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Study of phenomenon of
Electromagnetic
Induction.
SUBMITTED TO - SUBMITTED BY -
Mr. _____________ _________________
INDEX
o CERTIFICATE
o ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
o AIM OF PROJECT
o INTRODUCTION
o THEORY
o APPLICATIONS OF EMI
o OBSERVATION
o CONCLUSION
o PRECAUTIONS
o BIBLIOGRAPHY
CERTIFICATE.
Induction:
This process of generating current in a conductor by placing the
conductor in a changing magnetic field is called induction.
Electromagnetic Induction:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential difference
(voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic
field.
Electromagnetic induction is when an electromagnetic field causes
molecule in another object to flow. Induction can produce electricity
(in coils), heat (in ferrous metals), or waves (in a radio transmitter).
φ=BA
Principle: -
Induced e.m.f.s: -
If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an E.m.f. will be
generated in the coil. This effect was first observed and explained by
Ampere and Faraday between 1825 and 1831. Faraday discovered
that an e.m.f. could be generated either by,
(a) moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each other or by
(b) changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux
in some way.
Note that the e.m.f. is only produced while the flux is
changing.
Lenz's Law: -
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to
Faraday’s Law, the polarity of the induced emf is such that it produces a
current whose magnetic field opposes the change which produces it. The
induced magnetic field inside any loop of wire always acts to keep the
magnetic flux in the loop constant. In the examples below, if the B field is
increasing, the induced field acts in opposition to it.
Applications of electromagnetic Induction -
Electrical Generator: -
The EMF generated by Faraday's law of induction due to relative movement
of a circuit and a magnetic field is the phenomenon underlying electrical
generators. When a permanent magnet is moved relative to a conductor, or
vice versa, an electromotive force is created. If the wire is connected through
an electrical load, current will flow, and thus electrical energy is generated,
converting the mechanical energy of motion to electrical energy
Electrical transformer: -
The EMF predicted by Faraday's law is also responsible for electrical
transformers. When the electric current in a loop of wire changes, the
changing current creates a changing magnetic field. A second wire in reach of
this magnetic field will experience this change in magnetic field as a change in
its coupled magnetic flux, d ΦB / d t. Therefore, an electromotive force is set
up in the second loop called the induced EMF or transformer EMF. If the
two ends of this loop are connected through an electrical load, current will
flow.
Faraday’s Experiment: -
✓ One of the scientists Faraday performed series of experiments
and based on the results he gave law on induction.
✓ He introduced the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.
✓ Induction means to induce or to generate something.
✓ Electromagnetic Induction means production of electric
current due to magnetic field.
✓ Magnetic field is capable of producing current in a conductor
✓ Faraday took a coil and attached a galvanometer to it.
✓ As there is no battery attached therefore there is no source of
current.
✓ He brought the magnet near the coil.
✓ When the magnet is moved towards the coil galvanometer
showed deflection.
✓ Galvanometer even showed the deflection in the opposite
direction when the magnet is taken away from the coil.
✓ When magnet was not moved there was no deflection in the
galvanometer.
✓ This show current is related to magnet.
✓ Faster the magnet is moved the more is the deflection in the
galvanometer. This showed more and more current flows if the
magnet is moved very fast.
✓ Same effect was observed if the coil is moved and the magnet
was not moved.
Materials Required: -
Magnetic bar, a galvanometer, coil and connecting wires.
Procedure: -
1. Take a coil of wire having a large number of turns.
2. Connect the end of the coil to a galvanometer.
3. Take a strong bar magnet and move its north pole into the coil
and observe the changes in the galvanometer needle.
4. Repeat earlier step with the south pole of the bar magnet.
5. Now repeat the procedure with the coil having a different number
of turns and the variation in the deflection of the galvanometer
needle.
Observations: -
1. When we move the magnet in or out of the coil, the needle of
galvanometer gets deflected in different directions.
2. When we insert the north pole (N) of bar magnet into the coil,
the deflection is towards right.
3. When we insert the south pole (S) of bar magnet into the coil, the
deflection is towards left.
4. When we move the bar magnet in or out of the coil with varying
speed, the speed of deflection changes accordingly.
5. As we increase the number of turns in the coil, the deflection
increases.
6. Relative motion between magnet and coil induced electric current
in the coil.
Result: -
1. The deflection of galvanometer needle indicates the presence of
current in the coil.
2. The direction of deflection gives the direction of flow of current.
3. The speed of deflection gives the rate at which the current is
induced.
4. The deflection in galvanometer changes with the change in
number of turns in the coil - more the number of turns in the coil
greater is the deflection.
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