of the two batteries are 1 W D
and 2 W, respectively. The voltage across the load
40 V [JEE Main 2020]
lies between [JEE Main 2018]
(a) 1 (b) 2
(a) 11.6 V and 11.7 V (b) 11.5 V and 11.6 V
(c) 3 (d) 4
(c) 11.4 V and 11.5 V (d) 11.7 V and 11.8 V
27. Fig. (a) shows a meter bridge (which is nothing but 30. In the circuit shown, the potential difference
a practical Wheatstone bridge) consisting of two between A and B is [JEE Main 2019]
resistors X and Y together in parallel with one 1Ω 1V
metre long constant wire of uniform cross-section. M
5Ω 1Ω 2V 10Ω
X Y
A D C B
B 3V
1Ω
N
G
(a) 3 V (b) 1 V (c) 6 V (d) 2 V
A D C
31. Two cells of emf’s 2V and 1V and of internal
(a) resistances 1 W and 2W respectively, have their
positive terminals connected by a wire of 10W
With the help of a movable contact D, one can
resistance and their negative terminals by wire of
change the ratio of the resistances of the two
4W resistance. Another coil of 10W is connected
segments of the wire, until a sensitive
between the middle points of these wires. The
galvanometer G connected across B and D shows to
potential difference across the 10W coil is
deflection. The null point is found to be at a (a) 1.07 V (b) 2.03 V (c) 3.45 V (d) 4.25 Vs
distance of 33.7 cm from the end A. The resistance
Y is shunted by a resistance Y ¢ of 12.0 W [Fig. (b)] 32. Determine the charge on the capacitor in the
and the null point is found to shift by a distance of following circuit.
18.2 cm. Determine the resistances of X and Y.
X Y 6Ω 2Ω
B 12Ω 72V 4Ω 10Ω 10 µF
G
[JEE Main 2019]
A D C (a) 2 mC (b) 200 mC (c) 10 mC (d) 60 mC
(b) Numerical Value Questions

(a) Y = 13.5 W and X = 6.86 W 33. The number density of free electrons in a copper
(b) Y = 13.5 W and X = 5.86 W conductor is estimated as 8.5 ´ 1028 m - 3. How long
(c) Y = 11.5 W and X = 6.86 W does an electron take (in min) to drift from one end
(d) Y = 12.5 W and X = 6.86 W of a wire 3.0 m long to its other end? The area of
. ´ 10- 6 m2 and it is
cross-section of the wire is 20
28. A wire of resistance R is bent to form a square carrying a current of 3.0 A.
ABCD as shown in the figure. The effective
resistance between E and C is [E is mid-point of 34. A conducting open pipe has shape of a half cylinder
arm CD] [JEE Main 2019] of length L. Its semi-circular cross-section has
A B radius r and thickness of the conducting wall is
t( << r). The resistance of the conductor when the
current enters and leaves as shown in Fig. (a) is R1
and its resistance is R2 when the current is as
D E C shown in Fig. (b). Find the ratio of R1 / R2 .
7 3 1 (Take, L = 1 m, p2 = 10 and r = 01 . m)
(a) R (b) R (c) R (d) R
64 4 16 l
29. In the figure shown, what is the current (in
ampere) drawn from the battery? You are given t
l
R1
R1 = 15 W, R2 = 10 W, R3 = 20 W, R4 = 5 W, R5 = 25 W, R2
R6 = 30 W, e = 15 V [JEE Main 2019] L
R3
l (a)
(b)
R1
+
ε R2 R4 35. In the circuit shown in figure, AB is a uniform wire
–
of length L = 5 m. It has a resistance of 2 W/m.
When AC = 20 . m, it was found that the
R6 R5 galvanometer shows zero reading when switch S is
(a) 13/24 (b) 7/18 (c) 20/3 (d) 9/32 placed in either of the two positions 1 or 2.
Find the emf e1 (in volts). 37. Two wires of same length and thickness having
ε3=30 V ε2
specific resistance 6W cm and 3W cm respectively
1 2 are connected in parallel. The effective
S
resistivity is r W cm. The value of r, to the nearest
G
integer is ……… . [JEE Main 2021]
A B
C
38. The circuit shown in the figure consists of a
R=10 Ω charged capacitor of capacity 3 mF and a charge of
ε1 30 mC. At time t = 0, when the key is closed, the
value of current flowing through the 5 MW
36. An ideal cell of emf 10 V is connected in circuit resistor is x m-A. The value of x to the nearest
shown in figure. Each resistance is 2 W. The potential
integer is ………… .
difference (in volt) across the capacitor when it is
fully charged is C=3µF 5MΩ
8V
R1
q=30µC
C
R2 R5
R3
R4
[JEE Main 2021]
10 V [JEE Main 2020]
Answers
Round I
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (d)
21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (d)
31. (a) 32. (d) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (c) 39. (d) 40. (b)
41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (a) 44. (b) 45. (d) 46. (b) 47. (a) 48. (c) 49. (c) 50. (c)
51. (a) 52. (b) 53. (d) 54. (d) 55. (b) 56. (b) 57. (c)
Round II
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (b)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (d) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (d) 30. (d)
31. (a) 32. (b) 33. 453 34. 10 35. 150 36. 8 37. 4 38. 2
Solutions
Round I Given, R = 10 = rl / A
dq rl r 5l / 4 25 rl
1. We have, i = = 3t 2 + 2t + 5 and R1 = 1 = =
dt A1 4 A / 5 16 A
Þ dq = (3t 2 + 2t + 5)dt 25 250
2 or R1 = ´ 10 = = 15.6 W
\ q = ò (3t + 2t + 5) dt
2
16 16
0
2
æ 3t3 2t 2 ö é 3(2)3 (2)2 ù 8. Mass, M = Volume ´ Density = Al ´ d
=ç + + 5t ÷ =ê +2 + 5 ´ 2ú
è 3 2 ø or A = M / ld
0 ë 3 2 û
rl2d
= 8 + 4 + 10 = 22C Resistance, R = rl / A = rl / (M / ld ) =
M
2. \ vd = i /nAe = 0.21 / (8.4 ´ 1028 ´ 10-6 ´ 1.6 ´ 10–19 ) So, R µ l 2/ M
= 1.56 ´ 10 ms –5 –1
l12 l22 l32
Thus, R1 : R2 : R3 = : :
i i ´4 1 M1 M 2 M3
3. \ vd = = Þ vd µ 2
nAe npD 2e D 32 22 12
2 = : :
vd1 D2 æ 1 ö 1 1 2 3
Q = 22 = ç ÷ =
vd2 D1 è 2 ø 4 = 27 : 6 : 1
4. \ vd = i / n Ae rl ¢
9. We have, RA = -3
p (10 ´ 0.5)2
where, n = Nr / M
rl
= 6.023 ´ 1026 ´ 9 ´ 103 /63 RB =
p [(10–3 )2 - (0.5 ´ 10–3 )2]
= 0.860 ´ 1029 = 8.6 ´ 1028
22 RA (10-3 )2 - (0.5 ´ 10–3 )2
and A = pD 2/ 4 = ´ (10-3 )2/4 m2 Q = =3
7 RB (0.5 ´ 10–3 )2
11 \ RA : RB = 3 : 1
= ´ 10-6 m2
14 rl
1.1 10. We know that, R =
vd = A
11
8.6 ´ 1028 ´ ´ 10-6 ´ 1.6 ´ 10–19 (a) When the battery is connected across 1 cm ´ 1/2 cm
14 faces, then
1 100 ´ 10-4 r ´ 10
= = = 0.1 mms –1 l = 10 cm ; A = 1 ´ 1 /2 cm2, R1 = = 20 rW
9.6 ´ 10 +3
96 1 ´ 1 /2
5. \i = nAevd
i 1 cm
or vd = 2 1cm
nAe
Total number of free electrons in the unit length of 10cm
conductor, (b) When the battery is connected across 10 cm ´ 1 cm
N = nA ´ 1 1 r ´ 1 /2 r
faces, then l = cm ; A = 10 ´ 1 cm2, R2 = = W
Total linear momentum of all the free electrons per 2 10 ´ 1 20
unit length 1
i i i (c) When the battery is connected across 10cm ´ cm
= (Nm) vd = nAm ´ = = 2
nAe (e / m) s faces, then l = 1 cm;
6. Slope of the graph will give us reciprocal of resistance. r ´1 r
A = 10 ´ 1 /2 cm2, R3 = = W
Here, resistance at temperature T1 is greater than (10 ´ 1 /2) 5
that at T2. Since, resistance of metallic wire is more at
higher temperature, then at lower temperature, hence 11. Aluminium is more resistive than copper and mercury
T1 > T2. is most resistive of all.
25 5l So, rM > rA > rC
7. Given, l1 = l + l = . Since, volume of wire remains
100 4 12. Using colour code, resistance is
unchanged on increasing length, hence R = 27 ´ 103 W, ± 10%
Al = A1 ´ 5 l / 4 = 27 k W, ± 10%
or A1 = 4 A / 5
1 dR 18. Two resistances of each side of triangle are connected

13. Temperature coefficient of resistance =
Rt dt in parallel. Therefore, the effective resistance of each
1 d r´r r
= ´ [R0 (1 + at + bt 2)] arm of the triangle would be = = .
2
R0 (1 + at + bt ) dt r+r 2
a + 2 bt The two arms AB and AC are in series and they
= together are in parallel with third one.
1 + at + bt 2
\ R¢ = (r / 2) + (r / 2) = r
14. Given, resistance of silver wire at 27.5 °C, R27.5 = 2.1 W Total resistance,
Resistance of silver wire at 100 °C, R100 = 2.7 W 1 1 2 3
Let the temperature coefficient of silver be a. = + =
R r r r
Rt 2 - Rt1 r
a= Þ R=
R1 (t2 - t1 ) 3
R100 - R27.5 2.7 – 2.1 1 1 1 5 1
a= = 19. As, = + = = Þ R1 = 2 W
R27.5 (100 - 27.5) 2.1 ´ 72.5 R1 10 2.5 10 2
a = 0.0039/ °C Now, 2 W and 10 W are in series,
2 2
J1 i / pr12 ær ö æ3ö 9 R2 = 10 + 2 = 12 W
15. The ratio, = = ç 2÷ = ç ÷ =
J2 i / pr22 è r1 ø è1ø 1 1 1 1
R2 and 12 W are in parallel, = + Þ R3 = 6 W
R3 12 12
16. Equivalent circuit of this combination of resistances is
as shown in figure. The effective resistance of arm Now, R3 and 6 W are in series, R4 = 10 + 6 = 16 W
é4 ´4ù Now, R4 and 16 W are in parallel.
EG = 2 ´ ê =4 W
ë 4 + 4 úû \
1
=
1
+
1
R 16 16
4Ω
A B Þ R = 32 W
4Ω 4Ω 20. Given circuit is
i1 1Ω
E G 2Ω
4Ω 4Ω
C 1Ω
D C A B
2Ω
Total resistance between A and B will be + –
1 1 1 1 3 V=1V
= + + =
R 4 4 4 4 In given circuit V AB = 1 V, so upper branch of circuit is
4 as shown in below figure.
or R= W
3 i1 1Ω
i 2Ω
17. Here, points B and D are common. So, 2 R in arm DC
C
and 2 R in arm CB are in parallel between C and B.
1Ω
2 R ´2 R A B
Their effective resistance = =R
2R+2R Equivalent resistance of upper branch,
The modified and simpler circuit will be as shown in 1 5
Req = (1 W ||1 W ) + 2 W = + 2 = W
figure. The effective resistance between A and B is 2 2
R
So, current in upper branch,
A C V V AB 1 2
i= = = = A
R Req 5 / 2 5
At point C, this current is equally divided into two parts.
R 1 æ2ö
R So, i1 = ç ÷ = 0.2 A
2 è5ø
ne
B 21. In series combination of cells current, i =
nr + R
R ´ (R + R) 2 e
Reff = = R In parallel combination of cells, i ¢ =
R + (R + R) 3 (r /n ) + R
ne e ne Now, potential drop across combination of resistors,

If i = i ¢, then = =
nr + R (r /n ) + R r + nR V AB = (e1 + e 2) - i (r1 + r2)
It will be so if r = R. = 20 - 0.5 ´ (25) = 7.5 V
22. When one cell is wrongly connected in series, the emf Now, at junction B,
of cells decreases by 2 e, but internal resistances of i = i1 + i 2
cells remains the same for all the cells. 7.5 7.5
Þ 0.5 = +
(n - 2) e R 30
Current in the circuit is i = ´r
nr On solving, we get
Potential difference across each cell is R = 30 W
(n - 2) e 2e
V = e - ir = e - ´r = 26. Given circuit with currents is as shown in the figure
nr n
below, [in the question i1 = 0.3 A is given, due to it, we
23. 2E E change the direction of i1, in this figure]
r1 r2 i6 Q i1
i P
i3
R
i5=0.4 A
3E
i= i2
R + r1 + r2 S
R i1=0.3 A
i4=0.8 A
Total potential difference = 2E - ir1 = 0
2E = ir1 From Kirchhoff’s junction rule, Si = 0
3E ´ r1
2E = At junction S, i 4 = i5 + i3
R + r1 + r2
Þ 0.8 = 0.4 + i3
2R + 2r1 + 2r2 = 3r1
r Þ i3 = 0.4 A
R = 1 - r2
2 At junction P, i5 = i 6 Þ i 6 = 0.4 A
24. Here, mn = 20 At junction Q, i 2 = i1 + i3 + i 6 = 0.3 + 0.4 + 0.4 = 1 .1 A
For maximum current, R = nr/m 27. From Kirchhoff’s loop rule,
or 2.5 = n ´ 0.5 /m - i (2) + 18 - i (6.6) - 12 - i (1) = 0
or n =5m 6
Þ i= A
From Eq. (i), we get 9.6
m ´ 5 m = 20 Terminal voltage of 18 V battery,
or m2 = 4 V = e - ir1
or m =2 = 18 - i ´ 2
Therefore, n = 5 ´ 2 = 10 = 18 -0.625 ´ 2
25. Given arrangement of batteries and resistances is = 16.75 » 17 V
shown below For 12 V battery,
R
V = e + ir2 = 12 + 1 ´ 0.625
A i1 B
= 12.625 » 13 V
30 Ω
i2 28. In loop 1,
i 5 1
i1 = = A
ε1=10V ε2=10V 10 2
r1=20Ω r2=5Ω i1
+
+ 1 5 W 10 W 2 20 V
–
V=0 10 V –
Let i = circuit current, then it is given that potential
difference across battery of 10V and 20 W is zero. 20
ln loop 2, i2 = =2 A
i.e. e1 - ir1 = 0 10
1 But both currents are confined to separate loops and
Þ 10 - i(20) = 0 Þ i = = 0.5A so current through 2 W resistor is zero.
2
29. In given circuit, current distribution following 31. By Kirchhoff’s loop rule in the given loop ABEFA, we
Kirchhoff’s law will be as shown in the figure. get
A i1 B C
4i 3i i1+i2
1Ω 5 B 5 2Ω i2
A 1i C R1=20Ω
R2=20Ω
4Ω 5 3Ω
1 D 2 i i2
i1
i 5i 5 – + + –
_ F D
+ 10 V E 10 V
20 V 10 - (i1 + i 2)R1 = 0
Þ 10 - (i1 + i 2) 20 = 0
Since, the current flows in inverse ratio of the 1
resistance of branch. or i1 + i 2 = …(i)
2
Now, total circuit resistance, and from loop BCDEB, we get
Req = (1W ||4W ) + (2W ||3W) 10 - (i1 + i 2)R1 - i 2R2 = 0
æ1 ´ 4ö æ2 ´ 3ö Þ 10 - (i1 + i 2 + i 2) 20 = 0
=ç ÷ +ç ÷
è1 + 4ø è2 + 3ø 1
Þ i1 + 2i 2 = …(ii)
4 6 2
=+ From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
5 5
10 i2 = 0
= W = 2W and i1 = 0.5 A
5
So, current drawn from cell, 32. Given,
7Ω 15 V
V 20V + –
i= = = 10 A
Req 2W – +
i1 1 i1
Hence, current through BD arm is (refer to circuit 5Ω
+ – A
diagram), i 1 + i2
i2 i2
i 10
iBD = = =2A
5 5 + –
2Ω E
5
30. Req = + 1.5 = 4 A Given, i1 + i 2 = 2 A
2
V 20 In loop 1, by Kirchhoff’s rule, SV = 0
Current through cell = = =5 A
R 4 15 - 7i1 - 2 ´ 5 = 0
i 5
So, current through each branch = = 2.5 A Þ i1 = A
2 7
Now, considering loop Þ i1 = 0.714 A
3Ω 2Ω Also, i1 + i 2 = 2 A
P
5 9
+ – Þ i2 = 2 - = A
2.5 A 7 7
5A Þ i 2 = 1.29 A
2.5 A + – 33. By Kirchhoff’s rule for loop 1,

2Ω Q 3Ω 3Ω
i2 i3
Now, applying Kirchhoff’s rule to part loop P to Q, i1
2.5 A 5Ω 1 1Ω
VP + –
2Ω 8Ω
2 1Ω
+
+ 12 V
–
+ – –4V
VQ
2.5 A 3 Ω
12 - 4 i3 - 6 i 2 - 4 = 0
VP - 2 ´ 2.5 + 3 ´ 2.5 - VQ = 0 Þ 8 = 4i3 + 6i 2
Þ VP - VQ = - 2.5 V and from loop 2, -6 i 2 - 4 + 8 i1 = 0
On solving, we get i1 = 846 mA So, charge on a capacitor,

and i 2 = 462 mA C = QDV = 6 mF ´ 11 V = 66 mC
Hence, current through 8 W resistor is 846 mA. 36. By Kirchhoff’s laws,
1A
3Ω
34. Let currents in branches are i1 , i 2 and i3 . + – 3Ω 5Ω
4 kΩ 2A 4V a + – i
b c d +
i2 4 mF 1Ω
+ + i3
60 V –
70 V
– – 1Ω b – + 4Ω
1 2 + –
3 kΩ + 2A 3V 2Ω
i1 80 V 3Ω
2 kΩ –
a e 1A
f
At junction a and b,
Then, from loops 1 and 2, we have
i = 2A + 1 A = 3 A
70 - 60 - i 2 ´ 3 - i1 ´ 2 = 0 …(i)
and also current through corner 4 W resistor is zero.
80 - i3 ´ 4 - 60 - i 2 ´ 3 = 0 …(ii)
Now, for path ab,
and i 2 = i1 + i3 …(iii)
- 3 ´ 5 - 3 ´ 1 + 3 ´ 2 = V ab = Vb - V a
On solving Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
i1 = 0.385 mA Þ V ab = Vb - V a = - 12 V
i 2 = 3.08 mA So, potential drop across capacitor = 12 V
1 1
i3 = 2.69 mA Hence, energy stored = CV 2 = ´ 4 ´ 10- 6 ´ 122 J
2 2
and V cf = - 60 - 3.08 ´ 3
= 0.288 mJ » 0.3 mJ
i.e. V c – V f = - 69.2 V
Point c is at higher potential. 37. As, bulbs can be compared only when they are to be
used with same source, so we take V = constant for
35. Current distribution in the given circuit is taken as both.
4V
Now, P1 > P2
– – +
V2 V2 æ rl ö
i2 + i1 5Ω 1 > Þ R1 < R2 ças, R = ÷
i3 R1 R2 è Aø
+ i2 3Ω i2
rl rl
– + + i1 Þ < Þ A1 > A 2
A1 A2
2 5Ω
i1 Filament of first bulb is thicker.
–
2
+ – æ Supply voltage ö
3 8V 38. Power consumed = ç ÷ ´ Rated power
è Rate voltage ø
2
– + + – æ 110 ö
=ç ÷ ´ 500 = 456.6 W
3V 6 µF è 115 ø
No current due Pactual - Pconsumed
to capacitor \% drop in heat output = ´ 100
Pactual
Using equations of Kirchhoff’s law as given below
æ 500 - 456.6 ö
i1 + i 2 = i3 =ç ÷ ´ 100 = 8.6%
è 500 ø
4 - 3i 2 - 5i3 = 0 (loop 1)
V2
3i 2 - 5i1 + 8 = 0 (loop 2) 39. \ P=
On solving these equations, we get R
i 2 = - 0.364 A P200 V 2 / R200 R800
Q = =
P800 V 2 / R800 R200
i1 = 1.38 A
i3 = 1.02 A R200 (1 + a DT )
=
R200
Now, going anti-clockwise in loop 3,
SV = 0 Þ P200 = P800 ´ (1 + 4 ´ 10-4 ´ 600)
Þ 8 + 3 - DV capacitor = 0 = 500 (1 + 4 ´ 10-4 ´ 600) = 620 W
Þ DV capacitor = 11 V
V2 \ Current in circuit is
40. Case I Using the formula, P = …(i)
R V 220 1
i= = = A
where, R is resistance of wire, V is voltage across wire Rtotal (220)2 (220)2 11
and P is power dissipation in wire +
25 100
rl
and R= …(ii) Power drawn by bulbs are respectively,
A
2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have æ1ö 220 ´ 220
P1 = i 2R1 = ç ÷ ´ = 16 W
V2 è 11 ø 25
P1 =
rl/A 2
220 ´ 220
æ1ö
2 and P2 = i 2R2 = ç ÷ ´ =4W
or
V
P1 =
×A …(iii) è 11 ø 100
rl
44. Given circuit is
Case II Let R2 be net resistance of two wires in
parallel, then 4R 6R
R´R R R R
R2 = = A B
R+ R 2 4R 12R
where, R is the resistance of half wire
ælö
r×ç ÷
è2ø rl
Þ R2 = = ε=16 V
A×2 4A
2 Equivalent resistance of part A,
V
or P2 =× 4A …(iv)
rl 4R ´ 4R
RA = = 2R
On dividing Eq. (iii) by Eq. (iv), we get 4R + 4R
P1 1 P2 4
= Þ = Equivalent resistance of part B,
P2 4 P1 1
6R ´ 12R
RB =
41. Total power (P ) consumed 6R + 12R
= (15 ´ 40) + (5 ´ 100) + (5 ´ 80) + (1 ´ 1000) 72
= R = 4R
= 2500 W 18
As we know power, i.e. P = Vi \Equivalent circuit is
2500 125 2R R 4R R
Þ i= A= = 11.3 A
220 11
Hence, minimum capacity should be 12 A.
42. Given, P = 1 kW = 1000 W, ε = 16 V
V = 220 V, R = 2 W \Total resistance of the given network is
P 1000
Current, i= = A Rs = 2R + R + 4R + R = 8R
V 220
æ 1000 ö
2 As we know, power of the circuit,
Power loss, Ploss = i 2R = ç ÷ ´ 2 = 41.32 W e 2 (16)2 16 ´ 16
è 220 ø P= = = …(i)
Now, the efficiency of transmission line, Rs 8R 8R
æ P ö æ 1000 ö 8R
h=ç ÷ ´ 100 = ç ÷ ´ 100
è P + Ploss ø è 1000 + 41 . 32 ø
h = 96.03% » 96%
43. Resistance of a bulb of power P and with a voltage
source V is given by ε=16 V
2 According to question, power consumed by the
V
R= network, P = 4 W
P
Resistance of the given two bulbs are From Eq. (i), we get
V 2 (220)2 V 2 (220)2 16 ´ 16
R1 = = and R2 = = \ =4
P1 25 P2 100 8R
16 ´ 16
Since, bulbs are connected in series. This means same Þ R= = 8W
8 ´4
amount of current flows through them.
45. We have, H = i 2Rt Þ 500 = (1.5)2 ´ R ´ 20 On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
x = 0.865 Þ y = 0.792
E = (3)2 ´ R ´ 20
DV = x - y = 0.073 and R = 15 W
E = 2000 J
DV
i= = 4.87 mA
46. By maximum power theorem, maximum Joule’s heating R
in external resistance R takes place when internal
resistance of battery is equal to external resistance R. 49. For a balanced Wheatstone bridge,
P Q
– =
Inner bar
+
R X
dr
In first case when R = 400 W, the balancing equation
b will be
R +
P Q
l =
a R X
P Q
– Þ =
400 W X
Outer shell 400 ´ Q
Þ P= …(i)
Now, resistance of an elemental cylinder of radius r X
and thickness dr is In second case, P and Q are interchanged and
r × dr R = 405 W
(dR) internal =
2prl Q P Q P
\ = Þ = …(ii)
Þ Rinternal = ò (dR) R X 405 X
internal
r=b Substituting the value of P from Eq. (i) in
rdr r b dr r Eq. (ii), we get
ò òa r = 2pl [ln r ] a
b
= =
r= a
2 p rl 2 p l Q Q ´ 400
=
r 405 X2
= (ln b - ln a )
2 pl Þ X 2 = 400 ´ 405
r æ bö
= × ln ç ÷ Þ X = 400 ´ 405 = 402.5
2 pl èaø
The value of X is close to 402.5 W.
So, the maximum Joule’s heating in R will takes place
when its value is 50. We have, X + Y = 1000 W
r æ bö
= Rinternal = × ln ç ÷ X Y=1000 – X
2 pl èaø
G
47. In a balanced Wheatstone bridge, there is no effect on 100 – l
position of null point, if we exchange the battery and l
galvanometer. So, option (a) is incorrect.
X 1000 - X
48. x Initially, = …(i)
B l 100 - l
0Ω
10
When X and Y are interchanged, then

Ω
10
A G C Y=1000 – X X
10 0
60
G
5Ω
Ω
D
y
(l – 10) (110 – l)
1000 - X X
10 V =
l - 10 100 - (l - 10)
x - 10 x - y x - 0
+ + =0 1000 - X X
100 15 10 or = …(ii)
l - 10 110 - l
53x - 20 y = 30 …(i)
y - 10 y - x y - 0 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
+ + =0 100 - l l - 10
60 15 5 =
17 y - 4x = 10 …(ii) l 110 - l
(100 - l) (110 - l) = (l - 10) l Integrating both sides, we get

2 2
11000 - 100 l - 110 l + l = l - 10 l k
Þ R=ò dl
l
Þ 11000 = 200 l
l
l k
\ l = 55 cm So, RAP = ò dl = k(2 l ) = 2k l
0 l 0
Substituting the value of l in Eq. (i), we get
1 k 1
X 1000 - 55 and RPB = ò dl = 2k( l )
= l l l
55 100 - 55
= 2k ( 1 - l )
Þ 20X = 11000
= 2k (1 - l )
\ X = 550 W
Substituting the values of RAP and RPB in
51. For meter bridge, if balancing length is Eq. (i), we get
R1 l RAP = RPB
l cm, then in first case, =
R2 (100 - l) Þ 2k l = 2k(1 - l )
1 1
It is given that, l = 40 cm Þ l= or l = = 0.25 m
R1 R2 R 2 2 4
So, = or 1 = …(i)
40 100 - 40 R2 3 53. Q V µl
In second case, R1¢ = R1 + 10, and balancing length is V l
\ =
now 50 cm, then e L
R1 + 10 R2 where, l = balance point distance
=
50 (100 - 50) and L = length of potentiometer wire.
or R1 + 10 = R2 …(ii) l 30 ´ e 30
or V = e or V = = e
L 100 100
Substituting the value of R2 from Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i), we
get 54. The internal resistance of the cell,
R1 2 æl - l ö
or = æ 240 - 120 ö
10 + R1 3 r = ç 1 2÷ R = ç ÷ ´2 =2 W
è l2 ø è 120 ø
Þ 3R1 = 20 + 2R1
55. With only the cell,
or R1 = 20W
ε′
Þ R2 = 30W
Let us assume the parallel connected resistance is x. 52 cm
x (R1 + 10)
Then, equivalent resistance is .
x + R1 + 100 G
So, this combination should be again equal to R1. ε, r
(R1 + 10)x On balancing, e = 52 ´ x …(i)
= R1 where, x is the potential gradient of the wire.
R1 + 10 + x
30x When the cell is shunted,
Þ = 20 ε′
30 + x
or 30x = 600 + 20x 40 cm
or x = 60W
52. As, galvanometer shows zero deflection. G
This means, the meter bridge is balanced. ε, r
R¢ R¢
=
RAP RPB R=5 Ω
Similarly, on balancing,
Þ RAP = RPB …(i) er
V =e- = 40 ´ x …(ii)
dR k (R + r )
Now, for meter bridge wire, =
dl l Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
where, k is the constant of proportionality. e 1 52
= =
k V r 40
Þ dR = dl 1-
l R+ r
e R + r 52 5 + r 52
Þ = = Þ = Round II
V R 40 5 40
Þ
3
r = W Þ r = 1.5 W
1. As, we know Cu is a conductor, so when there is
2 increase in temperature, resistance will increase
56. Let length of null point J be x and length of the linearly. Then, Si is semiconductor, so with increase in
potentiometer wire be L. temperature, resistance will decrease linearly.
6 e
In first case, current in the circuit, i1 = =1 A 2. i=
4+2 R+ r
1 ´4 e
\ Potential gradient = i ´ R = Þ i = = constant
L R
1 ´4 where, R = external resistance
Þ Potential difference in part ‘AJ’ = ´ x = e1
L r = internal resistance = 0
4x x 1
Given, e1 = 0.5 = or = …(i) 3. Given, l ¢ = l + 100% l = 2 l
L L 8
6 Initial volume = Final volume
In second case, current in the circuit, i 2 = = 0.6 A
4+6 i.e. pr 2l = pr ¢2 l ¢
0.6 ´ 4 r 2l l
\ Potential gradient = or r ¢2 = = r2 ´
L l¢ 2l
Þ Potential difference in part ‘AJ’ r2
or r ¢2 =
0.6 ´ 4 2
= ´ x = e2
L l¢ 2l æ rl ö
\ R¢ = r =r çQ R = ÷
0.6 ´ 4 L A¢ p r ¢2 è Aø
Þ e2 = ´ [using Eq. (i)]
L 8 r × 4l
Þ e 2 = 0.3 V = = 4R
pr 2
57. Given, length of potentiometer wire ( AB) = L Thus, DR = R¢ - R = 4R - R = 3 R
Resistance of potentiometer wire ( AB) = 12 r 3R
\ % DR = ´ 100% = 300%
emf of cell D of potentiometer = e R
Internal resistance of cell D = r 4. As per the question,
e 2l
emf of cell C =
2
Internal resistance of cell C = 3r A/2
Current in potentiometer wire
emf of cell of potentiometer r (2l) 4rl
i= Resistance = =
total resistance of potentiometer circuit ( A / 2) A
e e V VA
Þ i= = Þ Current = =
r + 12r 13r R 4rl
Potential drop across the balance length AJ of
potentiometer wire is V AJ = i ´ RAJ
5. Let resistances be R1 and R2, then
R1R2
Þ V AJ = i (Resistance per unit length of S = R1 + R2 and P =
R1 + R2
potentiometer wire ´ length AJ)
n ´ R1R2
æ 12r ö \ (R1 + R2) = (Q S = nP )
Þ V AJ = i ç ´ x÷ R1 + R2
è L ø
where, x = balance length AJ. or (R1 + R2)2 = nR1R2
é R2 + R22 + 2 R1R2 ù é R1 R2 ù
As null point occurs at J, so potential drop across Þ n=ê 1 ú =ê + + 2ú
balance length AJ = emf of the cell C . ë R 1 R2 û ë R2 R1 û
e æ 12r ö e We know, Arithmetic Mean ³ Geometric Mean
Þ V AJ = Þ i ç ´ x÷ =
2 è L ø 2 R1 R2
+
e 12r e R2 R1 R1 R2 R R
Þ ´ ´x= ³ ´ Þ 1 + 2 ³2
13r L 2 2 R2 R1 R2 R1
13
Þ x= L So, n (minimum value) = 2 + 2 = 4
24
6. Given, i = 10 A, A = 5 mm 2 = 5 ´ 10-6 m 2 11. Colour code of carbon resistor is shown in the figure
and vd = 2 ´ 10-3 m/s below
Green Black Red Brown
We know that, i = neAvd
\ 10 = n ´ 1.6 ´ 10-19 ´ 5 ´ 10-6 ´ 2 ´ 10-3
Þ n = 0.625 ´ 1028 = 625 ´ 1025
7. Let (rA , lA , rA , AA ) and (rB , lB , rB , AB ) be specific So, resistance value of resistor using colour code is
resistances, lengths, radii and areas of wires A and B, R = 502 ´ 10 = 50.2 ´ 102 W
respectively. Here, we must know that for given carbon resistor
r l r l first three colours give value of resistance and fourth
Resistance of A , RA = A A = A 2A
AA prA colour gives multiplier value.
rB lB rB lB Now using power, P = i 2R, we get
Resistance of B, RB = =
AB prB2 P 2
Þ i= =
From given information, R 50.2 ´ 102
rB = 2 r A
rB = 2 rA ~ 20 ´ 10- 3 A
–
and RA = RB = 20 mA
r AlA rB lB
\ = 12. Let potential at P1 be 0 V and potential at P2 be V 0.
prA2 prB2
r AlA 2 r A ´ lB Now, apply KCL at P2 ,
or =
prA2 p (2 rA )2 S i =0
lB 2 P2
or = = 2 :1
lA 1
2Ω 1Ω
8. Using colour code, we have 10Ω
R = 53 ´ 104 ± 5% W 5V –2V
or R = 530 ´ 103 W ± 5% 5V 2V
or R = 530 kW ± 5% P1
9. 8V V 0 - 5 V 0 - 0 V 0 - (-2)
+ – + + =0
2 10 1
B 5
i i or V0 =
2Ω 2Ω 16
5Ω
V
A C So, current through 10 W resistor is 0 (~
- 0.03 A) from
10
i1 5Ω
2Ω 2Ω i1 P2 to P1.
4Ω D 4Ω 13. According to the question,
i1
0.1m
8V
From the given circuit diagram,

Potential drop across AC , V = 8 V
Resistance of mentioned wire,
5V
R =4 + 4 =8W
So, the current flowing from A to C, vd = 2.5 ´ 10- 4 m/s,
V 8V n = 8 ´ 1028 /m3
i1 = = =1A
R 8W We know that,
10. For balanced Wheatstone’s bridge, J = nevd or i = nevd A
P R
= where, symbols have their usual meanings.
Q S V
S1S 2 Þ = nevd A
Here, S = S1 ||S 2 = R
S1 + S 2
V
P R(S1 + S 2) or = nevd A
Þ = rL
Q S1S 2 A
V In parallel combination, power is

or = nevd
rL P = P1 + P2 = 120 + 120 = 240 W
V Alternate Solution
or r=
nevd L Let R be the resistance.
5 \ Net resistance in series = R + R = 2R
=
8 ´ 1028 ´ 1.6 ´ 10- 19 ´ 2.5 ´ 10- 4 ´ 0.1 V2 V2
P= = 60 W Þ = 120 W
or r = 1.6 ´ 10- 5 W-m 2R R
R´R
V2 New resistance in parallel = = R /2
14. P= R+ R
R
240 W 6Ω V2 æV 2ö
P¢ = =2 ç ÷ = 240 W
R /2 è Rø
16. As R1 , R2 and R in series.

Req = R1 + R2 + R
120 V 2e
\ Net current, i =
R1 + R2 + R
Resistance of the bulb,
120 ´ 120 According to the question,
R= = 240 W
60 - (V A - VB ) = e - iR2
Req = 240 + 6 = 246 W \ 0 = e - iR2
V 120
Þ i1 = = R1 R2
Req 246
ε A ε B
120
Q V1 = i1R1 = ´ 240 = 117.073 V
246
V 2 120 ´ 120
Resistance of the heater = = = 60 W R
P 240
As bulb and heater are connected in parallel. or eE = iR2
240 ´ 60 2e
Net resistance = = 48 W or e= R2
300 R1 + R2 + R
Total resistance, R2 = 48 + 6 = 54 W
or R1 + R2 + R = 2 R2
Total current, i 2 = V /R2 = 120 / 54 or R = R2 - R1
Potential across heater = Potential across bulb
17. Given, potential difference of 5 mV is across 10 cm
48 W 6Ω length of potentiometer wire. So, potential drop per
unit length is
5 ´ 10-3 æVö
= = 5 ´ 10-2 ç ÷
10 ´ 10-2 èmø
Hence, potential drop across 1 m length of
120 V potentiometer wire is
æVö
120 V AB = 5 ´ 10-2 ç ÷ ´ 1 = 5 ´ 10-2 V
V2 = ´ 48 = 106.66 V èmø
54
Now, potential drop that must occurs across resistance
Q V1 - V 2 = 117.073 - 106.66 = 10.04 V R is
15. Let P1 and P2 be the individual electric powers of the 395
VR = 4 - 5 ´ 10-2 = V
100
two resistances, respectively.
V 4
In series combination, power is Now, circuit current is i = =
Rtotal R + 5
PP
P0 = 1 2 = 60W Hence, for resistance R, using VR = iR, we get
P1 + P2
395 4
Since, the resistances are equal and the current = ´R
100 R + 5
through each resistor in series combination is also
same. Then, Þ 395 (R + 5) = 400R
P1 = P2 = 120 W Þ 395 ´ 5 = (400 - 395)R Þ R = 395 W
18. In steady state, no current flows through the which is a balanced Wheatstone’s bridge and hence, no
capacitor. So, resistance rp becomes ineffective. current flows in the middle resistor, so equivalent
e circuit would be as shown below
So, the current in circuit, i =
r + r2
30Ω
Q Potential drop across capacitor = Potential drop
er2
across r2 = ir2 =
r + r2 i 15Ω
r
\ Stored charge of capacitor, Q = CV = Ce 2
r + r2
19. The equivalent circuit can be drawn as 6 W and 2 W are 5V
in parallel. 30Ω || 15Ω= 10Ω
2 ´6
R¢ = = 1.5 W
8
i
1.5Ω
2Ω
3Ω 6Ω
5V
– + V 5
6V i= = = 0 .5 A
R 10
As, 1 . 5 W and 1 . 5 W are in series. (as shown in above 21. Assume the current in branches as shown in figure
circuit)
5Ω i2
R¢ ¢ = 1 . 5 + 1 . 5 = 3 W
(i1+i2)
1.5Ω 1.5Ω
+
i1 10 Ω 10 V
1 –
3Ω + – 2
20 V 2 Ω i1 i2 4 Ω
– +
6V Applying KVL in loop 1,
Now, 3 W and 3 W are in parallel. +20 - 5i1 - 10(i1 + i 2) - 2i1 = 0
3 ´3
Req = = 1 .5 W 17i1 + 10i 2 = 20 …(i)
6
Applying KVL in loop 2,
3Ω 1.5Ω
+10 - 10(i1 + i 2) - 4i 2 = 0
5i1 + 7i 2 = 5 …(ii)
3Ω
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
i 2 = - 0 . 214 A
– + – + or i2 -~ - 0.21 A
6V 6V
It means the direction of current is from positive to
Hence, current supplied by the battery is negative terminal of battery inside it.
V 6
i= = =4 A 22. For parallel combination of cells,
Req 1.5
e1 e 2
+
20. The given circuit can be redrawn as r r2
e eq = 1
10Ω 20Ω 1 1
+
r1 r2
10Ω 10 Ω
+12V
i 5Ω 10Ω –
1Ω
–
+ – +
13V 2Ω
5V
12 13 Now, let us assume that internal resistance of

+
\ e eq = 1 2 = 37 V voltmeter RV . Replacing voltmeter with its internal
1 1 3 resistance, we get following circuit.
+
1 2 RV
Potential drop across 10 W resistance,

A
æ e ö R
V =ç ÷ ´ 10
è Rtotal ø
37 /3
= ´ 10
æ 2ö V
ç10 + ÷
è 3ø It is clear that the measured value, R¢ should be equal
to parallel combination of R and RV . Mathematically,
= 11.56 V
RRV
R¢ = = 28.5 W
\ V = 11.56 V R + RV
23. According to question, the voltage across R4 is 5 V, Given, R = 30 W
then the current across it 30RV
Þ = 28.5
R3 =100Ω R4 =500Ω 30 + RV
i1
5V Þ 30RV = (28.5 ´ 30) + 28.5 RV
i2
R1 =400Ω Þ 1.5RV = 28.5 ´ 30
i V1 R2 28.5 ´ 30
V2 Þ RV = = 19 ´ 30 or RV = 570 W
1.5
18 V
25. Let R0 be the initial resistance of both conductors.
According to Ohm’s law, \ At temperature q, their resistances will be
V = iR R1 = R0 (1 + a1q)
Þ 5 = i1 ´ R4 and R2 = R0 (1 + a 2q)
Þ 5 = i1 ´ 500 For series combination,
5 1
Þ i1 = = A Rs = R1 + R2
500 100
The potential difference across series combination of R3 Rs0 (1 + a sq) = R0 (1 + a1q) + R0 (1 + a 2 q)
and R4,
where, Rs 0 = R0 + R0 = 2R0
1
V 2 = (R3 + R4 )i = 600 ´ =6V \ 2R0 (1 + a sq) = 2R0 + R0q (a1 + a 2)
100
a + a2
So, potential difference (across R1 ), or as = 1
2
V1 = 18 – 6 = 12 V
For parallel combination,
Current through R1,
R1R2
V 12 3 Rp =
i= 1 = = A R1 + R2
R1 400 100
R0 (1 + a1q)R0 (1 + a 2q)
So current through R2, R p0 (1 + a pq) =
R0 (1 + a1q) + R0 (1 + a 2q)
3 1 2
i 2 = i – i1 = – A = A R0R0 R
100 100 100 where, R p0 = = 0
R0 + R0 2
Now, from V = IR, we have
R0 R2 (1 + a1q + a 2q + a1a 2q2)
V 6 \ (1 + a pq) = 0
R2 = 2 = = 300 W 2 R0 (2 + a1q + a 2q)
i 2 (2 / 100)
As, a1 and a 2 are small quantities.
24. Measured value of R = 5% less than actual value of R. \ a1 a 2 is negligible.
a1 + a 2
Actual values of R = 30 W or ap =
2 + (a1 + a 2)q
So, measured value of R is
a1 + a 2 é æ a1 + a 2 ö ù
R¢ = 30 - (5% of 30) = ê1 - çè ÷ qú
2 ë 2 ø û
5
= 30 - ´ 30 2
100 As, (a1 + a 2) is negligible.
Þ R¢ = 28.5 W a + a2
…(i) \ ap = 1
2
26. The resistors 40 W and 60 W are connected in series 28. Let the length of each side of square ABCD is a.
combination. Similarly, the resistors 90 W and 110 W R
\Resistance per unit length of each side =
are also connected in series combination. 4a
A B
B
R2
40 Ω 60 Ω
i1 i1
i A C i
i2 i2
90 Ω 110 Ω
i i D E R1 C
D
R R a R
+– Now, R1 = (EC ) = ´ =
4a 4a 2 8
i i
40V
R R 7a 7R
Similarly, R2 = (EDABC ) = ´ =
V AC 4a 4a 2 8
So, i1 = R1
RAB + RBC
40 40 2
= = = A E
40 + 60 100 5 C
V AC
and i2 =
RAD + RDC R2
40 40 1 Now, effective resistance between E and C is the
= = = A equivalent resistance of R1 and R2 that are connected
90 + 110 200 5
in parallel as shown below.
For path BAD, using KVL (Kirchhoff's voltage law),
R1R2 (R / 8) ´ (7R / 8) 7R2 8 7
VB + i1 ´ 40 - i 2 ´ 90 = VD REC = = = ´ = R
R1 + R2 (R / 8) + (7R / 8) 64 8R 64
2 1
Þ VB + ´ 40 - ´ 90 = VD 29. Given circuit is redrawn and can be simplified as
5 5
R1=15Ω R3=20Ω
Þ VB + 16 - 18 = VD
Þ VB - 2 = VD In series,
ε=15 V
R4=5Ω
+ Req = R3+R4+R5
Þ VB - VD = 2 V R2=10Ω
–
= 20+5+25
So, the potential difference across BD (in volt) is 2. = 50Ω
27. Since, the wire is of uniform cross-section, the R6=30Ω R5=25Ω
⇒
resistances of the two segments of the wire AD and

DC are in the ratio of the lengths of AD and DC. R1=15Ω In parallel,
Using the null point conditions of a Wheatstone Req×R2
R′eq =————
Req=50Ω
R2=10Ω
ε=15 V
bridge, we have + Req+R2

æ X ö æ 33.7 ö 50×10
–
ç ÷=ç ÷ …(i) =———

è Y ø è 66.3 ø 50+10
50
=— Ω
When Y is shunted by a resistance of 12.0 W, net R6=30Ω 6
⇒
resistance changes,
Y ¢ = 12Y /(Y + 12) R1=15Ω
In series,
Since, Y ¢ is less than Y , the ratio X /Y ¢ is greater than R′′eq =R1+R′eq+R6
′ = —Ω
X
ε=15 V
50
6
. Thus, the null point must shift towards the end C, + 50

Y = 30 + — + 15
–
6
Req
i. e. 320 160
= —— =—— Ω
æ X ö æ 51. 9 ö 6 3
ç ÷=ç ÷ R6=30Ω
èY ¢ ø è 48. 1 ø
So, current drawn through cell is
or X (Y + 12) / 12Y = (51.9 / 48.1)
Voltage
Y + 12 æ 51 .9 ö 66. 3 i=
i. e. =ç ÷´ Net resistance of the circuit
12 è 48. 1 ø 33. 7
V 15 9
= = = A
which give Y = 13. 5 W and X = 6. 86 W using Eq. (i) R¢eq¢ (160 / 3) 32
30. In the given circuit, let’s assume currents in the arms or i 2 ´ 2 + i 2 ´ 5 + (i1 + i 2) ´ 10 + i 2 ´ 2 = 1
are i1, i 2 and i3 , respectively. or 10i1 + 19i 2 = 1 …(ii)
i1 1Ω 1V Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
M
14 1
2V
i1 = A and i 2 = - A
5Ω i2 1Ω 10Ω 121 121
A B
D C
Therefore, current through resistance R,
3V
i3 1Ω 14 æ 1 ö 13
N i1 + i 2 = + ç- ÷= A
121 è 121 ø 121
V1 1
Now, i1 =
= =1 A Potential difference across the resistance,
R1 1
13
2 3 R = (i1 + i 2)R = ´ 10 = 1.07 V
Similarly, i 2 = = 2 A and i3 = = 3 A 121
1 1
Total current in the arm DA, 32. Given circuit is
i = i1 + i 2 + i3 = 6 A
6Ω 2Ω
As all three resistors between D and C are in parallel.
\ Equivalent resistance between terminals D and C, 72V 4Ω 10Ω 10µF
1 æ1 1 1ö
=ç + + ÷
RDC è 1 1 1 ø
1 To find charge on capacitor, we need to determine
\ RDC = W voltage across it. In steady state, capacitor will acts as
3
So, potential difference across D and C, open circuit and circuit can be reduced as
1 6Ω 2Ω
VDC = iRDC = 6 ´ Þ VDC = 2 V
3
Now, V AD and VCB = 0 (in case of open circuits, i = 0) 72V 4Ω 10Ω
So, V AB = V AD + VDC + VCB = VDC
So, V AB = 2V
In series, Req = 2 W + 10 W = 12 W
31. The positive terminals of the cells e1 and e 2 are ⇒
connected to the wire AE of resistance 10W and 6Ω

negative terminals to the wire BD of resistance 4W.
The resistance of 10W is connected between the middle
points F and C of the wires AE and BD, respectively. 72V 4Ω 12Ω
Therefore,
10 4 ´ 12
R1 = R2 = = 5W In parallel, Req = =3W
2 4 + 12
4
R3 = R4 = = 2W I
2 6Ω
The distribution of currents in various branches is
shown in the figure
72V 3Ω
ε1 = 2V r1 = 1 Ω
A B
R1 = 5 Ω R3 = 2 Ω In series, Req = 6 W + 3 W = 9 W
i1 + i2 R = 10 Ω
i1
F 9Ω
C
R2 = 5 Ω R4 = 2 Ω
72V
E D
ε2 = 1V r2 = 2 Ω
In closed part ABCFA of the circuit, V 72

So, current in steady state, i = = =8A
i1 ´ r1 + i1 ´ R1 + (i1 + i 2)R + i1 ´ R3 = e1 R 9
i1 ´ 1 + i1 ´ 5 + (i1 + i 2) ´ 10 + i1 ´ 2 = 2 Now, by using current division at point P, current in
or 9i1 + 5i 2 = i …(i) 6 W branch is
In closed part CDEFC of the circuit, 72 - VP
= 8 A Þ VP = 72 - 48 = 24 V
i 2 ´ r2 + i 2 ´ R2 + (i1 + i 2) ´ R + i 2 ´ R4 = e 2 6W
8A 6Ω P i1 2Ω Q e2 3 æ VCB lCB 3 ö
Þ = çQ = = ÷
i2 30 2 è V AC lAC 2 ø
72V 4Ω 10Ω 10µF Þ e 2 = 45 V
G G G G \ V AB = 30 + 45 = 75 V
V=0 V=0 V=0 V=0 Q RAB = 2 ´ 5 = 10 W
Current in 4 W branch, 75
\Current through AB is = 7.5 A
V - 0 24 - 0 10
i2 = P = =6A
4 4 \ e1 = 7.5 ´ (RAB + R) = 150 V
So, current in 2 W resistance, 36. When capacitor is fully charged, circuit is reduced to
i1 = 8 - i 2 (Q i = i1 + i 2) as shown below
= 8 - 6 = 2A
2Ω Series
\Potential difference across 10 W resistor, A R=2+2=4Ω
VQG = 2A ´ 10 W = 20 V
Same potential difference will be applicable over the i/3 2Ω
capacitor (parallel combination). 2Ω 2Ω
B
So, charge stored in the capacitor will be i E
2i/3 + – i
Q = CV = 10 ´ 10-6 ´ 20
Þ Q = 2 ´ 10-4 C = 200 mC 10 V
33. Given, number density of electrons, n = 8.5 ´ 1028/m3 Parallel

4Ω 4 × 2= 4Ω
R=
Length of wire, l = 3 m A 4+2 3
Area of cross-section of wire, A = 2 ´ 10- 6m 2
Current, i = 3 A and charge on electron,
2Ω E 2Ω
e = 1.6 ´ 10- 19 C
+ – B
Time taken by electron to drift from one end to 10 V
another of the wire,
4 10
Length of the wire l So, total resistance, Req = +2= W
t= = …(i) 3 3
Drift velocity vd
V 10
Using the relation, i = ne A vd Current in circuit, i = = =3A
Req 10 / 3
i
or vd = …(ii) Hence, potential difference across capacitor
ne A
= potential difference across AEB
From, Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
3
l ne A 3 ´ 8.5 ´ 1028 ´ 1.6 ´ 10- 19 ´ 2 ´ 10- 6 = 2 i /3 + 2 ´ i = 2 ´ + 2 ´ 3 = 8 V
t= = 3
i 3 R1R2
or t = 2.72 ´ 104 s = 7 h 33 min 37. Q In parallel, Rnet =
R1 + R2
Thus, the time taken by an electron to drift from one
end to another end is 7 h 33 min = 453 min.
rL
34. R1 = [Q A1 = prt] …(i) A
pr × t
rpr l
R2 = [Q A2 = tL] …(ii)
tL l l
r1 ´ r2
rl A A
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get =
2A r l + r l
R1 L2 12 1 2
= 2 2= = 10 A A
R2 p r 10 ´ 0.1 ´ 0.1 r 6 ´3
= =2
35. V AC = e3 = 30 V …(i) 2 6+3
VCB = e 2 …(ii) r =4
V 30 /3
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 38. Q i 0 = = = 2 ´ 10-6 A = 2 m A
R 5 ´ 106
e 2 VCB
=
30 V AC \ x=2

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Current Electricity

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19

Electric Current Ohm’s Law

1 mA = 10-3 A and 1 mA = 10-6 A Meter Bridge

q/ t i Example 2. Drift speed of electrons, when 1.5 A of current

\From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

me Sol. (c) Here, V = 230 V, initial current, i1 = 3.2 A, steady

Same current flows through each resistance but potential

10 kΩ open circuit, so emf of the cell will be equal to the

where, e = emf of the cell, R = external resistance nr

Example 13. For the circuit shown with R1 = 10

ε3 This law is based on conservation of energy.

Then, according to Kirchhoff’s current law, which states that the

When this resistance R is connected with 11 V Now, from Ohm’s law, V = iR

Example 18. A battery of 3.0 V is connected to a resistor

S. No. R (W) l (cm) + G−

1. 1000 60 The principle of potentiometer states that, when a

I Length of potentiometer wire is L = 400 cm

[JEE Main 2019]

ROUND II Mixed Bag

5Ω 10Ω 20Ω [JEE Main 2019]

26. Four resistances 40 W, 60 W, 90 W and 110 W make

(b) Numerical Value Questions

10 V [JEE Main 2020]

1 dR 18. Two resistances of each side of triangle are connected

ne e ne Now, potential drop across combination of resistors,

2.5 A + – 33. By Kirchhoff’s rule for loop 1,

On solving, we get i1 = 846 mA So, charge on a capacitor,

When X and Y are interchanged, then

(100 - l) (110 - l) = (l - 10) l Integrating both sides, we get

From the given circuit diagram,

V In parallel combination, power is

16. As R1 , R2 and R in series.

12 13 Now, let us assume that internal resistance of

Potential drop across 10 W resistance,

resistances of the two segments of the wire AD and

bridge, we have + Req+R2

ç ÷=ç ÷ …(i) =———

. Thus, the null point must shift towards the end C, + 50

connected to the wire AE of resistance 10W and 6Ω

In closed part ABCFA of the circuit, V 72

33. Given, number density of electrons, n = 8.5 ´ 1028/m3 Parallel

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