Detailed Solutions

1. Conductors contain free electrons. In the Resistivity:

absence of any external electric field, the free (i) The specific resistance offered by the
electrons are in random motion just like thee conductor of unit length and unit cross sectional
molecules of gas in a container and the net current area is known as resistivity. It is denoted by p.
through wire is zero. (ii) It SI unit is ohm meter (S2 m).
If the ends of the wire are connected to a battery, (ii) Resistivity does not depend on the length
an electric field (E) will setup at every point within of the conductor or its area of cross-section but
the wire. Due to electric effect of the battery, the it depends on temperature and nature of the
electrons will experience a force in the direction material.
Opposite to E. R-P
A
2. (b): =oE »=o, conductivity of the
6. In First Circuit
material.
Reading of ideal voltmeter = 6V
3. The physical quantity that remains constant Net potential difference =9 +6= 15 V
along the wire is electric current. Total resistance =1 +1 22 =

4. From Ohms law, we have Current in ammeter = V15

7.5 A
R
V IR V=lp In Second Circuit:
Reading of ideal volt meter 66 V =

When the rod is cut parallel, and rejoined by Net potential difference = 9 - 6=3V
length, the length of the conductor becomes 2, Total resistance = 1 + l =22
whereas the area decrease
2
to If the current
Current in ammeter ==*=1.5 A
R 2
remains the same the potential changes as

2 7. Drift velocity, Va = - eET i.e., Vd oc T

V=Ip =4xlp=4V [Using (i)] m
A
By
By increasing temperature relaxation time
The new potential applied across the metal rod will
decreases, therefore we can say that the drift
be four times the original potential (V). velocity decreases with the rise in temperature.
5. Electrical Resistance:
8. The electrical conductivity of a metallie wire
i) The electrical resistance of a conductor is the is defined as the ratio of the current density to the
obstruction posed by the conductor to the flow of
electric field
current through it and is denoted by R. it creates.
It is reciprocal of resistivity (p).
(ii) Its SI unit is ohm (9).
(ii) The resistance of a conductor depends on the Electrical conductivity, (G) = l =
of cross-section P E
length of the conductor, its area

and nature of the material. S.I. unit = mho m' or (ohm m) or S m

Curers Electricity 65

9. When an electric field is applied acrossa

conductor then the charge carriers inside the
O - n e 2

conductor move with an average velocity which P m

is independent of time. This velocity is known as

drift velocity (va).
Relationship between current (1) and drift
15. I= neAv
velocity (va), I= neAva
1.5
where ne= amount ofcharge inside the conductor m s
Vd
A = area of cross-section of conductor neA 9x1048 x1.6x10-x1.0x10

10. = neAvj = 1.042 x 10 m s'=1 mm s

16. Refer to answer 10.
V

4nepl Using A Total number of free electrons in a conductor PQ

free
of length, cross-sectional area A having n

11. Yes, all the electrons will move in same electrons per unit volume is
direction during drift due to external electric field. N=n x volume of conductor PQ or N= nAl
P
12. Mobility of a charge carrier is defined as the
drift velocity of the charge carrier per unit electric
field.
It is generally denote by u.

E
The SI. unit of mobility is m vs
Time in which an electron moves from P to Q
Mobility in term of relaxation time all N free electrons pass through cross section Q.

t=
m
where va is the drift velocity of electrons in the
In magnitude,
conductor.
eE So electric current flowing through conductor is
Va or d et
m E m given by
et I1 e _ "AE or I = neAvV

This gives the relation between electric current

13. Refer to answer 9.
Current flowing in a conductor is given by and drift velocity.
I= neAva
17. Drift velocity v = t , where E is electric
Current density J= m
field strength. And the relation between current
J= nevd and drift velocity is I = neAv
14. As we know that
I= neAva
A m
Also current density j is given b y j =
O- net1 or, p=
m

m p ne°t
=rl l m
With rise of temperature, the rate of collision
of electrons with ions of lattice increases, so
i s is parallel to E. relaxation time decreases. As a result resistivity of
the material increases with the rise of temperature,
hence the resistance.
m
66 M.tCBSE Champion Physics Class 12
18. Refer to answer 12.
19. (i) We knowthat a =- * I=-neAva=-ne A
At
m
ml

When length is tripled, the drift velocity becomes j== E GE

one-third.
21. (a) Refer to answer 20(b).
(i) R=p=P P r=31 eV
(b) In terms of potential difference, Va LmeT
So, tripling the length of the conductor > = 3L and
New resistance R'=p=px=9R
V keeping V constant, the drift velocity will reduce
R' 9R to one third of initial value.
Hence, the new resistance will be 9 times the
original. 3
20. (a) Refer to answer 8. 22. Current is constant in non-uniform cross-
(b) The electric field E exerts an electrostatics section.
force -Ee.
- eE
23. (a) Refer to answer 16.
Acceleration of each electron, ä = (b) Area under I-t curve on t-axis is charge
m
where, E flowing through the conductor
m = mass of an electron x5x5+(10+5) x5 = 37.5 C
e= charge on an electron
24. The average time interval between two
HH successive collisions for the free electrons drifting
within a conductor due to the action of the applied
+at) +(72 +at2) +. +ät,) electric field is called relaxation time.
n Relation between relaxation time and drift
where, velocity,
4.2 thermal velocities ofthe electrons Va=eETt)

at, at2 velocities acquired by electrons m

T. T2time elapsed after the collision Since i= -ne Ava
i= ne'A tV/ml
, = + ,t,),ät+t2t.+
n
V
mlP p=-(ner)
ne At A
m

Since +2+ 0,n

we get 25. Refer to answer 21 (b).
Vd aT, ..(ii) 26. (i) Refer to answer 21 (b).
where, T = T T 2 F t 3 t . . . + T is the average (ii) Electric current : The
rateofflow of charge through
time elapsed. (a non-uniform conductor) .
Substituting the value of a in equation (ii) from a conductor is same, hence
equation (i), we have current remams constant.
As area of cross-section of the conductor is
T ..(ii) varying so current density through wire and drift
m
velocity of electron will not be same.
eE
Hence average drift speed, va =t. 27. Drift velocity is defined as the average
m
velocity with which the free electrons get drifted
Electric current flowing through the conductor
towards the positive end of the conductor under
I=1-Ne -nAle
theinfluence of an external electric field applied.
t It is given by
Current Electricity 67

32. Rcu= Km
, =eV,
where
m

m mass
ml
of electron,
IcH
PCH Acu P A
charge
=
e =
of electron
E =
electric field applied Here lcu
28. (a) Consider a conductor of length I and
asPmPCu
cross-sectional area A. When a potential difference
Vis applied across its ends, the current PCL Pm Pm A
produced is I.
If n is the number of electron per unit volume in the Acu A Pcu Acu
conductor and v the drift velocity of electrons then As, Pm Pcu
the relation between current and drift velocity is So,Am Acu
I= ne Ava
-

.i) Manganin wire is thicker than copper wire.

Where -e is the charge on electron
33. For both, valence electrons are same. The
(e = 1.6 x 10*C)
energy gap of Si is 1.1eV while for C is 5.44 eV.
Electric field produced at each point of wire, Carbon behaves as an insulator while Si as
V semiconductor.
E- .. ii)
34. The specific resistance of a conductor of unit
If t is relaxation time and E is electric field
strength, then drift velocity. length and unit cross-sectional area is called

eTE
resistivity of the conductor.
d .ii)
m R=
Putting this value of va in eqn (i)
For= 1 m, A = 1 m
I=-neA|-E R=P
m Its SI unit is 2 m.
35. (a) Resistance = 47 kQ t 10%
I= AE .iv)
= 47 x 10 Qt10%
V Sequence of colour should be:
As E=(from (i))
Yellow, Violet, Orange and Silver
(6) () Very low temperature coeficient of
I= he*tA V
resistance.
m 1
(ii) High resistivity.
V m
AV
ne?t A V= net A
36. As R=
AI
ml so in I-V graph, R « 1
V= j so in
neT RR (Slope of I-V graph)
(6) Refer to answer 15. Resistance of metalic wire increases with
29. (i) DE has negative resistance
Region temperature.
Hence, T <T2
property because current decreases with increase
in voltage or slope of DE is negative. 37. The resistivity of a metallic conductor is given
(ii) Region BC obeys Ohm's law because current by
varies linearly with the voltage. P=Poll+a(T- T)]
where Po =
Resistivity at reference temperature
30. (b): As resistivity, p=2 To Reference temperature
net a Coefficient of resistivity
=

p R From the above relation, we can say that the

graph
T between resistivity of a conductor with
31. (a) temperature is straight line. But, at temperatures
70 Wut-CCBSE Champion Physics Class 12
R2 = 52 56. Potential difference acrossa cell with internal
resistance, ris V= E - Ir.
Applying Kirchhoff's second law,
6-2 5 x 0.2 + R x 0.2 + 10 x 0.2 As three cells are in series, so emf= 3e and internal
4 resistance = 3r
3 +0.2 R or R 5 2 =

Potential difierence VRE =I x R, =0.2 x 5 V 3e - 3rl

When I= 0 then V= 6 V, so 6 = 3e -0 or e = 2v
VBE =1V When V=0 then I =1A, so 0 =6- 1x 3r
54.
R
or 3r =6 or r=2 2
57. We know the relation V= e - Ir. The emf of
R3 R ZR3 a cell is greater than its terminal voltage because
there may be some potential drop within the cell
B due to its small internal resistance offered by the
From figure, R2, R, and R, are connected in electrolyt
parallel. 58. Refer to answer 57.
Effective resistance Rp
Note: When cell is charged the
current goes into the positive
terminal as shown in the figure. So potential
R , =6.
difference across a cell, V= e + Ir.
Now, equivalent resistance of circuit,
59. Terminal voltage 'V of the cell is
R= R +R, = 4 +6 = 10 2
V= E- Ir
10 Eis the emf of the cell, r is the
Current IA
internal resistance of the cell
Potential drop across R, = 1,R = 1 x 4 =4V and I is the current through
the circuit.
Potential drop across all other resistances
= 10 - 4 =6 V So, V= - r + E
Comparing with the equation
Current through R, or Rzi
of a straight line y = mx + c, we get,
6 2
y= Vix=F E
m=-rs c =E

Current
Graph showing V
through R4. I4 = AIA variation of terminal (Terminal
voltage)
voltage 'V of the cell
55. Here simplified circuit is given as versus the current IT. I (current)
Ap www- B Emf of the cell = Intercept on Vaxis
102
Internal resistance = slope of line.

- 60. (a) Electromotive R

40 2 force of emf 't of a cell
is the potential
www D difference across its
K off
22 terminals when no

Current delivered by the battery is 2= electric current is

R flowing through it or it
(: Given power dissipated across 2 Q is 200 W) is in an open circuit.
200 Terminal voltage V of R
P =
100 I =40 A a cell is the
potential
difference across its
Current in
branch ABis AB 40+10 40x 8A terminals when some
OKon
electric current is flowing
Power dissipated across 5 2 will be
through it or it is in a
P=lx5 Q = 8*x 5=P= 320W closed circuit.
Current Electricity
71
(b) Refer to answer 59.

61. R, 12 2, R+r= 20 2
=

R,=25 2 0.5
=0.5 A, = 0.25 A (i) External resistance
For the 1st case R= 20- r = 20 3 = 172
(ii) Terminal voltage
r R -12
0.5
V IR = 0.5 x 17 8.5 V

E-6 64. (i) The value of potential difference

r
0.5 .i) corresponding to zero current gives the emf of
cell. This value is 1.4 Volt.
Now, for the 2nd case
(ii) Maximum current is drawn form the cell
-25; r = 6 . 2 5 when the terminal potential difference is zero. The
r=-
0.25 0.25 .(i) current corresponding to zero value of terminal
Compare the equation (i) and (ii), we get potential difference is 0.28 A. This is maximum
8-6 E-6.25 value of current.
0.5 0.25 E 14Q;r=52.
0.25 1.5 =0.5 e -

3.125 0.25 e = -

1.625 0.28
65. As, V=¬ - Ir= V= - Ir + e
1.62g=
0.25
6.5 V y= mx +C
..(i)
..(i)
Comparing (i) and (ii) we can say
Putting the value of e, r= 6.5-60.5 the graph between V and
r=19 0.5 0.5
I is a straight line with a A

62. The current relating negative slope, as shown

to
corresponding in figure.
situations are as follows:
For point A, I = 0
i) Without any external resistance I= VA = 8 = Intercept on the
I
In this case, effective resistance of circuit is y-axis.
minimum so current is maximum. 66. (a) H=
Hence I 4.2 A.
E
i) With resistance Ri only
2+
R Given heat produce per
H
In this case, effective resistance of circuit is more second, increases by
a factor of 9.
than situations (i) and (iv) but less than (ii). So
Hence, applied potential difference Vincreased by
= 1.05 A. factor of 3.
ii) With R, and R, in series combination E 12
E
(b) I=- =2A
R+r 4+2
13+R +R2 V=E-Ir= 12 - 2x2= 8V
E
67. Given situation
In this case, effective resistance of circuit is maximum
is shown in figure
so current is minimum. Hence l = 0.42 A. -V-
E
I
E
(iv) l4 RR2 r+R
r+- www.-
R+R2
In this case, the effective resistance is more than
i) V versus R,
R
Terminal voltage,
6) but less than (ii) and (ii). So I = 14 A.
V=E- Ir
63. GivenE = 10 V, r= 3 2, I = 0.5 A V= E- Ir= E- _Er = ER
Total resistance of circuit r+R r+R R(ohm)
 MtG CBSE Champion Physics Class 12
72
22
(ii) V versus 1,
V= E- Ir
72.
When R = 42. 0.3 2
then , = 1 A
2

1= E r+ 4 E ...(i) =-ih
r+4
When R=92 then I= 0.5 A =- 1.5x0.3+2x0.2
(ampere)->
Er+4
Pe 0.3+0.2
Using eqn. (i)]
2 r+9 r+9 0.45+04 0.81.7 V
r+9 2r+ 8, r = 12 0.5 0.5
From eqn. (i) 0.2x0.30.06 = 0.122
emf, E = 1+4 = 5 V c0.2+0.3 0.5
68. For series R 73. (a) Here, I= I1 +
combination - w. E

1E

R+r HHH
(E, r)
R
For parallel combination w
Ez 2

Let V Potential difference between A and B

R
For cell E,
As per question, V=E -Ir = I,=
11E

R+nr R+ Similarly, for cell E, I, =E

2
R+ nr = nR + r or, (n - 1)r= (n - 1)R or r=R
Putting these values in equation (i)
which is the required condition.
E IE- E-V
T2
69.
R or

So, current I =.
va ..(ii)

70. As cells are connected in parallel so potential Comparing the above equation with the equivalent
difference across terminals of each cell is same. circuit of emf 'E^a and internal resistance e
200 38/ = 10 10V then,
38/ 200 - 10 190 V= Eea- lreq ...(iii)
190 Then
= 5A
38 200 V 38 2 B
E EtEp and eq =
71. Refer to answer 70. (b) Given E = E^ = E =5V
Curent Electricity 73
and = r2 = T = 22, and R = 102
79. Kirchhoff's first rule: The
5 algebraic sum of all the current
Then current, I=
-

R+Teq 10+2/2 11 passing through a junction of

an electric circuit is zero.
Voltage across the external resistance, Here, , 1, I, I, and I5 are current in different
branches of a circuit which meet at a junction.
V= IR =x10=4.55v +-I +, -1, =0
This rule is based on the principle of conservation
74. (i) and (ii) Refer to answer 73 (a). of charge.
(ii) The potential difference between A and B Kirchhoff's second rule The algebraic sum of
the applied emf's of an electrical circuit is equal
V=Eq- Ira to the algebraic sum of potential drops across the
75. Refer to answer 73(a).
resistors of the loop.
76. Refer to answer 73(a).
Mathematically, E

77. (b): Kirchhoff's first rule or Kirchhoff's e=EIR

junction rule deals with the conservation of This is based on energy R
charge. conservation principle
78. First we need to calculate R for no current Using this rule,
E E2 = IR, + IR2 E
through R,
3 80. In closed mesh ABCD
F wM

1 V
1+( +1,) R =12
21 +4 (1+ +1,)
211 +4 4/2 =
=
12
12

61 + 412 = 12
203 3V
31 +21 =6 .(1)
In closed mesh BDEF
+12) R= 6
By Kirchhoff law, (7 +1,) 4 =
6
31+ RI+ 21 = 1 +4+6 2/ +21 =
3 ...(ii)
. .(G)
(i) On solving equations (i) and (i), we get
5I+ RI =
11
Also, in loop (1), =3
31+21 3 +6+1 Putting the value of I in equation (i)
51 = 10 or I= 2 amp .. i ) 3 +21 =6
Using in eqn. (i),
3x 3+21, =6
= -1.5
10+Rx 2 = 11
Now, I + I = 3 + (-1.5) = 1.5A
2R= 1 or R=0.52 i) P= (l + I)* R = (1.5)'x 4 = 2.25x4 = 9 watt.
Now to determine the
81. (1) To measure current upto 5 A, the shunt S
potential difference
R 0.5 2 should have a value, such that for 5 A input current
between A and D, we
can assume a cell of through system, 4 A should pass through shunt S
YI=2A and 1 A should pass through given ammeter.
required potential VaD 1x RA =4S
between two points. 1x 0.8 4S; S =0.2 2
On applying Kirchhoff 's Thus, the shunt resistance is 0.2 S2.
law, VAD (ii) Combined resistance of the ammeter and the
VAD 6-4 = -2 x 0.5 shunt,
VAD 10 -1
R
0.8S 0.8x0.2 0.16a
VAD 9 volt 0.8+S 0.8+0.2
 MtG CBSE Champion Physics ClasSS 12
74

82. = -1000 mA
172

202
20 V
I=
4000m A ,} , = 39000
mA
D
W 215 860
2V
84. A D 2
2A
- Y(IA)
80 V
20 2
22
Applying Kirchhoff 1st law.
(at C) i) 2 A
YIA
Applying Kirchhoff's loop rule to CDFEC C 2A
F
V
301 + 20 201, =0
31, +21 =F2 ..i) Using KCL at point D
Ipc+1 2
For loop ABFEA
- 301 + 201, - 80 = 0 pC lA
- 31 + 21, = 8 ..(ii) Along ACDB
from eq. (i) put the value of 1, in eq. (ii) V+1+1 x2-2= VB
31, + 24, + 21, = 2 But Va = 0

51 +212 =
2 ..(iv) V =1+2-2=1 V
-31 +21, =8
85. 22
81= - 6 w B

= -3/4A
Put in eq. (iv) 32
-

5 x 3/4 + 21, =
2 1= A
from eq. (i) (1+1)
23-6+23 8
A DL
R
8 8
Here, VaB = VcD = VEF
83. 200
02
ww
VAB= Vcp=Voltage drop across R=3 - 1x2=1V

60 Q
Now, VEFVeD5 -31 =1 I =
5V
86. Applying KVL in closed loop ABCDA
-80+ 201 + 40( - 12) = 0
4V 201 40/-40,
+ = 80
Applying Kirchhoff's 2nd law to the loop PRSP 601-40, = 80
- I x 20- 12 x 200+ 5 0
80 V
41+ 4012 =1 ..(i) 20 2
B
for loop PRQP,
-20/ 60, +4 =0
51 + 15/1= 1 .ii) 40 2
Applying Kirchhoff's Ist law DE -12) C

from eq. (i) and (ii) we have, T2 (12

41 + 4412
from eq. (ii) and (ii)
= 1

40 V
-
10 2
, F

201 + 5/2 =1
n solving we get 3-21, =4 ..)
Current Electricity 75

Applying KVL in closed loop DCFED Net resistance of the circuit,

-40(-12)+ 10/2 - 40 =0
R=r+ RAn=r+ l ="
-401 + 40l2 + 1012 - 40 0
-401, + 50/,= 40 (a) Current drawn from the cell
E E 3E
or -411+52=4 (i)
1=
R (4r/3) 4r
From (i) and (ii)
= 4 A and I = 4 A
(b) Power consumed in network, P = I'RAB

Current flows througlh 40 Q = I1 - 1, =0 A

P=
Current flows througlh 20 2 = 4 A
87. As no current flows through 4 2, the current 89.
in various branches as shown in the
figure. RI

w
I-1 MI-I+
122 242 R,|
T6 V

Consider loop ABDA

Applying Kirchhoff's loop rule to the closed loop 1,R +1,G - (I-1) R =0
AFEBA, we get 1 R , + R3) + I,G - IR, = 0
.i)
-I-I-4x0-6+9=0 or 9-6-21=0 or 21=3 Consider loop BCDB
or I-A .1) - 1)R-(1-1 +1)R4-,G=0

Again, applying Kirchhoff's loop rule to the closed

(R2 +R) 1(R, + R+ G)- IR,
-
= 0 ..(ii)
When bridge is balanced, B and D are at same
loop BEDCB, we get potentiali.e., 1,=0.Fromequations (i) and (ii), we get
6+4x0- IR - 3 =0 or IR =3
R+R3R3
22 (Using (i)) Ra +R4 R
Potential difference between A and D = Potential
RR+ RR, R3R4 + RzR3 iR,R R,R
= =

difference between A and E

R R
VAD =21=2x=3V RR
88. (i) Refer to answer 79. 90. Since the condition=is satisfied, it is a
ii) Circuit can be redrawn as
balanced bridge.
W-
The equivalent Wheatstone bridge for the given
combination is shown in figure.
ww- The resistance of arm ABC, Rs, = 2+1 =3 2
*********** Also, the resistance of arm ADC,
www w
For net resistance between point A and B.
Here, r, 27, 2r and r are in parallel. 5
So,
SO, = - + , 1 + 1
2 42
R
RAB 7r2r 2r D

3
2or,
RAB
RaB3
76 M.tGCBSE Champion Physics Class 12
Rs = 4+2 =6Q R = S = 22x 10 2 = 22 k2
Equivalent resistance When the resistance are
Rs X Rs, interchanged, the bridge www-
e Rs S will be a balanced if
2R 22x10 www.
3x6 =22 X 2x22x10 2 ZR

3+6 9
X= 4R D
Current drawn from the battery = 4x 22 k2 =
88 k2
Thus, the sequence of
I = =l=2 A. colour will be grey, grey
orange.
91. In case of balanced Wheatstone bridge, no
current flows through the resistor 10 2 between
points B and C.
The resistance of arm ACD, Rs, = 10 + 20 = 30 2
The resistance of arm ABD, Rs, = 5+ 10 15 2

Rs, X Rs,
Equivalent resistance Rea
Rs +Rs,
=
30x15 30x15 10 2
30+15 45
Current drawn from the source,

I A =05A
Req
10 2
Www-

52 B 102 20 S
ww.
ww-
10 2
w-

92. Refer to answer 89.

93. (a) Refer to answer 79
(b) Refer to answer 89.
94. Refer to answer 89.
Let the carbon resistor be
ww-
S in the given wheatstone
bridge, we have
2R 2R
R

ww
R R
www.. D
RRO

R = S =resistance of
carbon resistor