30 Ray Optics

Light Plane Mirror

It is a form of energy which gives the
Effect of Reflection & Refraction :-
Sensation of vision.
Light itself is not visible f = Medium independent, only depend
on Source

[V I B G Y O R] : visible light Ka range

Speed of light does not depends on Speed 1
f, V1
of Source and speed of observer. 1

Frequency and sense of colour does not

depends on medium.
Intensity, wavelength, speed of light 2 f, V2 2
depends on medium.

Speed of Light
1 1
C= V =
0 0 N
m m
i = r
C C
V = =
r r IR RR Angle b/n
r IR & RR is
.. 1V1 2V2 i
always 2i.
1

Deviation from Plane Mirror

MR*
Koi object jis light Ko emit Karega woh waisa (a) By a Mirror :-
dhikega.

Normal Grazing

Red Incidence Incidence

light 0
(b) By two inclined Mirror :-

Heat up
... Yellow balloon will burst.
Note :- (C) To see full wall behind object if man is
not centre ?
Opposite Sense.

perpendicular to plane then No effect on H

B
reflected ray.

d
Image Formation by Plane Mirror 2d

3d 3d
MR*
AB H 2H
= Hmirror =
Object 2d 5d 5
Object ek line er
to Mirror draw Karo
line Virtual Clock System :-
image hogi.
hr : Mmint : Ssec)
Image

Some Properties of Image formation

(11-H)hr : (59-M)mint : (60–S)sec
by Plane mirror :-
Focal length of Plane mirror is Infinite when only HR and MINT is given = (11-
on covering part of mirror, No change in H)hr : (60-M)mint
size of Image but brightness will change.
Velocity of Image :-
1> Object is moving IIel to plane mirror :-
Object and Image always of same
VIO = O VOG = VIG
distance from mirror
Lateraly inverted image.
Obserber is moving with constant speed
Plane mirror can form Inverted Image
u then time for which observer Can See
of real object
image of object
Height of Mirror :-
(A) To see full height of object :-
d L
Hmirror = Hobject/2. object
(B) To see full wall behind object ? 2L
u
(Observer at Centre). 3d observer
t =
Hwall u
Hmirror =
3

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Physics
 er
2> Object is moving to plane mirror :- 360°
m= fraction then ush fraction Se

choti integer lenge approximate Nahi lena,

O I
Ex M = 7.8 m = 7 Image
VOG VIG
Rest MR*
VIG = – VOG 360°
m= =6
VIO = – 2 VOG 30° 60°
30° n=5
3> Object is moving at an angle to mirror
Pahila image
+V0y +V0y M1 M2
Kaha banega
30° 30° Angle b/n two
I +60°
O +V0x –V0x 90° 90° mirror add
+60° Karo.
VOG VIG 150° 150° Ye coincide
Rest
Karega.
*VIO = – 2VOX

4> Object at rest & Mirror is moving with is Parallel :-

VMG :-
2m 2m M1 M2

VMG
O I 2m 2m
rest +4m
Object
6m 6m
360
m= n= 10m 10m
VIO = VIG = 2 VMG 0
14m 14m
Add distn b/n
Image Formation by Two Plane two mirror.
Mirror :- Spherical Mirror :-

360 Angle b/n Concave M. Convex M.

m=
Mirror Converging diverging.

Even Odd f = –ve f = +ve

U = –ve [RO] U = –ve [RO]
n = m–1
Bisector Bisector V = –ve [RI] V = +ve [VI]

n = m–1 n=m Along Incident ray distance taken as +ve.

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Ray Optics
Mirror Equation :- MR*
R 1 1 1 Tum mirror Ko kahi bhi rakho uska “f ”
+ =
2 V U f change nai hoga lens Ka ho sakta hai.

HI V f f– V Newton's Formula
mT = =– = =
H0 U f– U f f= xy

dV x = Object distn from focus.

mL = =–mT2 * only valid for
dU y = image distn from focus.
small object

Longitudinal V
Velocity of Image in Case of Concave
Magnification m= – Mirror :-
U er
1> Object is moving to Principle axis :-
m = +ve m = –ve VI = mTV0.
> 1 = Erect & > 1 = Inverted 2> Object is moving IIel to Principle axis :-
Mag. Mag.
VI = mLV0 = mT2V0.
< 1 = Erect & < 1 = Inverted
Diminished. & Diminished. Graph for Concave Mirror :-
V
Joh Chahiye uska sign convention nai lete !

Image Formation by Concave Mirror :-

–U 2f f
Object Image U
P
f
b/n &C 2f
[R, I, –ve]
–V
at C

b/n C & f &C

Graph for Convex Mirror :-

at f . [R, I, –ve]
V
b/n f & Pole
[V, E, +ve]

Image Formation by Convex Mirror :-

Object Image U
–U

[V, E, m = +ve]

b/n & Pole

–V

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Physics
Refraction :- air
1> R
H1
2> D 1

Snell's Law :- H2
1 2 sin i V1 1
2

21 2
1 sin r V2 2 3 H3

V1 4 H4
i 1
Happ H1 H2 H3 H4
1 + + +
1 1 2 3 4

2 2 (A) Diverging ray :-

r V2

MR*
Snell's law can be directly applied b/n 1st
& last medium irrespective of intermediate I
Shift t
medium.
“N” Number of wave in a “X” Distance if
d
real app
t

MR*

Jab bhi glass pr diverging ray aata hai toh

glass ke taraf Image Shift kr jaata hai. Aur
Optical Path :- (d)
*dvacuum & dmedium for same time. Converging ray Ke liye durr.

medium
(B) Converging ray :-

vacuum

Shift t
Real & Apparent Depth :-
MR** Special
d
dapp dreal 1

obr obj

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Ray Optics
Lateral Shift Radius of Visibility :-
(R D R) Air R
i

d ic ic
i–r ic
r ic
2 2
R +d
t
r
Source
d
Water – Air
d 7
R = h= r
2
–1 3

t Velocity of Image in Refraction :-

d= sin(i – r)
cosr
1> Object is moving parallel to boundary :-
VIG = V0G
If i small. VIO = 0
er
2> Object is moving to boundary :-
1 MR*
d = ti 1 –
Vapp Vreal
=
obr obj

[i > ic] Refraction at Spherical Surfaces :-

Light must travel from MR* One stop solution

D R Medium. RR IR RR IR
– =
V U R
MR*
Normal will pass through Center of
Kam Curvature.
sin ic =
Jyada Nature of Surface will be decided by
position of object.

V1 Concave :- R = –vi
2 1
sin ic = = = Convex :- R = +ve
1 V2 2

R Magnification :-

D Water – Air :- ic = 49° HI IR .V

ic mT = =
Glass – Air :- ic = 42° H0 RR .U

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Physics
 2
Focal Length of lens :-
dV IR . V
mL = = 2 Focal length depends on medium.
dU RR . U
Biconvex (+)

R
OPTICAL FIBER :- [Based on TIR] f=

The angle at which ray must be incident so Biconcave(–)

as information gets transmitted :-

Cladding Planoconvex (+)

Light R
ray f=

2 2
Plastic
Planoconcave (–)
B C Core
coating
Chota
Bada HI V f f–V
cladding)
core
mT = = = =
H0 U f+U f
LENS
mT = –ve Real Image
Double Plano- Concavo- Double Plano- Convexo-
convex convex Convex concave concave Concave
mT = +ve Virtual Image

Small dV 2
Object mL = = mT
dU

Converging leneses Diverging leneses Cutting of Lens :-

Lens-Maker Equation :- P, f

P, f
1 1 1 1
– =
L
–1 – f, P 2f 2f P, f
V U M R1 R2 Each part of lens
P/2 P/2
forms image.

Lens Equation :- Ray-Diagram :-

(a) Biconvex lens :- f = +ve
1 1 1
– =
V U f

1 L 1 1 f
= –1 –
f M R1 R2
(Converging)

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Ray Optics
 Can a Convex lens be have as diverging lens.
m L)

Image Formation by Concave Lens :-

O
Object Iamge

(b) Biconcave lens :- f = –ve [V, E, m = +ve]

b/n & Pole

Concave Lens Convex Mirror

(Diverging)
(Diverging)
No. of Image Form :-

1 No. of No. of
2 image image
II II
3
No. of No. of
4 Materials Object
3
1

Nature of Lens Considering R.I. of 2

Surrounding & Lens Combination of Lens :-

L M Glass Plate. Power :-
Same Nature Lens Mirror
L M
1 1
L M Opposite Nature PL = PM =
fL fM
Image Formation by Equiconvex Lens :- (a) When lens are in contact :-
P = P1 + P2
Object Image 1 1 1
= +
f[R, I, –ve] f f1 f2
b/n & 2f b/n 2f & f (b) When lens are separated by a distance “d”:-
[R, I, –ve] Convex lens
P = P1 + P2 – dP1P2
at 2f at 2f
1 1 1 d
[R, I, –1] Concave = + –
f f1 f2 f1f2 d
b/n 2f & f b/n & 2f Mirror
Take P with sign !
(Converging)
at f at
Displacement Method :-
b/n f & Pole on other side of lens Image Ka distn Object Ko, Object Ka
[V, E, +ve] distn Image Ko

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Physics
 U V Case :-
X (a) Convex Lens :-
R Concave
feq =
Mirror
H0 f
I1 (b) Plano-convex lens :-
2f f
I2 R Concave
L1 feq =
L2 Mirror
V
U (c) Plano-convex lens :-

D R Concave
feq =
D = dist n Mirror
D2– x2
f= b/n Object
4D & Screen. R Convex
feq =
Mirror
x = Distn b/n two position of lens.
V I1 R Concave
H0 = I1I2 m1 = = feq =
U H0 Mirror
m1– m2 U I2
| f |= m2 = = R Convex
x V H0 feq =
Mirror

Combination of a Lens & a Mirror Prism

(Silvering of Lens) :-
A
MR* e
i
Koi sign mt rakho bs direct lens ka opposite r1 r2
nature mirror Ko dedo.

1 2 1
= + A = r1+r2 = i+e–A
|fnet| |fL| |fM| Total

sin i 1 sin r2
Convex lens Concave =
sin r1 sin e
Silvered Mirror
f = –ve
Concave lens Convex
Silvered Mirror
f = +ve
[2 Refracn + 1 Reflecn]

min

i
i =e

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Ray Optics
 For Minimum deviation :- Mean deviation :-

V R
A i =e mean =
r 1 = r2 = 2
2
dm + A R V
sin
mean = A –1
2 2
dmin
A mean = A mean– 1
sin
2
mean = A yellow– 1

For thin prism (A = small)

Dispersive Power :-
dmin
Q V R
=
A = Refracting Angle. mean mean

Half Angle Formula :- V R V R

=
y –1
V R
. cos
2 2 2

Prism is placed in medium :-

Dispersion without Deviation :-

y y'
P
M –1
P
M
A1 1
–1) = – A2 2
– 1)

(emergent ray IIel incident ray)

Condition for no deviation :-

Deviation without Dispersion :-

2 1 2=0
A1
A2 Q = – Q'
A1 1–1) = –A2 2–1)
1 '
V R V R']

Dispersion of light :- (White light bahar)

1 VIBGYOR
2
Total dispersion :-

Angular dispersion (Q) :- 1 2 1 2)

V R Silvering of Prism :-
V R] A = r1 r2 = 0

R sin i
sin A
V Q

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Physics
Optical Instruments :- Comp

Visual Angle :-
Compound Microscope
Angle from horizontal with which a observer
fo < fe
sees an object.

Objective Eyepiece
H0
Q0 =
D V0

Eye

D = 25 cm f HI' f

Distance of Distinct Vision. U0 HI

Myopia Hypermetropia HI Ve Ue

Concave lens. Convex lens.

Near Sightedness Far-Sightedness V0 D Note :-
M = M0Me =
U0 Ue QI
M=
Simple Microscope DV0 1 1 QO
M= +
UO fe Ve

HI

H0 I II
f
Stained eye Relaxed eye
f O
U position position

Near point Far point

V
v= .
V =D
ve = infinity
D 1 1 ue = fe
M= =D +
U f V V0 D V0D
M= 1+ M=
U0 fe U0fe

I II LD
M=
Stained eye Relaxed eye f0 fe
position position
Near point Far point Length of Compound Microscope :-
V =D v= .
D D L = V0 + Ue V0
Mmax = 1 + Mmin =
f f
In case of far point L = V0 + fe

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Ray Optics
Astronomical Telescope Length of Telescope :-

Objective L = f0 + Ue
L = f0 + fe .
Eyepiece
V0 = f0 Galileo Telescope :-
Ue
L = f0 + fe
f0
HI'

n
Refrac + NOTIR
Dispersion
Internal Refield
HI i r r i

Ve
2° Rainbow
Refraction

f0 1 1
M= = f0 + 1° Rainbow
Ue fe Ve
Pinky.

1° Rainbow 2° Rainbow
I II

Stained eye Relaxed eye

position position
Near point Far point Scattering of Light :-
V =D v= . E.g.:- Blue colour of Sky, Red Sky & sun on

1 1 f0
+ M= 1
M = f0 fe
fe D 4

MR*

Beta duniya gol hai, tuhare kiye

hai h utna karo, baki bhagwan

par chhod do.

226
Physics