RAY OPTICS

PART-1
RAY OPTICS

REFLECTION OF LIGHT TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION REFRACTION OF LIGHT

TIR CONDITIONS

Normal
According to the laws of reflec�on,
∠i = ∠r •Light must travel from denser Rarer
to rarer, i Medium
If a plane mirror is rotated
by an angle of �, the reflected rays •Incident angle i>cri�cal angle ie
Denser
Medium r
rotates by an angle 2�. 1
Rela�on between μ & ie : μ =
Sin ie
APPLICATION OF TIR SNELL’S LAW
Normal

•Fiber op�cs Communica�on When light travels from

In

y
ra
cid

•Medical endoscopy medium a to medium b,

ed
en

ct

μ
tr

fle

i r •Periscope (using prism) Sin i

ay

a
Re

μ = =
•Sparkling of diamond ab μ Sin r
b
Refrac�ve index,
c
REFLECTION BY SPHERICAL P μ=
v
MIRROR
1 1 1 2 A Real & apparent depth
Mirror formula, δ
+ = = i1 real depth (x)
u v f R i2 μ=
r1 r2 Apparent depth (y)
v h
Magnifica�on, m = - = i
u ho REFRACTION BY
Q R SPHERICAL SURFACE
REFRACTION THROUGH Rela�on between object
PRISM distance (u), image distance (v)
and refrac�on index (μ)
Rela�on between μ and δm δm μ2 μ μ - μ1
- 1 = 2
ght
Sin [ (A+δm) / 2 ] R v u R
μ= li O
Sin (A/2) W hite Y
G Lens maker’s formula
B

[ ]
I
V 1 1 1
or , δ = (μ-1)A = (μ-1) -
f R R
Screen 1 2
Angular dispersion,
= δv - δR = ( μV - μR )A THIN SPHERICAL LENS POWER OF LENS
Thin lens formula, Power of lens,
Dispersive power, 1
1 1 1 P=
δ v - δR μV - μR f (in m)
w= = - =
μ-1 v u f Combina�on of lenses,
δ

Mean devia�on, Magnifica�on, Power : P = P1 + P2 - dP1P2

(d=small separa�on between the lenses )
δ +δ v h
δ= v R m= = i For d = 0 ( lenses in contact)
2 u ho
Power : P = P1 + P2 + P3 +......

SCATTERING OF LIGHT
The process of re-emission of absorbed light in all direc�ons with different intensi�es by atoms or
molecules , is called sca�ering of light.
DAILY LIFE APPLICATIONS

•Blue colour of the sky.

•Reddening of the sun at sunrise and sunset.