Geometrical

Optics
By

AMIT SHARMA
 Refraction through
Thin spherical lenses :

A
¥ lens is a transparent
medium bounded two
by
that
refracting surfaces such
at least the
one
of refracting
surfaces is curved (or spherical

Thin spherical Lens :

Thin Radius curvature

means
of
of the surface is large
very
in comparison to the thickness

of the tent
 for
2
principal
am

#i
¥
RER

# Treo
→

k
a

Biconvex Equi convex piano convex

ME tens lent

gfRFR2
)
RED RER

II. Ezra
"

concave
Biconcave Equi Plano -
concave

lens
.

tens
ME
qri.be ETI?
* first focus or object focus :

St is a point at which
if
an object is kept, the rays
become parallel to the

principal axis
after refraction
the tent
from

÷ :D →
:
converging lez
>

⇐
,

erring we

#¥T
* second focus ok Image focus

9T is a point at which
rays
parallel to the principal axis

will
converge ,
ok
appear to

diverge ,
after refraction from
the tent

>

>
Fz

:÷¥É .

focal length
Note : Normally ,

to the 9 mate
refers
trust
* optical Centre:

passes through optical

of light
and emergent
Centre, Incident
ray
ray will be
pakallet

single spherical
through
"

Refract
snroaci-param.at
•r=÷ Ar¥=% ,

e-

¥=% I-
Plane Surface R=N

¥ E- -
o
* Lens maker formula

Mi ¥2 M3

3
%; ÷,
"
k A +
v
,

for ItRefraction :

¥
-

1- =

HIT -
①

for 2nd Refractions

virtual
object →
It
Image →
Iz

¥ -

¥ =

M%I- -
②
 form
General of
① ②=
+
Lens maker formulae
***

Mf %=tk¥+M5÷2
-

↳
③
Impy
:

D Rays should be Paraxial

All the known quantities
2) with
are taken proper sign .

should
3) Lens be thin .

4) Ri ,
where
ray strikes
first
* specialcase :

Sf µ3=u, ) if
ie .
medium on
,

the lens is same :

both Sides
of
Sabit .

in ③
 k-rY-i-M-rE-u.fr
F- % =

-
=
Kind (¥k
f- f- ⇐ ( ¥ ¥1
-
- =

Mz =
Me ( say)

M3 Ms
***µF
=

Lens maker formula

÷ b- -41¥ E) ④
-

-
=
-

↳ more
often meet
 *
Im#us ok
2ndfoc# :

>

,
rz

:÷¥É .

Here, u =-D
, V=f
susst .

in EÑ ④
*** Lens MattoonIE

F- Has -11¥ ¥1
-

↳ To calculate focal length

of a tent

Note : From eqn ⑤ ,

we see that
***
focal a lens also
length of
depends on the nature
of
the surroundings
*
converginglens :

which converges a parallel beam

the other side

of light
on

of the tent
note sign Convention has been
: -

such that
made in
way
a ,

focal length CoE Poway of 9

lens is
converging
ALE -1¥
Power
of a lens is
P=l④
 -¥¥←-
*
Diverginglens
:

which diverges a parallel

beam
of light
>

;¥É ,

note sign Convention has been

: -

such that
made in
way
a ,

focal length CoE Poway of 9

lens is
Diverging
ALWAYS= ve
-
signconventiar.is#.-*- : H: -.-:E-H:-t
Fig
.

G)

fig (2)
.

>

ooj .

Yy
>
Fig (3)
.
' '
- ÷ - -
-

- -
 f Ri Rz
fig U V

+ ve ve
G) + ve
-

- ve + ve

ve ve ve + ve
( ii)
-

ve
- -
-

i -we-ve-ve-ve-vegmp. h#:C9nCaseofanylens-OBTECT-
(

:
** -
Atwater

Realobjet
ve
for : U= -

R#) 9nciaentRa
verging
ai

mirrohats-o.RO#(-(for]
for
-

Real object
ve
always
-

U is
?⃝
 (¥ro -
u

Ht
For vj :

d
gn case of

¥E
>

ro
:: :: virtual

1¥
**
u
always + ve
Imagery
:

for Realirnage :

must be
Refracted rays
converging

.si#.*-
to
☒* contrary
V always + ve
the mirror

ofmoh
:
9N Case

Real image
V always
for ,

)¥p
>
RÉ
,
 virtualt-r-n-age.LY
Repeated rays
must be

Diverging

in

¥¥É_÷¥÷i÷E
Result's
lend
gn Case of
*
*
For virtual image, V always -
ve

contrary to the mirror

gn Case
of Mirren
for virtual image, v always +r⇐
 Summarily
object
mirror / lens

Ro U always -

ve

v0 U
alway + ve

Image

✗
b
Mirror lent

| FosRI_
✓
railway
t→roev⇐
always
-

+ ve
ve

y FoER⇐
v

for

v
always

always
v±

-
+ re

ve