INDEX

CONTENT PAGE
NUMBE
R
AIM 5

INTRODUCTION 6

THEORY 10

LAW 12

CONCLUSION 15

APPLICATIONS 16

REFERENCE 17
 AIM
To determine the faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction using a
copper wire wound over an iron rod
and a strong magnet.
 INTRODUCTION
Faraday’s Law of Induction is a basic
law of Electromagnetism that predicts
How a magnetic field will interact with
an electric circuit to produce an
Electromotive Force (EMF). It is the
Fundamental operating Principle of
Transformers, Inductors, and many
types of Electrical motors and
Generators.
Electromagnetic induction was
discovered independently by Michael
Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831,
Faraday was the first to publish the
results of his experiments. Faraday
explained electromagnetic induction
using a concept he called lines of
force. These equations for
electromagnetics are extremely
important since they provide a means
to precisely describe How many
natural physical Phenomenan in our
universe arise and behave. The ability
to quantitatively describe physical
phenomena not only allows us to gain
a better understanding of our
universe, but it also makes possible a
host of technological innovations that
define modern society. Understanding
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction can be beneficial since so
many aspects of our daily life function
because of the principles behind
Faraday’s Law. From natural
phenomena such as the light we
receive from the sun, to technologies
that improve our quality of life such as
electric power generation, Faraday’s
Law has a great impact on many
aspects of our lives.
Faraday's first experimental
demonstration of electromagnetic
induction (August 29, 1831), he
wrapped two wires around opposite
sides of an iron ring or "torus" (an
arrangement similar to a modern
toroidal transformer) to induce
current.
 THEORY
Magnetic Flux through a surface is the
component of the B field passing
through that surface. The SI unit of
magnetic flux is the weber (Wb), and
the CGS unit is the maxwell.
If the magnetic field is constant, the
magnetic flux passing through a
surface of vector area S is

where B is the magnitude of the

magnetic field having the unit of
Wb/m2 (Tesla), S is the area of the
surface, and θ is the angle between
the magnetic field lines and the
normal to S. For a varying magnetic
field, we first consider the magnetic
flux through an infinitesimal area
element dS, where we may consider
the field to be constant:

From the definition of the magnetic

vector potential A and the
fundamental theorem of the curl the
magnetic flux may also be defined as:

where the line integral is taken over

the boundary of the surface S, which
is denoted ∂S.
LAW:
“The induced electromotive force in
any closed circuit is equal to negative
of the time rate of change of the
magnetic flux through the circuit”.
It strictly holds only when the closed
circuit is a loop of infinitely thin
wire,and is invalid in other
circumstances as discussed below. A
different version, the Maxwell–
Faraday equation (discussed below), is
valid in all circumstances. When the
flux changes—because B changes, or
because the wire loop is moved or
deformed, or both—Faraday's law of
induction says that the wire loop
acquires an EMF , defined as the
energy available per unit charge that
travels once around the wire loop (the
unit of EMF is the volt).Equivalently, it
is the voltage that would be measured
by cutting the wire to create an open
circuit, and attaching a voltmeter to
the leads. According to theLorentz
force law (in SI units),

The emf of loop:

where E is the electric field, B is the

magnetic field, dℓ is an infinitesimal
arc length along the wire, and the line
integral is evaluated along the wire.
The Maxwell–Faraday equation states
that a time-varying magnetic field is
always accompanied by a spatially-
varying, non-conservative electric
field, and vice-versa.
 CONCLUSION
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction, first observed and
published by Michael Faraday in the
mid-nineteenth century, describes a
very important electro-magnetic
concept. Although its mathematical
representations are cryptic, the
essence of Faraday’s is not hard to
grasp: it relates an induced electric
potential or voltage to a dynamic
magnetic field. This concept has many
far-reaching ramifications that touch
our lives in many ways: from the
shining of the sun, to the convenience
of mobile communications, to
electricity to power our homes.