INDEX:-

 CERTIFICATE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 INTRODUCTION
 OBJECTIVE
 APPARATUS REQUIRED
 THEORY
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
 CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE PHYSICS
PROJECT TITLED ‘ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION’ HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY
COMPLETED BY OF CLASS XII IN PARTIAL
FULFILMENT OF CURRICULUM OF
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION (CBSE) LEADING TO THE
AWARD OF ANNUAL EXAMINATION OF
THE YEAR 2023-2024.

INTERNAL EXAMINER TEACHER IN-CHARGE

 Acknowledgement:
It gives me great pleasure to express my
gratitude towards our Physics teacher
Shailendra Kushwaha for his guidance, support
and encouragement throughout the duration of
the project. Without his motivation and help
the successful completion of this project would
not have been possible.
 INTRODUCTION
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction:

It is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic

field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an
electromotive force (EMF). It is the fundamental operating
principle of transformers, inductors and many types of electrical
motors and generators. Faraday explained electromagnetic
induction using the concept of lines of force. These equations
for electromagnetic induction are extremely important since
they provide a means to precisely describe how, many natural
physical phenomena in our universe and behave.

The ability to quantitatively describe physical phenomena not

only allows us to gain a better understanding of our universe,
but it also makes possible a host of technological innovations
that define modern society. Understanding Faraday’s laws of
electromagnetic induction can be beneficial since so many
aspects of our daily life function because of the principles
behind
Faraday’s law. From natural phenomena, such as the light we
receive from the sun, to technologies that improve our quality
of life, such as electric power generation, Faraday’s law has a
great impact on many aspects of our lives.

Magnetic Field Inside a Solenoid Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic induction. Whereby an

electric field is induced, or generated by a changing magnetic
field.

In Faraday’s first experimental demonstration of

electromagnetic induction, he wrapped two wires around
opposite sides of an iron ring or ‘torus’ to induce current.
Faraday’s law is a single equation describing two different

phenomena: the motional EMF generated by a magnetic force

on a moving wire, and the transformer EMF generated by an
electric force due to a changing magnetic field.

APPARATUS REQUIRED -:
Insulated Copper wire
An iron rod
A strong magnet A draw board for base/platform
A light emitting Diode (LED)
 OBJECTIVE

To determine the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic

induction using a copper wire wound over an iron rod and
a strong magnet.

THEORY
The magnetic flux (B) through a surface is the component
of the magnetic field passing through the surface. The SI
unit of magnetic flux is weber (Wb), and the COGS unit is ,
Maxwell.
Magnetic flux is usually measured with a flux meter, which
contains measuring coils and electronics that evaluate the
change of voltage in the measuring coils to calculate the
magnetic flux. If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux
passing through a surface of vector area S is

Where is the magnitude of magnetic field having the unit

of Wb/m2(T). is the area of the surface and is the angle
between magnetic field lines and the normal. For a varying
magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic flux through a
small amount of area where we may consider the magnetic field
to be constant.

From the magnetic vector potential and the fundamental theorem

of the curl, the magnetic field may be defined as

where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the

surface, which is denoted as

LAW
The most widespread version of Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction states that
“The induced electromotive force in any closed surface is
equal to the negative of the rate of change of magnetic
flux through the circuit.”
This version of Faraday’s law strictly holds true only when the
closed circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire, and is invalid in
other circumstances as discussed below.
A different version, the Maxwell-Faraday equation is valid in all
circumstances.

The magnetic flux changes due to the change in magnetic

field.
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction states that the
wire loop acquires an EMF, defined as the energy available per
unit charge that travels once around the wire loop.

Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be measured by cutting

the wire to create an open circuit.
And attaching a voltmeter to the leads.
According to Lorentz force law,

And the EMF of the wire loop is

The Maxwell-Faraday equation states that a time varying

magnetic field is always accompanied by spatially varying, non-
conservative electric field and vice versa.

The Maxwell-Faraday equation is

where 9 is the curl operatoe and again E(r,t) is the electric field
and B(r,t) is the magnetic field. These fields can generally be
functions of position r and time t.

The four Maxwell's equations (including the Maxwell-Faraday

equation), along with the Lorentz force law are a sufficient
foundation to derive everything in classical electromagnetism.

Therefore, it is possible to “prove” Faraday's law starting with

these equations. Faraday's law could be taken as the starting point
and used to prove the Maxwell-Faraday equation and/or other
laws.
 CONCLUSION

Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, first observed and

published by Michael Faraday in the mid nineteenth
century, describes a very important electromagnetic concept.

Although its mathematical representations are cryptic, the

essence of Faraday’s law is not hard to grasp. It relates an
induced electric potential or voltage to a dynamic magnetic field.

This concept has many far reaching ramifications that touch

our lives in many ways: from shining of the sun to
electricity and power in our homes.

We can all appreciate the profound impact Faraday’s law has on

us.
 REFERENCES

 NCERT TEXTBOOK
 GOOGLE IMAGES
 Concept Of Physics By
H.C. Verma Vol-02
 ChatGPT