PHYSICS FORMULAE & DEFINITIONS

RAY OPTICS V2  velocity of light in 2 medium

8. μ value depends colour (wavelength) of light
speed of light in vacuum
1. Refractive index= μ - maxium for violet and minium for red.
speed of light in medium
9. Real and Apparent Depths
From Snell’s Law
Due to refraction, depth of an optically denser
S in i medium appears to be less than its real depth.
μ Consider two media a and b, such that
S in r
 b   a , then
i  angle of incidence
a real depth
r  angle of refraction b 
apparent depth
d  i  r  angle of deviation
Denser  rarer medium  1  1 
d  t1 1    t 2 1    ......
light bends away from normal ( d  r  i )  1   2 
rarer  denser medium 10. Critical angle :-
light bends towards normal ( d  i  r ) a. Light travels from denser to rarer medium.
b. Angle of refraction in rarer medium is 900
μ2
2. 1 μ2  c. Emergent ray passes along the surface of
μ1
separation
1 μ2 = refractive index of 2 medium w.r.t 1 1
μ C  critical angle of the denser
μ1 = refractive index of 1 medium SinC
medium
μ2 = refractive index of 2 medium
3. No refraction 1  1 
 C  Sin  μ 
(a) if light is incident normally on boundary  
(b) refractive index of 1st medium = refrac-  
tive index of 2 medium C  sin 1  r 
4. When light ray undergoes refraction, there is  d 
a change in its velocity and wavelength but d. Critical angle is maximum for red mini-
frequency of the light does not change. mum for violet
V1 11. If angle of incidence in denser medium is
1 μ2
5. =
V 2 (from wave theory) greater than its critical angle, the light gets
reflected back into same medium This phe-
V1  velocity of light in 1 medium nomenon is called total internal reflection.
12. Exampuls :
V2  velocity of light in 2 medium
i) Sparkling of a diamond is due to total inter-
λ1 nal reflection
6. μ
1 2
=
λ2 ii) Mirage in hot areas and looming in cold
areas is due to total internal reflection
λ1  wavelength of light in 1 medium
iii) Optical fibre works on the principle of to-
λ2  wavelength of light in 2 medium tal internal reflection
 2 V1 1 13. Refraction at Spherical surfaces.
7.    1V1   2 V2 . When light goes from rarer to denser medium
1 V2  2
through a spherical surface having radius of
Where V1  velocity of light in 1 medium curvature R. We have relation
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 n 2  n1 n 2 n1 chromatic aberration)
 
R v u
f1  f 2
Where n1 and n2 are refractive indices of d
rarer and denser medium respectively. (i.e. 2
n1 < n2) distance of the object from the pole
is u and that of the image is v. 1 f
 1
n 1  n 2 n1 n 2 2 f2
 
R v u d - distance between the two plano convex
14. Lens makers formula lenses

1  1 1  1 1 1 f 1 , f 2 : focal lengths of the plano convex

  μ  1    where  
f  R1 R2  f v u lenses
19. Effective focal length of a combination of
f - focal length μ -refractive index of ma- lenses
terial of lens
1 1 1 d
R1 ,R2 - radii of curvature of the lens   
f f1 f 2 f1 f 2
15. Magnification
Linear Magnification f - effective focal length
“It is ratio of the length of the image formed 20. Magnifying power of a simple microscope is
by a lens to the length of the object”
D D
h m  1 at near point, m  at far point
m 1 f f
h0
where D = The least distance of distinct vi-
v sion.
m
u 21. Magnifying power of a compound micro-
f v scope is m  m0  me
m
f mo = magnifying power of objective, me =
magnifying power of eyepiece
f
m
f u v0  D  L  D
16. Sign convention m 1     1  
u fe  f0  fe 
i)distances are mesured from the optic cen-
tre  LD
ii) distances in the direction of incident ray If the final image is at infinity m 
f0 fe
are taken positive and opposite to incident
22. Magnifying power of a telescope is defined
ray are taken negative
as the ratio of the angle subtended by the
17. For convex lens :- image at the eye when formed at infinity to
the angle subtanded by the object at the eye
1  1 1  when imagined to be at infinity.
  μ  1   
f  R1 R2  23. Magnifying power of an astronomical or ter-

18. Condition for eliminating spherical aberra- f0

restrial telescope, m 
tion f e for normal adjust-
ment or when the image forms at infinity. It

condition for achromatism (elimination of

PHYSICS FORMULAE & DEFINITIONS

f0  f 
is equal to    1  e  when the image
fe  D 

forms at the least distance of distinct vision.
m i =i
24. Reflecting Type Telescope O i i
Reflecting type telescope was designed by
i
Newton. It is used for observing distant stars. 27. Dispersion of light for small angled prisms
In normal adjustment, magnifying power of
a reflecting type telescope is d   μ  1 A
f R/2 d - angle of deviation,
M o 
fe fe μ - refractive index,
f A - angle of prism
25. distance of cross wires from field lens =
4 28. Angular dispersion :-
2f for violet and red rays
f1 : f 2  1 : 1 d
3
θ = dv  d r   μv  μr  A
3f
effective focal length = dv , dr  deviations of violet and red
4
Huygen’s eye piece
μv , μr  refractive indices of violet and red
f1 : f 2  3 : 1 d 2f 29. Dispersive power :-
3f angular dispersion
effective focal length = ω
2 mean deviation
dv  d r dv  d r
26. Refraction through a Prism = where d  (mean de-
d 2
(a) I+e=A+ viation)
L μv  μr μv  μr
= where μ  (mean re-
A
 μ 1 2
i r1 r2
e fractive index, for yellow)
P Q R S

M N

sin
 A  m 
 2
(b) A
sin  
2

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