CASE STUDY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS CH.

EMI

1-Lenz’s law states that

The induced electromotive force with different polarities induces a current whose magnetic field
opposes the change in magnetic flux through the loop in order to ensure that original flux is
maintained through the loop when current flows in it.
To better understand Lenz’s law, let us consider two cases:
Case 1: When a magnet is moving towards the coil.

When the north pole of the magnet is approaching towards the coil, the magnetic flux linking to
the coil increases. According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, when there is a
change in flux, an EMF, and hence current is induced in the coil and this current will create its
own magnetic field.
Now according to Lenz’s law, this magnetic field created will oppose its own or we can say
opposes the increase in flux through the coil and this is possible only if approaching coil side
attains north polarity, as we know similar poles repel each other. Once we know the magnetic
polarity of the coil side, we can easily determine the direction of the induced current by applying
right hand rule. In this case, the current flows in the anticlockwise direction.
Case 2: When a magnet is moving away from the coil
When the north pole of the magnet is moving away from the coil, the magnetic flux linking to
the coil decreases. According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, an EMF and hence
current is induced in the coil and this current will create its own magnetic field.
Now according to Lenz’s law, this magnetic field created will oppose its own or we can say
opposes the decrease in flux through the coil and this is possible only if approaching coil side
attains south polarity, as we know dissimilar poles attract each other. Once we know the
magnetic polarity of the coil side, we can easily determine the direction of the induced current by
applying right hand rule. In this case, the current flows in a clockwise direction.
Note that for finding the directions of magnetic field or current, use the right-hand thumb
rule i.e if the fingers of the right hand are placed around the wire so that the thumb points
in the direction of current flow, then the curling of fingers will show the direction of the
magnetic field produced by the wire.

1.What is the direction of the induced magnetic field?

(a) left
(b) right
(c) up
(d) down
Ans. (a) left
2. What is the direction of the induced magnetic field?

(a) left
(b) right
(c) up
(d) down
Ans. (d) down

3. In what direction is the magnet moving?

(a) left
(b) right
(c) up
(d) down
Ans. (b) right
4. In what direction is the magnet moving?

(a) left
(b) right
(c) up
(d) down
Ans. (a) left

5. Which of the following is NOT an application of Lenz's Law

(a)Transformer
(b) AC Generator
(c) DC Motor
(d)A coil transversed by AC current
Ans.(c) DC Motor

2-According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, there will be an EMF induced in the
second winding. If the circuit of this secondary winding is closed, then a current will flow
through it. This is the basic working principle of a transformer.X
Let us use electrical symbols to help visualize this. The winding which receives electrical power
from the source is known as the ‘primary winding’. In the diagram below this is the ‘First Coil’.X
The winding which gives the desired output voltage due to mutual induction is commonly known
as the ‘secondary winding’. This is the ‘Second Coil’ in the diagram above.X
A transformer that increases voltage between the primary to secondary windings is defined as a
step-up transformer. Conversely, a transformer that decreases voltage between the primary to
secondary windings is defined as a step-down transformer.X
Whether the transformer increases or decreases the voltage level depends on the relative number
of turns between the primary and secondary side of the transformer.
If there are more turns on the primary coil than the secondary coil than the voltage will decrease
(step down).
If there are less turns on the primary coil than the secondary coil than the voltage will increase
(step up).
While the diagram of the transformer above is theoretically possible in an ideal transformer – it
is not very practical. This is because in the open air only a very tiny portion of the flux produced
from the first coil will link with the second coil. So the current that flows through the closed
circuit connected to the secondary winding will be extremely small (and difficult to measure).X
The rate of change of flux linkage depends upon the amount of linked flux with the second
winding. So ideally almost all of the flux of primary winding should link to the secondary
winding. This is effectively and efficiently done by using a core type transformer. This provides
a low reluctance path common to both of the windings.X

1. The secondary winding of which of the following transformers is always kept closed?

(a)Current transformer
(b)Voltage transformer
(c)Power transformer
(d)Step down transformer
Ans. (a) Current Transformer
2. If the supply frequency of a transformer increases, the secondary output voltage of the
transformer
(a)Increase
( b)Decrease
(c)Remain the same
(d)Any of the above
Ans.(c) Remain the same
3. The open-circuit test in a transformer is used to measure
(a)Copper loss
(b)Winding loss
(c)Total loss
(d)Core loss
Ans.(d) Core loss
4. Lamination of the transformer core is made of
(a)Cast Iron
(b)Silicon Steel
(c)Aluminum
(d)Cast Steel
Ans.(b) Silicon Steel

5.  A transformer transform
(a)Current
(b)Voltage & current
(c)Frequency
(d)Voltage
Ans.(b) Voltage & current

3-Definition: Mutual Inductance between the two coils is defined as the property of the coil due
to which it opposes the change of current in the other coil, or you can say in the neighbouring
coil. When the current in the neighbouring coil changes, the flux sets up in the coil and because
of this, changing flux emf is induced in the coil called Mutually Induced emf and the
phenomenon is known as Mutual Inductance.
The value of Mutual Inductance (M) depends upon the following factors

1. Number of turns in the secondary or neighboring coil

2. Cross-sectional area
3. Closeness of the two coils

Mutual Coupling In the Magnetic Circuit

When on a magnetic core, two or more than two coils are wound, the coils are said to be
mutually coupled. The current, when passed in any of the coils wound around the magnetic core,
produces flux which links all the coils together and also the one in which current is passed.
Hence, there will be both self-induced emf and mutual induced emf in each of the coils.
The best example of the mutual inductance is the transformer, which works on the principle
of Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction.
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction states that “ the magnitude of voltage is directly
proportional to the rate of change of flux.” which is explained in the topic Faraday’s Law of
Electromagnetic Induction.

1. The phenomenon due to which there is an induced current in one coil due to current in a
neighbouring coil is?

A. Electromagnetism

B.Susceptance

C.Mutual inductance

D.Steady current

Ans. (c) Mutual Inductance

2. Mutual inductance between two magnetically coupled coils depends on

   A. Permeability of the core material

   B. Number of turns of the coils
   C. Cross sectional area of their common core
   D. All of the above
Ans. (D)
3. Which of the following is unit of inductance?
   A. Ohm
   B. Henry
   C. Ampere turns
   D. Webers/meter
Ans. (B) Henry
4. Which of the following circuit elements will oppose the change in circuit current?

   A. Capacitance
   B. Inductance
   C. Resistance
   D. All of the above
Ans.(B) Inductance
5.   If in an iron cored coil the iron core is removed so as to make the air cored coil, the
inductance of the coil will be

   A. More
   B. Less
   C. The same
   D. None of these
Ans.(B) Less

4-An eddy current is a  current set up in a conductor in response to a changing magnetic field.
They flow in closed loops in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field.  By Lenz law, the
current swirls in such a way as to create a magnetic field opposing the change; for this to occur in
a conductor, electrons swirl in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field.
Because of the tendency of eddy currents to oppose, eddy currents cause a loss of energy. Eddy
currents transform more useful forms of energy. Eddy currents can also be removed by cracks or
slits in the conductor, which break the circuit and prevent the current loops from circulating. This
means that eddy currents can be used to detect defects in materials. This is called nondestructive
testing and is often used in airplanes. The magnetic field produced by the eddy currents is
measured, where a change in the field reveals the presence of an irregularity; a defect will reduce
the size of the eddy current, which in turn reduces the magnetic field strength.
Another application of eddy currents is magnetic levitation. Conductors are exposed to varying
magnetic fields which induce eddy currents within the conductor and produce a repulsive
magnetic field, pushing the magnet and conductor apart. This alternating magnetic field can be
caused by relative motion between the magnet and conductor (generally the magnet is stationary
and the conductor moves) or with an electromagnet applied with a varying current to vary the
magnetic field strength.

What is the heat generated in eddy current operations?

a) VI
b) VIR
c) I2RT
d) I2R
Ans.(d)
With an increase in the density of the material who does it affect the power loss in eddy current?
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Does not change
d) Not related
Ans.(b)
3.    Generation of eddy currents depends on the principle of:
A.  wave guide theory.
B.  electromagnetic induction.
C.  magneto-restrictive forces.
D.  all of the above.
Ans. (B)
4. Eddy currents generated in a test object flow:
A.  in the same plane as magnetic flux.      
B.  in the same plane as the coil is wound.
C.  90 degrees to the coil winding plane.
D.  Eddy currents have no predictable direction.
Ans.(B)
5. The discovery of electromagnetic induction is credited to:
A.  Arago.
B.  Oersted.
C.  Maxwell.
D.  Faraday
Ans. (D)

5-Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, also known as Faraday’s law is the basic law of
electromagnetism which helps us to predict how a magnetic field would interact with an electric
circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF). This phenomenon is known as electromagnetic
induction. Faraday’s Experiment: Relationship Between Induced EMF and Flux

1. In the first experiment, he proved that when the strength of the magnetic field is varied,
only then-current is induced. An ammeter was connected to a loop of wire; the ammeter
deflected when a magnet was moved towards the wire.
2. In the second experiment, he proved that passing a current through an iron rod would
make it electromagnetic. He observed that when a relative motion exists between the
magnet and the coil, an electromotive force will be induced. When the magnet was
rotated about its axis, no electromotive force was observed, but when the magnet was
rotated about its own axis then the induced electromotive force was produced. Thus, there
was no deflection in the ammeter when the magnet was held stationary.
3. While conducting the third experiment, he recorded that the Galvanometer did not show
any deflection and no induced current was produced in the coil when the coil was moved
in a stationary magnetic field. The ammeter deflected in the opposite direction when the
magnet was moved away from the loop.

1.As per Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction, an e.m.f. is induced in a conductor

whenever it
(A) Lies perpendicular to the magnetic flux
 (B) Lies in a magnetic field
(C) Cuts magnetic flux
(D) Moves parallel to the direction of the magnetic field
Ans.(C)
2.According to Faraday’s law, EMF stands for
a) Electromagnetic field
b) Electromagnetic force
c) Electromagnetic friction
d) Electromotive force
Ans.(d)
For time varying currents, the field or waves will be
a) Electrostatic
b) Magneto static
c) Electromagnetic
d) Electrical
Ans.(c)
Find the displacement current when the flux density is given by t3 at 2 seconds.
a) 3
b) 6
c) 12
d) 27
Ans. (c)
Which of the following statements is true?
a) E is the cross product of v and B
b) B is the cross product of v and E
c) E is the dot product of v and B
d) B is the dot product of v and E
Ans.(a)