ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

PHYSICS INVESTAGATORY PROJECT

BY:-
VEDANT LADHE
XII –SCIENCE

SHRI L.G. HARIA MULTIPURPOSE

SCHOOL
 SCHOOL CODE: 10121 AFF.NO: 430134
HARIA PARK,DUNGRA,SILVASSA ROAD,VAPI
TEL:-8866001180
E-MAIL:-haria2008@rediffmail.com

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that MISTER__________Of Class XII,SHRI
L.G HARIA MULTIPURPOSE SCHOOL,VAPI has
completed his practical project file under my supervision.He
has taken proper care and shown utmost sincerity in
completion of his project.

I certify that the project is up to my expectation and as per

Guidelines issued by C.B.S.E.

Anup Dogra External Examnier Biny Paul

[Physics Teacher] [Principal]

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I have taken an effort in this project but it
would not been possible with out the kind
support and help of many individuals I
would like to extend my sincere thanks to
all of them I would like to express my
gratitude to our Principal Ma’am Ms. Biny
Paul for providing me with all facilities that
were required for the completion of this
project I would also express my special
thanks to my physics teacher Mr. Anup
Dogra for his guidance and constant
supervision as well as for providing the
necessary information regarding the
project and also for their support in
completing the project finally.I also extend
my heartiest thanks to my parents and
friends for being with me and extending
encouragement throughout the project.
THANK YOU!

INDEX
1.Introduction

2.Objective

3.Apparatus Required

4.Theory

5.Application

6.Conclusion

7.References

INTRODUCTION
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
It is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting
How a magnetic field will interact with an
electric circuit to produce an electromotive
force(EMF). It is the fundamental operarting
principle of transformers,inductors and many
types of electrical motors and generators.
Faraday explained electromagnetic induction
using the concept of ines of force. These
equations for electromagnetic induction are
extremely important since they provide a means
to precisely describe how, many natural
physical phenomena in our universe and
behave.

The ability to quantitatively describe physical

phenomena not only allows us to gain a better
understanding of our universe, but it also
makes possible a host of technological
innovations that define modern society.
Understanding Faraday's laws of
electromagnetic induction can be beneficial
since so many aspects of our daily life function
because of the principles behind Faraday's law.
From natural phenomena, such as the light we
receive from the sun, to technologies that
improve our quality of life, such as electric
power generation, Faraday's law has a great
impact on many aspects of our lives.

(a) Representation of magnetic fields inside a

solenoid (b) Cross-sectional view

Faraday's law describes electromagnetic

induction. Whereby an electric field is induced,
or generated by a changing magnetic field.
In Faraday's first experimental demonstration
of electromagnetic induction, he wrapped two
wires around opposite sides of an iron ring or
'torus' to induce current. Faraday's law is a
single equation describing two different
phenomena: the motional EMF generated by a
magnetic force on a moving wire, and the
transformer EMF generated by an electric
force due to a changing magnetic field.
 APPARATUS REQUIRED

 INSULATED COPPER WIRE

 AN IRON ROD

 A STRONG MAGNET

 A LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

[LED]

OBJECTIVE
To determine the Faraday’s Law of
Electromagnetic Induction using a copper
wire wound over an iron rod and a strong
magnet.

Theory
The magnetic flux (A or B) through a
surface is the component of the magnetic
field passing through the surface. The S.I
unit of magnetic flux is Weber(Wb), and the
COGS unit is Maxwell.
REPRESENTATION OF MAGNETIC
FLUX (0) IN A SOLENOID

Magnetic flux is usually measured with a

flux meter, which contains measuring coils
and electronics that evaluate the change of
voltage in the measuring coils to calculate
the magnetic flux.

If the magnetic field is constant, the

magnetic flux passing through a surface of
vector area S is

 Φ= B.S= BScosθ

Where is the magnitude of magnetic field

having the unit of Wb/m'(T). is the area of
the surface and is the angle between
magnetic field lines and the normal. For a
varying magnetic field, we first consider the
the closed circuit is a loop of infinitely thin
wire, and is invalid in other circumstances
as discussed below. A different version, the
Maxwell-Faraday equation is valid in all
circumstances.

The magnetic flux () changes due to the

change in magnetic field.

Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction

states that the wire loop acquires an EMF,
defined as the energy available per unit
charge that travels once around the wire
loop magnetic flux through a small amount
of area where we may consider the
magnetic field to be constant.
dΦ=B.dS
From the magnetic vector potential and the
fundamental theorem of the curl, the
magnetic field may be defined as
Φ= A.dl
where the line integral is taken over the
boundary of the surface, which is denoted
as ΦS.

LAW

The most widespread version of Faraday's

law of electromagnetic induction states that

"The induced electromotive force in any

closed surface is equal to the negative of the
rate of change of magnetic flux through the
circuit."

This version of Faraday's law strictly holds

true only when The Maxwell-Faraday
equation states that a time varying
magnetic field is always accompanied by
spatially varying, non-conservative electric
field and vice versa. The Maxwell-Faraday
equation is
where ▽ is the curl operator and again
E(r,t) is the electric field and B(r,t) is the
magnetic field. These fields can generally be
functions of position r and time t.

The four Maxwell's equations (including the

Maxwell-Faraday equation), along with the
Lorentz force law are a sufficient
foundation to derive everything in classical
electromagnetism.

Therefore, it is possible to "prove"

Faraday's law starting with these equations.
Faraday's law could be taken as the starting
point and used to prove the Maxwell-
Faraday equation and/or other laws.

CONCLUSION
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction,
first observed and published by Michael
Faraday in the mid- nineteenth century,
describes a very important electromagnetic
concept. Although its mathematical
representations are cryptic, the essence of
Faraday's law is not hard to grasp. It
relates an induced electric potential or
voltage to a dynamic magnetic field. This
concept has many far reaching
ramifications that touch our lives in many
ways: from shining of the sun to electricity
and power in our homes. We can all
appreciate the profound impact Faraday's
law has on us Equivalently, it is the voltage
that would be measured by cutting the wire
to create an open circuit. And attaching a
voltmeter to the leads.

According to Lorentz force law,

F = q(E + v x B)

And the EMF of the wire loop is

where (i) E is the electric field

(ii) B is the magnetic field

(iii) dl is the infinite length along the wire

And the line integral is evaluated along the

wire.
 Applications

Electrical generator

The emf generated by Faraday's law of

induction due to relative movement of a circuit
and a magnetic field is the phenomenon
underlying electrical generators. When a
permanent magnet is moved relative to a
conductor, or vice versa, an electromotive force
is created. If the wire is connected through an
electrical load, current will flow, and thus
electrical energy is generated, converting the
mechanical energy of motion to electrical
energy. For example, the drum generator is
based upon the figure to the bottom-right. A
different implementation of this idea is the
Faraday's disc, shown in simplified form on the
right In the Faraday's disc example, the disc is
rotated in a uniform magnetic field
perpendicular to the disc, causing a current to
flow in the radial arm due to the Lorentz force.
Mechanical work is necessary to drive this
current. When the generated current flows
through the conducting rim, a magnetic field is
generated by this current through Ampère's
circuital law (labelled "induced B" in the
figure). The rim thus becomes an electromagnet
that resists rotation of the disc (an example of
Lenz's law). On the far side of the figure, the
return current flows from the rotating arm
through the far side of the rim to the bottom
brush. The B-field induced by this return
current opposes the applied B-field, tending to
decrease the flux through that side of the
circuit, opposing the increase in flux due to
rotation. On the near side of the figure, the
return current flows from the rotating arm
through the near side of the rim to the bottom
brush. The induced B-field increases the flux on
this side of the circuit, opposing the decrease in
flux due to r the rotation. The energy required
to keep the disc moving, despite this reactive
force, is exactly equal to the electrical energy
generated (plus energy wasted due to friction,
Joule heating, and other inefficiencies). This
behavior is common to all generators

converting mechanical energy to electrical

energy.

Electrical transformer

When the electric current in a loop of wire

changes, the changing current creates a
changing magnetic field. A second wire in reach
of this magnetic field will experience this
change in magnetic field as a change in its
coupled magnetic flux, d  ΦB / d t. Therefore, an
electromotive force is set up in the second loop
called the induced emf or transformer emf. If
the two ends of this loop are connected through
an electrical load, current will flow.

Current clamp

A current clamp is a type of transformer with a

split core which can be spread apart and
clipped onto a wire or coil to either measure the
current in it or, in reverse, to induce a voltage.
Unlike conventional instruments the clamp does
not make electrical contact with the conductor
or require it to be disconnected during
attachment of the clamp.
Magnetic flow meter

Faraday's law is used for measuring the flow of

electrically conductive liquids and slurries.
Such instruments are called magnetic flow
meters. The induced voltage & generated in the
magnetic field B due to a conductive liquid
moving at velocity v is thus given by:
E=BLT
where is the distance between electrodes in the
magnetic flow meter.

BILBLIOGRAPHY
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Electromagnetic_induction

www.scienceforall.com

www.100scienceprojects.com

Google Images