Project

Session : 2020-2021

A Project Report On
“ Electromagnetic Induction”

Submitted by Samuel Kumar

Class – XIIth (Science)

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 Roll no. (cbse) – ______

Under the
Guidance of
Mr.
Avinash Sir
PGT (Physics)

Table of Contents
 Certificate
 Declaration
 Acknowledgement
 Aim of Project
 Introduction
 Theory
 Apparatus Required

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 Law
 Conclusion
 Bibliography

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 Kendriya Vidyalaya
Khagaria
Certificate
This is to certify that SAMUEL KUMAR
student of class XIIth (Sci.) has successfully
prepared the report on the Project entitled
“Electromagnetic Induction”
under the guidance of
Mr. AVINASH (PGT Physics).
The report is the result of his efforts &
endeavours.
The report is found worthy of acceptance as
final
Project report for the subject
Physics of class XIIth (sci.).

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 Signature of Physics Teacher Signature of External
Examiner

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--------------------------

Signature of Principal

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Declaration
I hereby declare that the project work entitled

“ Electromagnetic Induction ” , submitted to

Department of Physics,

Kendriya Vidyalaya Khagaria is prepared by me.

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 SAMUEL KUMAR
Class: XIIth (Science)

Acknowledgeme
nt
I would like to express a deep sense of thanks and gratitude
to my project guide Mr. Avinash sir for guiding me

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immensely through the course of the project. He always
envinced keen intrest in my
project. His constructive advice & constant motivation have
been responsible for the successful completion of his project.

My sincere thank goes to our principal sir for his

co-ordination in extending every possible support
for the completion of this project.

I must thanks to my classmates for their timely help

and support for completio

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 AIM
“ To determine the Faraday’s
law of
Electromagnetic Induction
using a copper wire wound
over an iron rod and a
strong magnet. ”

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Introduction
Faraday’s law of induction is a basic law of electromagnetism that predicts how a
magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force
(EMF). It is the fundamental operating principle of transformers , inductors, and many
types of electrical motors and generators.

Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently by Michael Faraday and

Joseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday was the first to publish the results of his
experiments. Faraday explained electromagnetic induction using a concept he called
lines of force. These equation for electromagnetic are extremely important since they
provide a means to precisely describe how many natural physical phenomena in our
universe arise and behave. The ability to quantitatively describe physical phenomena
not only allows us to gain a better understanding of our universe, but it also makes
possible a host of technological innovations that define modern society.

Understanding Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction can be beneficial since so

many aspects of our daily life function because of the principles behind Faraday’s
Law. From natural phenomena such as the light, we receive from the sun to
technologies that improve our quality of life such as electric power generation,
Faraday’s law has a great impact on many aspects of our lives.

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Faraday’s law is the circuit of the experiments of the English chemist and physicist
Michael Faraday. The concept of electromagnetic induction was actually discovered
simultaneously in 1831 by Faraday in London and Joseph, an American scientist
working in New York, but Faraday is credited for the law since he published his work
first. An important aspect of the equation that qualifies Faraday’s law comes from the
work of Heinrich Lenz, a Russian physicist who made his contribution to Faraday’s law,
now known as Lenz’s law, in 1834 (Institute of Chemistry).

Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic induction,

whereby an electric field is induced, or generated, by a
changing magnetic field. Before expanding upon this
description, it is necessary to develop an understanding of
the fields, as well as the related concept of potentials.

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Faraday’s first experimental demonstration of
electromagnetic induction (August 29, 1831), he
wrapped two wires around opposite sides of an iron ring
or “torus” (an arrangement similar to a modern toroidal
transformer) to induce current.

Faraday’s First Experiment:-

Some physicists have remarked that Faraday’s law is a
single equation describing two different phenomena :-
The motional EMF generated by a magnetic force on a
moving wire (see Lorentz force), and the transformer EMF
generated by an electric force due to a changing
magnetic field (due to the Maxwell-Faraday equation).

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James Clerk Maxwell drew attention to this fact in his
1861 paper on physical lines of force. In this latter half
part II of that paper, Maxwell gives a separate physical
explanation for each of the two phenomena. A reference
to these two aspects of electromagnetic induction is made
in some modern textbooks.

Theory
Magnetic flux :-

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The magnetic flux (often denoted 𝚽 or 𝚽B ) through a
surface is the component of the B field passing through
that surface. The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber
(Wb) (in derived units :- voltsecond), and the CGS unit is
the Maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured with a
flux-meter, which contains measuring coils and
electronics that evaluates the change of voltage in the
measuring coils to calculate the magnetic flux.

If the magnetic field is constant, the ,magnetic flux passing

through a surface of vector area S is
𝜱B = B ∙ S = BS cos 𝜽
Where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the
magnetic flux density) having the unit of Wb/m2 (Tesla),
S is the area of the surface, and 𝛉 is the angle between the
magnetic field lines and the normal (perpendicular) to S.

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For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the
magnetic flux through an infinitesimal area element dS,
where we may
condiser the field to be constant
d B = B dS

From the definition of the magnetic vector potential A and

the fundamental theorem of the curl, the magnetic flux
may also be defined as :
B = d
Where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the
surface S, which is denoted dS.

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 Apparatus Required
1. Insulated copper wire
2. An iron rod
3. A strong magnet, and
4. A light emitting diode (LED)

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 Law
.
The most widespread version of Faraday’s law states :-

“The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit

is equal to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux
through the circuit.”

This version of Faraday’s law strictly holds only when the

closed circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire and is invalid
in other circumstances as discussed below. A different
version, the Maxwell-Faraday equation (discussed below),
is valid in all circumstances.

When the flux changes – because B changes, or because

the wire loop is moved or deformed, or both Faraday’s law
of induction says that the wire loop acquires an EMF 𝜀 ,

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defined as the energy available per unit charge that travels
once around the wire loop (the unit of EMF is the volt).
Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be measured by
cutting the wire to create an open circuit and attaching a
voltmeter to the leads.

According to the Lorentz force law (in SI units),

F = q(E + V × B)

The EMF on a wire loop is :-

where E is the electric field, B is the magnetic field (aka

magnetic flux density, magnetic induction), is an
infinitesimal arc length along the wire, and the line
integral is evaluated along the wire (along the curve the
coincident with the shape of the wire).

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The Maxwell-Faraday equation states that a time-varying
magnetic field is always accompanied by a spatially-
varying, nonconservative electric fields, and vice-versa.
The Maxwell-Faraday equation is :-

Where is the curl operator and again E(r,t) is the electric

field and B(r,t) is the magnetic field. These fields can
generally be functions of position r and time t.
The four Maxwell’s equation (including the Maxwell-
Faraday equation), along with the Lorentz force law, are a
sufficient foundation to derive everything in classical
electromagnetism. Therefore it is possible to “prove”
Faraday’s law starting with these equation. Faraday’s law
could be taken as the starting point and used to “prove” the
Maxwell Faraday equation and/or other laws.

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 Conclusion
Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed
and published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth
century, describes a very important electromagnetic
concept. Although its mathematical representations are
cryptic, the essence of Faraday’s is not hard to grasp : it
relates an induced electric potential or voltage to a
dynamic magnetic field. This concept has many
farreaching ramifications that touch our lives in many
ways : from the shining of the sun to the convenience of
mobile communications, to electricity to power our homes.
We can all appreciate the profound Faraday’s law has on
us.

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 Bibliography
 https://en.wikipedia.org
 https://www.google.co.in
 Class 12 Physics Lab Manual
 Class 12 NCERT Textbook
 https://www.vaibhavkandwal.com

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Thank You!!

-Samuel Kumar

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