CLASS 12 BOOK 2 - FORMULA SHEET

RAY OPTICS
Reflection

 Angle of incidence = angle on reflection

 R = 2f
 Mirror formula
1 1 1
 
v u f
 Magnification,

himage
m
hobject

v
 Also m  
u
1 1 1
  
v u f
u u u
  
v u f
1 u
 1
m f
1 u
  1
m f
f
 m
f u

Refraction
 Refractive index
Absolute refractive index
c
μm 
cm

Relative refractive index

c1
μ2 
1

c2
 c1  νλ1, c 2  νλ 2 ,
νλ1 λ1
μ2 
1

νλ2 λ2

μ2
Also, 1μ2 
μ1

 Snell’s law
μ1 sini  μ2 sinr

 Real depth and apparent depth

Real depth
μ
Apparent depth

 Total internal reflection

1
μ
sinic

 Refraction at a spherical
surface
Rarer to denser
μ2 μ1 μ2  μ1
 
v u R
Denser to rarer
μ1 μ2 μ1  μ2
 
v u R
 Lens makers’ formula

1  μ2  1 1 
   1  
f  μ1  R1 R2 

For convex lens

R1   ve
R 2   ve
For concave lens
R1   ve
R 2   ve
 Thin lens formula
 1 1 1
 
v u f
Magnification
himage v
m 
hobject u

u u u
 
v u f
1 u
 1
m f
1 u
  1
m f
f
 m
f u
 Power of lens
1
P
focal length
 Combination of lenses
Power of combination
P  P1  P2  P3  .....
Focal length of combination
1 1 1 1
   .....
f f1 f2 f3
Magnification of combination
m  m1  m2  m3 ......
Dispersion

 A δ ie

 r1  r2  A

 δ  A μ  1

Prism formula
  A  δm 
sin 
 2 
μ
A
sin  
2
 Angular dispersion
 δ v  δr
 A μv  1  A μr  1
 A μv  1  μr  1
 A μv  μr 

 Dispersive power of prism  ω 

Angular dispersion
ω
mean deviation

A μv  μr 
ω
A μ  1
μv  μr

μ 1

Optical instruments
Simple microscope
m = magnifying power
D
m  1
f

Normal adjustment
D
m
f
Compound microscope

vo  D 
m 1 
uo  fe 

Normal adjustment

vo  D 
m  
uo  fe 

Length of microscope
tube
L  v o  | ue |

Astronomical telescope
fo
m
fe
 WAVE OPTICS
Interference of light: young’s double slit experiment

y1  a sin  ωt 
y 2  b sin  ωt  φ 

After interference, the amplitude R of the resultant wave is

R  a2  b2  2ab cos φ

Intensity   Amplitude 
2

I1  a2 , I2  b2 , I  R2
R2  a2  b2  2ab cosφ
I I1 I2 I  I 
   2  1   2  cosφ
k k k k  k 
I I1 I2 II
   2 1 2 cos φ
k k k 2
I  I1  I2  2 I1I2 cosφ

If intensity of both sources is same (let Io), then

φ
I  4Io cos2
2

I1 a2 ω1
 
I2 b 2 ω2

Constructive interference
For intensity of light to be maximum at P,
cosφ = 1
phase difference φ = 2nπ , where n = 0,1,2,3,4........

2π
φ x
λ
2π
2nπ  x
λ
 x  nλ

Destructive interference
For intensity of light to be minimum at P,
 cos φ  1
φ  (2n  1)π
2π
x  (2n  1)π
λ
λ
x  (2n  1)
2

Ratio of intensity of light at Maxima and minima

I max (a1  a2 )2

I min ( a1  a2 ) 2

Ratio of intensity of light due to two sources

Let I1 and I2 and a1 and a2 be the intensities and amplitudes of light from slits S1 and S2
respectively. Then,
I1 a2
= 12
I2 a2

Relation between slit width (), I and a

ω1 I a2
= 1 = 12
ω2 I2 a2

Position for maxima and minima

d ista n ce o f n th b rig h t frin g e fro m ce n tre o f scre e n ,

n λD
yn = ,
d
d ista n ce o f n th d a rk frin g e fro m ce n tre o f sc re e n ,
(2 n + 1 )λD
y n'  ,
2d
w h e re n  0,1, 2, 3 ......

Linear width of each fringe

λD
d

β λ
The angular width of each fringe, Δθ = =
D d

Single slit diffraction

Angular position of nth dark fringe

nλ
So, θn 
a

Linear position of nth dark fringe

yn
tanθn 
D
y
or θn  n
D
nλ
 y n  θnD  y n  D
a

Angular position of nth light fringe

For small angles sinθ  θ

So, θn 
 2n  1 λ
a 2

 y'n  θn' D  yn' 

 2n  1 λ D
a 2

Linear Width of light or dark fringe

λD
y n1  y n 
a

Angular Width of light or dark fringe

2λ
θn 1  θn 
a

DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION

Planck’s quantum theory
Energy of a photon, E  hν

Clearly Wo  h o .

h  Wo  KE max .........(i)

1
 h  Wo  mv max
2

2
1
 h  h o  mv max
2

2
Equation (i) is called Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
Further, we can write above equation as
hc hc 1
  mv 2max
 o 2
1 1  1
 hc     mv max
2

  o  2

1
mv 2max  eVo , where Vo is the stopping potential. Therefore, Einstein’s photoelectric equation
2
becomes

h o  Wo  eVo

According the de Broglie hypothesis, the above equation must be true for material particles like
electrons, protons, neutrons etc. Hence a particle of mass m moving with velocity v must be
associated with a matter wave of wavelength λ given by

h h
λ 
mv p

 p  2m(KE)
and KE  qV

h
 λ
2m(qV)
As, h  6.62  1034 Js
m  9.11 10 31kg
q  1.6  10 19 C
We get
12.27 o
λ A
V
 ATOMS
Velocity of an electron

2πkZe2
v
nh

 1 
v  c
 137 

Radius of the orbit of electron

nh nh
r .
2πm 2πkZe2
n 2 h2
 r
4π 2mkZe2

ENERGY

Kinetic energy of electron in nth orbit

1 kZe2
K.E  mv 2  [Using equation (i)]
2 2r

Potential energy of electron in nth orbit is

q1q2 (Ze)( e) Ze2

P.E  k k  k
r r r

Total energy T.E = P.E + K.E

Ze2 Ze 2 Ze2
T.E  k k  k
2r r 2r

Putting the value of r, we get

kZe2 4π 2mkZe2
T.E   .
2 n2h2

2π 2mk 2 Z 2 e4
 T.E  
n2h2

Wavelength of emitted photon when an electron comes back from higher energy (n2) state to
lower energy state (n1).
 1 1 1
 R 2  2 
λ  n1 n2 
2π 2mk 2 e 4
where R  , is the Rydberg constant
ch3

Value of R is 109733 cm1

NUCLEI
Radius of a nucleus

R  Ro A1/3

Density of nucleus

Volume of nucleus

4 3
 R
3
3
4  1
 4
   Ro A 3   Ro A
3   3

Therefore, nuclear density

Mass of nuclues

Volume of nucleus

mA 3m
 
4 3 4 R3o
Ro A
3

  2.30  1017 kgm3

Nuclear binding energy

Mass defect, m   Zmp  (A  Z)mn   mN

E   m  c 2

Multiply m (in amu) by 931 to get answer in MeV.

Binding energy
Binding energy per nucleon 
mass number
 m
Packing fraction 
A