24 Current Electricity

1> Electric Current :- The rate of directional 2> Isolated Conductor :-

– 28 – 3 4
flow of electric charge is called electric ne = 10 e /m    V = 10 m/s
current. Vavg = 0   Ein = 0   (speed V T)
Current
1 2
3 Js
mv = KBT KB=1.38×10–23
at

2 2 K
't'
e

ti
m

3> Battery Connected to Conductor :-

ti

e
In

't'

qE V
ΔQ dq Fe– = qE a= E=
IAvg. = IInst. = me l
Δt dt
Force on electron
∫ Idt = slope of charge o
= Vd = u + at i = neAVd
∫ dt -time graph
eEτ
* C
 harge on Vd = aτ =
circular path me
E = electric field
Q ne ∫dq = ∫ Idt
IAvg. = = Vd = drift velocity
T T ΔQ = Area of
nev l = length of conductor
= nef = current time graph n = no. of electron per unit volume
2πr
τ = relaxation time
 scalar,
me = mass of electron
 unit (Ampere), V = emf of battery
 dimension [A1] e = charge of electron
l 1
Q. Through a given cross section n1 electron f ee 2 ρ=
ne τ m
R* σ = σ
ρ=
per-sec are passing from left to right M 2
m ne τ
and n2 proton are passing from right
to left simultaneously then the electric form ρl
current through this cross section. ic r o scopic R=
M w! A
m's la
of Oh
Ans. I = (n1 + n2)e
mil V=iR ml
Q. Find ratio of current. V= 2 R= 2
ne τA ne τA
t B

A 5> Mobility :- Property of charge carrier.

30° • Does not depends on drift velocity and
electric field.
30° V eτ
Q μ= d = σ = neμ
IA tan60° 3 E m
Ans. = =
IB tan30° 1 μe > μp > μDeut. = µ .
MR* Q. The masses of the wire in the ratio of
1 : 3 : 5 and their length are in ratio of
Q. If drift velocity is doubled then what
5 : 3 : 1. The ratio of their resistance.
about mobility ?
l2
Ans. Remains same Ans. R ∝ R1 : R2 : R3 = 125 : 15 : 1
m
6> Current Density :- (Vector)
8> Ohm;s Law :-
i = J . A = JAcosθ mil
Vector form J = σE V= V = iR
2
J = neVd ne τA
J = σE of Ohm's law !
*Note :-

Conductor = +ve σ↓ ρ↑

B
A Temp ↑
r Insulator = –ve σ↑ ρ↓

Current : IA = IB
Semi-Conductor = –ve σ↑ ρ↓
Current density : JA < JB
Drfit velocity : VA < V B 9> Temperature Dependence of Resistance
& Resistivity :-
7> Variation of Resistance :- Material
   prop. Δρ
ρl ρT = ρ0[1 + α ΔT] , α=
ρ0 ΔT
R =
A unit K–1
ρ ρ
(a) L → Change (b) L → Change
n n
A → Const V → Const
R l R l2 Cu Nichrome

T T
(c) A → Change (d) A → Change
# 
Two resistance R1 and R2 connected in
n n
l → Const V → Const series and their Req does not depends
R 1/A R 1/A2 upon temperature then R1α1 = –R2α2

ρl2 ρM # Rt°C = R0 (1 + αT) always valid

(e) R = × density (f) R = 2
M density A Rt2 = Rt1 [1 + α (T2 – T1)]
2
l M
R R 2 Valid for small change in temperature
M A
Rt 1 + αt2 R0 = resistance at 0°C
2
I
f a wire of Resistance R stretched to = Rt = Resistance at t
Rt 1 + αt1 1 1
1
double of its length the new resistance Rt = Resistance at t
always valid 2 2
becomes 4R.

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Physics
10> Relation between Coefficient of :- Q. Find current in 15Ω and 30Ω.
(a) linear expansion (α) R1=15Ω R2=30Ω
(b) Resistance (αR)
(c) Resistivity (αρ) 5V 10V

ρl
R = α R + α = αρ 20V
A MR*

11> Battery :- V
V 15Ω +10 30Ω 0V
–5 +2
(a) Charging (b) Discharging
I1 10V I2
ΔV = E + ir ΔV = E – ir 5V
V V
OV(let) 20V
m=–r
m=+r
E yaha ish liye kyki yha se sare
point potential nikalna easy hai.
E
i i 10-(-5)v 15
I1 = = = 1A
12> Kirchoff's Law :- 15 15
Charge (20-10) 10 1
Law (i) Σi = 0 Conservn I2 = = = A
30 30 3
n
Law (ii) Energy Conserv . 20V 10Ω
Q.
*Household circuit maltab parallel circuit. V
+20
2Ω
(Put) OV V(let)
20Ω
1Ω
3Ω
12V
10V +10V 5Ω
2Ω
current through each resistance ?
1Ω 3V Ans.
MR* MR* 10Ω
Sare resistance ko series me ek sath add 20V
kar ke battery ko ek sath polarity ke
sath add kare OV V (let)
20Ω
9 9Ω
I = = 1A
9 10V 5Ω
V1 V2 V3
9V + +
MR* R1 R2 R3
V =
Point potential → current depends on 1 1 1
+ +
potential difference not on potential and R1 R2 R3
potential difference does not depends on
reference, hence you can assume zero 20 0 10 4
+ +
potential at any one point of circuit. 10 = 20 5 2 + 1 + 4 80
= V =
(Sirf ek point pe hi zero man sakte hai) 1 1 1 20 7
+ +
Kishi bhi point ka Potential Apan zero Mann Sakte hai! 10 20 5

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Current Electricity
 Now, we can calculate each current Q. Find current through each resistance
80 I3 = 4x
because we have V = hence we have 2Ω
potential difference. 7
4Ω
13> Combination of Resistance :-
I = 14A I2 = 2x
Series i = Same Parallel [v = same]
potential different current different I1 = x(let) 8Ω
Vtotal = V1+V2+V3+... Itotal = I1+I2+I3+... Ans. V = IR
1 1 1 1 1
Req = R1+R2+R3+... = + + +... Iα
Req R1 R2 R3 R
x + 2x + 4x = 17
If n equal resistance, If n equal resistance, X = 2 Amp
Req = nR Req = R/n 14> Combination of Battery :-
Req will be larger Req will be smaller
Series :-
than the largest than smallest
r1 r2 r3
Resistance Resistance. A B
V R i 1/R ε1 ε2 ε3
Jitna Jyada “R” Jitna Kam “R”
εnet = ε1 + ε1 + ε3
Utna Jyada Vdrop. Utna jyada “i”
rnet = r1 + r2 + r3
*Household circuit maltab parallel circuit.
# If there are “n” identical battery is
To Calculate Potential at Midpoint :- connected in series :
V1 V2 εnet = nε
+ R1 R2
R1 R2 rnet = nr
Vmid = V1 V2
1 1 V # If “n” identical battery is connected in
+ series out of which “m” reversed :
R1 R2
εnet = [n–2m]E
Q. Find current and potential drop across rnet = nr [Maximum]
each resistance Parallel :-
ε1 r2
2Ω 6Ω 4Ω

24 votl
Ans. V = IR ε2 r2
V α R ε1 ε2
+
V1 = x(let)    V2 = 3x   V3 = 2x r1 r2 1 1 1
V= , = +
Hence x + 3x + 2x = 24V 1 1 req r1 r2
+
V1 = x = 4 volt r1 r2
V2 = 12 volt V3 = 8 volt # If there are n-identical cell in parallel then,
Vnet 24  Σnet = Є(emf)
I = = = 2Amp
R2 12  req = r/n [Minimum]

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Physics
Mixed Grouping Joule's Law of heating :
2
 n-Identical battery (E,r) connected H = i Rt = ivt = msΔθ
in series then this series combination 2
i = Variable :- H = R ∫i . dt.
connected m-times parallel with
external resistance R.
Special
n – series nE, nr r= R 1 R2
nr Case
then m-times parallel (nE) R1 R2
m
nE
I = nr
R +
m
E r E r
This I will be maximum when
agar ye internal resistance between two
nr circuit iss pattern mein raha toh Pdrop
R = (Internal resistance)
m Same hoga woh doh circuit mein!
 Circuit Mai chalna Important Hai : Power drop in ext. Circuit with maximum
power theorem :-
E R I
x y R
→ Vy – IR + E = Vx
→ Vx – E + IR = Vy E r 2
2
E
 Current ki direction me resistance ko Power drop across R, P = I R = R
cross karne par potential drop hoga R+r
(–IR). Power drop will be maximum when r=R
 Current ke opposite potential increase P
hoga (+IR). Pmax
E2
Pmax =
 Battery ko lower to higher cross karne 4R
pe potential increase hoga (+E).
 Higher to lower cross karne pe
potential decrease (–E).
 Current ki direction se fark nahi R1 R = r R2 R
pedega.
16> Bulb :- (Pure Resistance )
Q. Find VP?  Rated power and rated voltage given
VP I to calculate resistance of bulb.
VR2
I = 5A 2Ω 8V 4Ω 3V Rbulb =
PR VS
2

Ans. Move from 'P' to ground 1 PCons. = PRated

RBulb VR
VP + 5 × 2 – 8 + 4 × 5 + 3 = 0 PRated
VP = –33 + 8 = –25 volt
15> Power :- Q. If two bulb of power (60W, 110V) and
V2 (100W, 110V) are connected in series
2
P = iV P = i R P =
R with supply of 220V then?
Series :- Parallel :- Ans. Potential drop across 60W bulb will be
P R P 1/R greater than 110V hence it will fuse.

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Current Electricity
€ Series Combination :- € Parallel :-
Bakwas Combination t1t2
t =
t1  +  t2
(P1V) (P2V) (P3V) 18> Electrical Instruments :-
(a) Galvanometer :-
An instrument use to detect or
V


1 1 1 1 measure small current.

= + +
Pcons. P1 P2 P3  Very sensitive, produce large error.
If all are identical bulb then,  IG = Maximum current that can flow.
P Pcons. is smaller than the  G = resistance of galvanometer
Pcons. =
n smallest Prated bulb.
€ As Ammeter :- Connected in series in
1 circuit.
Pcons. Rbulb
Prated  Small resistance shunt connected in
parallel with galvanometer.
Pconsumed = i2Rbulb
 Ideal R = 0; Behave as simple wire.

Joh Kam Prated Ka hoga woh Jyada Chamkega! i T – iM

% Error = × 100
€ Parallel Combination :- iT

(P3V) niG iG
G
(P2V)
i – iG
(P1V)
S
GS
Rammeter =
V G+S

Pcons. = P1 + P2 + P3 G R↓
S=
n–1 % Error ↓
If all are identical bulb then,
1
Pcons. = nP Pcons. Prated
Rbulb i we want to Measure
n=
V 2 i jitna Galvano-meter
Pconsumed = se jayega.
Rbulb

Joh Jyada “Prated” Ka hoga woh Jyada € As Voltmeter :- Connected parallel in

Chamkega! circuit
[1 kWh = 36 × 105J]  large resistance connected in series
17> Time Taken by Heater Coils :- with galvanometer
€ Series :-  Ideal R = infinite (Behave as
t = t1 + t2 open wire)

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Physics
 iG S Caution !
G
S = G(n–1) *EMF of the battery must be less or equal
to the Potential drop in wire.
VT – VM
% Error = × 100 *Upar Ke battery Ki polarity aur niche
VT
ke battery Ki polarity supportive honi
(b) Meter Bridge :- Use to find value of
chahiye nai toh balance point asambhav
Resistance.
 Working based on wheat-stone hai... !
bridge.
€ To Compare EMF :-
P Q
= l1 & l2 are balance
l1 100 – l1 E r points E1 & E2
are support each
other and when
P R, L
Q oppose each other
respectively.
l1
i=o
G
ε1 l1 + l2
l1 100–l1 G =
ε2 l1 –  l2
ε1 ε2
(c) Potentiometer wire :- Working based
on potential gradient. € To Find internal Resistance :-
€ To Find EMF :-
i
E r
E r

R, L
R, L

i=0 i=0
l2 i=0
E=?
G i' G
l1
r=? r=R –1
E E l2
*Step-i :- i =
R+r
*Step-ii :- v = iR R=Known

V
*Step-iii :- K = r = Unknown Resistance
l
Potential gradient R = Known joined resistance in 11e!
Potential drop per unit length in wire. l1 = initial length before connecting
E = kl
known Resistance .
l = Balancing length where current
through galvanometer is zero. l2 = Final length.

175
Current Electricity
19> Colour Coding :- G Grey 8 108
0
B Black 0 10 W White 9 109
B Brown 1 101 G Gold 1021 5%
102 22
R Red 2 S Silver 10 10%
O Orange 3 103 No Colour 20%
Y Yellow 4 104 ΔR
To Calculate Tolerance :- × 100
R
G Green 5 105
R = 470 ± 5%
B Blue 6 106
V Violet 7 107
Yellow Violet Brown Gold

MR*

[kqn dh le>nkjh Hkh vgfe;r j[krh gS]

ojuk nq;ksZ/u vkSj vtqZu nksuksa
osQ xq# ,d gh FksA

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Physics