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12-B
41
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Pages attached TOPIC
1 Certificates
2 Acknowledgement
3 Preface
4 Introduction
5 Aim
6 Apparatus
7 Theory
8 Procedure
9 Observations
10 Calculations
11 Result
12 Precautions
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CERTIFICATE
(Physics Department)
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Montfort School
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Umang Gupta
XII -B
Roll No: 41
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PREFACE
I chose to perform this experiment , to locate the neutral
point, as an extension to the theory we have already learnt
in the class.
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INTRODUCTION
Magnetism is a class of physical phenomena that are
mediated by magnetic fields. Electric currents and the
magnetic moments of elementary particles give rise to a
magnetic field, which acts on other currents and magnetic
moments. Every material is influenced to some extent by
a magnetic field. The most familiar effect is on permanent
magnets, which have persistent magnetic moments caused
by ferromagnetism. The prefix Ferro- refers to iron,
because permanent magnetism was first observed in a
form of natural iron ore called magnetite, Fe3O4. Most
materials do not have permanent moments. Some are
attracted to a magnetic field (paramagnetic); others are
repulsed by a magnetic field (diamagnetism); others have
a more complex relationship with an applied magnetic
field (spin glass behavior and antiferromagnetism).
Substances that are negligibly affected by magnetic fields
are known as non-magnetic substances. These include
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copper, aluminium, gases, and plastic. Pure oxygen
exhibits magnetic properties when cooled to a liquid state.
Flux lines are the lines that determine how current flows
throughout a magnet. They are circular lines, which run
around the magnet. It is determined which direction a
current is flowing by using a series of left-hand rules.
Each magnet has its own flux shape, and rule.
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Magnetism and electricity are very closely related. When
speaking of them together they are spoken of as an
electromagnetic force. There are three main factors that
must be thought of when realizing that magnetism and
electricity are related. These things are a) moving electric
charges produce magnetic fields, b) magnetic fields exert
forces on moving electric charges, c) when you change
magnetic fields in the presence of electric charges it
causes a current to flow.
Magnetism is present throughout the world. It is used in
electronics, medicine, generators, and in so many other
things. Magnetism affects all aspects of our lives.
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AIM
To determine the location of neutral points and calculate
the dipole moment of bar magnet given
APPARATUS
A Drawing Board
A Compass Needle
A Bar Magnet
Fixing pins
Meter Scale
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THEORY
The Magnetic Field : When the
charged particle move through a magnetic
field B, it feels Lorentz force F given by the
cross product
F = Q (V x B)
where Q is the electric charge of the particle
and V is the velocity vector of the particle
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The Dipole : A very common source of magentic
field shown in the nature is dipole, with a "south
pole" and a "north pole", terms dating back to the use
of magnets as compass, interacting with the Earth's
magnetic field to indicate the North and South Pole.
Since the opposite ends of the magnets are attracted ,
the North Pole of a magnet attracted to the south pole
of another magnet. The Earth's North Magnetic Pole
(currently in the Arctic Ocean, north of Canada) is
physically a south pole as it attracts the North Pole of
a compass. A magnetic field contains energy, and
physical systems move around configurations with
lower energy. When diamagnetic material is placed
in a magnetic field, a magnetic dipole tends to align
itself in opposed polarity to that filed, thereby
lowering the net filed strength.
When ferromagnetic material is placed within a
magnetic field , the dipoles align to the applied force,
thus expanding the domain walls of the magnetic
domains.
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there were a bar magnet placed at that angle at the
Center of the Earth, unlike a bar magnet , however.
NEUTRAL POINT
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PROCEDURE
Stretch sheet of paper over the drawing board. Fix it
with pins
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Place the bar magnet along the North of the
geographic North. Keeping it in mind that white dot
signifies the North Pole if the bar magnet
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OBSERVATIONS
Let ,
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CALCULATIONS
The horizontal component of earth's magnetic field in
Delhi (B ʜ) = 3.2 x 10 (given)
0.38
magnet (2d) = ---------------m
We know that,
B= μ 2Md
___________
4π (d² - l² ) ²
At netural point , B = B ʜ = 0.33 X 10^-4 T
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B ʜ = μ 2Md
___________
4π (d² - l² ) ²
M= Bʜ 4π (d² - l² ) ²
__________________________
2μ d
where
μ = 4π x 10^-7
M = m x 2l
m = M /2l
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RESULT
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PRECAUTIONS
All the point must be traced very accurately and
neatly using a compass
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BIBLOGRAPHY
The following books assisted and inspired me
in my Endeavour of completing this
experiment as my practical work
FUNDAMENTAL OF PHYSICS BY
WILEY -INDIA
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https://en.wikipedia.org/
www.physicsprojects.org
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