PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
GURURAI

Patel Naga

ELECTROMAGNETIC

INDUCTION

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Mrs VANDANA MOHD. SADIK

Physics Teacher XIIE

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that MOHD. SADIK MALIK,

Student of class 12th E, S.G.R.R Patel nagar has
completed the project titled
"ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION"
under my guidance and completed to it my
satisfaction. To the best of my knowledge, the
present work is the result of his original
vestigation and study.

Mrs vandana kukreti

Physics teacher
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives mea great pleasure to express my
gratitude towards our physics teacher Mrs
VANDANA for her guidance, support and
encouragement throughout the duration of the
project. Without his motivation & help, the
successful completion of this project would not
have been possible. I would also like to
express my thanks to my friends and parents who
helps me in gathering information about this project.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Ihtroduction

Objective

Apparatus required

Theory

Conchusicon

Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION
Faradav's Law of Electromagnetic Induction:
It is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a
magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to
produce an electromotive force (EMF). It is the fundamental
operating principle of transformers, inductors and many
types of electrical motors and generators. Faraday explained
electromagnetic induction using the concept of lines of
force. These equations for electromagnetic induction are
extremely important since they provide a means to precisely
describe how, many natural physical phenomena in our
universe and behave.

The ability to quantitatively describe physical phenomena

not only allows us to gain a better understanding of our
universe, but it also makes possible a host of technological
innovations that define modern society. Understanding
Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction can be
beneficial since so many aspects of our daily life function
because of the principles behind Faraday's law. From
natural phenomena, such as the light we receive from the
sun, to technologies that improve our quality of life, such as
electric power generation, Faraday's law has a great impact
on many aspects of our lives.

|1. d!dt
G

d1

4
al

(a)Representation of magnetic fields inside a solenoid

(b)Cross-sectional view

Faraday's law describes electromagnetic induction.

Whereby an electric field is induced, or generated by a
changing magnetic field.
In Faraday's first experimental demonstration of
electromagnetic induction, he wrapped two wires around
opposite sides of an iron ring or torus' to induce current.
Faraday's law is a single equation describing two different
phenomena: the motional EMF generated by a magnetic
force on a moving wire, and the transformer EMF generated
by an electric force due to a changing magnetic field.

COL COL
COL MOVES UP MOVÈS DOWN
S N

MAGNE TC
LINES OF
FORCE

GALIANOME TER

Electromagnetic Induction
 APPARATUS REQUIRED

" Insulated Copper wire

An iron rod

A strong magnet

" A light emitting Diode (LED)

 OBJECTIVE
To determine the Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction using a copper wire wound over an iron rod and a
strong magnet.

THEORY
The magnetic flux ( or B) through a surface is the
component of the magnetic field passing through the
surface. The SIunit of magnetic flux is weber (Wb), and the
COGS unit is maxwell.
 REPRESENTATION OF MAGNETIC FLUx (0)IN A
sOLENOID

Magnetic flux is usually measured with a flux meter, which

contains measuring coils and electronics that evaluate the
change of voltage in the measuring coils to calculate the
magnetic flux.
If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing
through a surface of vector area S is
O,= B.S = BScos0

Where is the magnitude of magnetic field having the unit

of Wb/m(T). is the area of the surface and is the angle
between magnetic field lines and the normal.
For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the
magnetic flux through a small amount of area where we
may consider the magnetic field to be constant.
do, = B.dS

From the magnetic vector potential and the

fundamental theorem of the curl, the magnetic field
may be defined as
0, = A.dl

where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the

surface, which is denoted as 8S.

LAW

The most widespread version of Faraday's law of

electromagnetic induction states that

"The induced electromotive force in any closed surface is

equal to the negative of the rate of change of magnetic
flux through the circuit."

This version of Faraday's law strictly holds true only when

the closed circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire, and is
invalid in other circumstances as discussed below. A
different version, the Maxwell-Faraday equation is valid in
allcircumstances.

The magnetic flux () changes due to the change in magnetic

field.

Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction states that the

wire loop acquires an EMF, defined as the energy
available per unit charge that travels once around the
wire loop.
Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be measured
by cutting the wire to create an open circuit. And
attaching a voltmeter to the leads.

According to Lorentz force law,

F= q(E+ vx B)
And the EMF of the wire loop is
e =fF. dl
= (E + vx B). dl
where (i) is the electric field

(ii) is the magnetic field

(ii) is the infinite length along the wire

And the line integral is evaluated along the wire.

The Maxwell-Faraday equation states that a time
varying magnetic field is always accompanied by
spatially varying, non-conservative electric field and
vice versa. The Maxwell-Faraday equation is
6B
VXE=0
St

where Vis the curl operatoe and again E(r, t) is the electric field
and B(r.t) is the magnetic field. These fields can generally be
functions of position r and time t.

The four Maxwell's equations (including the Maxwel-Faraday

equation), along with the Lorentz force law are asuficient
foundation to derive everything in clasical electromagnetism.

Therefore, it is possible to "prove" Faraday's law starting with

these equations. Faraday's law could be taken as the starting point
and used to prove the Maxwel-Faraday equation and/or other
laws.
 CONCLUSION

Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, first

observed and published by Michael Faraday in the mid
nineteenth century, describes a very important
electromagnetic concept. Although its mathematical
representations are cryptic, the essence of Faraday's
law is not hard to grasp. It relates an induced electric
potential or voltage to a dynamic magnetic field. This
concept has many far reaching ramifications that touch
our lives in many ways: from shining of the sun to
electricity and power in our homes. We can all
appreciate the profound impact Faraday's law has on
us.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
" LABORATORY MANUAL OF PHYSICS

wYN. wikined ia.com

www.scienceforall.com

http://chat.openai.com

" Google images