Summary on Waves and EM Waves

1. Relationship Between v, , f, and T

v  f T  1/ f
Speed of light in vacuum: c = 3108 m/s
2. EM Waves Characterization

Microwave ( 1 mm – 30 cm), Visible light (400 nm – 700 nm),

Ultraviolet light (0.6 nm – 400 nm), …
3. Waveform Equation

 2 
y  A sin  ( x  vt )   
  
4. Doppler Effect
f
f 
vs
1
v
Summary on Reflection and Refraction
1. Law of Reflection
 1   1
2. Index of Refraction

c c 
n  v   medium 
v n n

3. Snell’s Law of Refraction

n1 sin 1  n2 sin  2
4. Critical Angle

n2
sin  C  for n1  n2
n1
Summary on Thin Lenses and Mirrors

1. Ray Diagram
Real or Virtual? Upright or Inverted?

2. Thin Lens Equation

1 1 1
 
s s' f
3. Magnification

d s
m   
d s
4. Combination of Thin Lenses

Be careful with the “-” sign!

Summary on Thin Lenses and Mirrors
(continued)
5. Eyeglasses
1
power of lens  Unit: D = m-1
f
Nearsightedness correction:
1 1 1
 
  far pt f
Farsightedness correction:
1 1 1
 
25 cm  near pt f
6. Spherical Mirrors

R  "  " for concave mirrors 

f    
2  " - " for convex mirrors 
7. Sign Conventions
Sign Conventions in Thin Lens Equation

Quantity Positive “+” Negative “-”

f - Focal Length (f) Converging “()” Diverging “)(”
s’ - Image Distance Real Virtual
m - Magnification Upright Inverted
s - Object Distance Front Back
Quantity Positive “+” Negative “-”
For Lens
Real (back) Virtual (front)
s’ - Image Distance
For Mirrors
Real (front) Virtual (back)
s’ - Image Distance
Problem 1 – Double Lens

A candle is placed 12 cm in front of a converging lens with

a focal length of 10 cm. A second lens with a focal
length of -10 cm is placed 40 cm from the other side of
the first lens.
(a) Find the distance of the final image relative to the
second lens. Is the final image real or virtual?
(b) What is the total magnification of this double-lens
system? Is the final image upright or inverted?

12 cm 40 cm
Practice Question – Double Lens
A candle is placed 12 cm in front of a diverging lens with a focal
length of -10 cm. A second lens with a focal length of 10 cm is
placed 40 cm from the other side of the first lens.
(a) Find the distance of the final image relative to the second lens. Is
the final image real or virtual?
(b) What is the total magnification of this double-lens system? Is the
final image upright or inverted?
Answer: (a) 12.82 cm to the right of the second lens, real.
(b) -0.128, inverted.

12 cm 40 cm
Summary on Interference and Diffraction
1. Double-Slit Experiment

• Bright Fringes: d sin   m

• Dark Fringes: d sin   (m  1 / 2)

2. Single-Slit Diffraction

y L 
sin
• Minima: a sin   m ; m  0

3. Diffraction Grating

• Maxima: d sin   m

4. Thin Film Interference

• Maximum 2nt  Extra 2  Extra1  m

Reflection:
2nt  Extra 2  Extra1  (m  1 / 2)
• Minimum Reflection:
Problem 2 – Single Slit Diffraction
The second-order dark fringe in a single-slit diffraction
pattern is 1.45 mm from the center of the central
maximum. The screen is 82.6 cm from a slit of width
0.835 mm.
(a) Find the wavelength of the incident light in
nanometers.
(b)Find the angle at which the first-order dark fringe can
be observed.
Problem 3 – Thin Film Interference

A material with an index of refraction of 1.75 is used to

coat glass. The index of refraction of glass is 1.5. What is
the minimum thickness of the coating that will minimize
the reflection of light with a wavelength of 686 nm?

1
Extra path
length 1: l/2
2
n1 = 1.0
n2 = 1.75
n3 = 1.5
Extra path
length 2: 0
Summary on Coulomb’s Law and Electric Field

1. Coulomb’s Law
q1q2
1) Magnitude: F k
r2
2) Direction

3) Vector addition

2. Electric Field
|q|
1) Magnitude: E  k 2
r
2) Direction

3) Vector addition

4) Force: F  QE

5) Dipole moment: p  qd
Problem 4 – Electric Field
Two charges are located on a horizontal axis.
(a) Determine the electric field at point P on a vertical axis
as shown in the figure.
(b) Calculate the horizontal and vertical components of the
electric force on a −1 μC charge placed at point P.

1.5 m
2.5 C 2.5 C

2.0 m 2.0 m