lOMoARcPSD|21167828

lOMoARcPSD|21167828

Session : 2020-2021

A Project Report On
“ELECTOMAGNETIC INDUCTION”

Submitted by:MONISH KUMAR M.

Class – XIIth (Science)

Under the Guidance of ASWATHI T.B

1
 lOMoARcPSD|21167828

TableofContents
 Certificate
 Declaration
 Acknowledgement
 Aim of Project
 Introduction
 Theory
 Apparatus Required
 Law
 Conclusion
 Bibliography

2
 lOMoARcPSD|21167828

Certificate
This is to certify that MONISH KUMAR.M student
of class XIIth (Sci.) has successfully prepared the report on the
Project entitled “ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION”
under the guidance of
ASWATHI T.B (PGT Physics).
The report is the result of his efforts & endeavours.
The report is found worthy of acceptance as final
Project report for the subject Physics of
class XIIth (sci.).

Signature of Physics Teacher Signature of External Examiner

--------------------------- --------------------------

Signature of Principal

-----------------------------

3
 lOMoARcPSD|21167828

Acknowledgement
I would like to express a deep sense of thanks and gratitude to my
project guide Mrs.ASWATHI T.B for guiding me immensely through
the course of the project. He always envinced keen intrest in my
project. His constructive advice & constant motivation have been
responsible for the successful completion of his project.

My sincere thank goes to our principal sir for his co-ordination

in extending every possible support for the completion of this
project.

I must thanks to my classmates for their timely help and support

for completion of this project.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank all those who
had helped directly or indirectly towards the
completion of this project.

2
 lOMoARcPSD|21167828

AIM
To determine the faradays law of
Electromagnetic Induction using a
copper wire wound over an iron rod and
a strong magnet. ”

3
 lOMoARcPSD|21167828

Introduction
Faraday’s law of induction is a basic law of electromagnetism that
predicts how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit
to produce an electromotive force (EMF). It is the fundamental
operating principle of transformers , inductors, and many types of
electrical motors and generators.

Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently by

Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday
was the first to publish the results of his experiments. Faraday
explained electromagnetic induction using a concept he called
lines of force. These equation for electromagnetic are extremely
important since they provide a means to precisely describe how
many natural physical phenomena in our universe arise and
behave. The ability to quantitatively describe physical phenomena
not only allows us to gain a better understanding of our universe,

6
6
 lOMoARcPSD|21167828

but it also makes possible a host of technological innovations that

define modern society.
Understanding Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction can be
beneficial since so many aspects of our daily life function because
of the principles behind Faraday’s Law. From natural phenomena
such as the light, we receive from the sun to technologies that
improve our quality of life such as electric power generation,
Faraday’s law has a great impact on many aspects of our lives.

Faraday’s law is the circuit of the experiments of

the English chemist and physicist Michael Faraday. The concept of
electromagnetic induction was actually discovered simultaneously
in 1831 by Faraday in London and Joseph, an American scientist
working in New York, but Faraday is credited for the law since he
published his work first. An important aspect of the equation that
qualifies Faraday’s law comes from the work of Heinrich Lenz, a
Russian physicist who made his contribution to Faraday’s law, now

7
 lOMoARcPSD|21167828

known as Lenz’s law, in 1834 (Institute of Chemistry)

Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic induction, whereby an

electric field is induced, or generated, by a changing magnetic
field. Before expanding upon this description, it is necessary to
develop an understanding of the fields, as well as the related
concept of potentials.

Faraday’s first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic

induction (August 29, 1831), he wrapped two wires around
opposite sides of an iron ring or “torus” (an arrangement similar to
a modern toroidal transformer) to induce current.

8
 lOMoARcPSD|21167828

Faraday’sFirstExperiment:-
Some physicists have remarked that Faraday’s law is a single
equation describing two different phenomena :-
The motional EMF generated by a magnetic force on a moving
wire (see Lorentz force), and the transformer EMF generated by an
electric force due to a changing magnetic field (due to the
Maxwell-Faraday equation). James Clerk Maxwell drew attention
to this fact in his 1861 paper on physical lines of force. In this latter
half part II of that paper, Maxwell gives a separate physical
explanation for each of the two phenomena. A reference to these
two aspects of electromagnetic induction is made in some modern
textbooks.

7
 lOMoARcPSD|21167828

Theory
Magneticflux :-

The magnetic flux (often denoted 𝚽 or 𝚽B ) through a surface is the

component of the B field passing through that surface. The SI unit
of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb) (in derived units :- voltsecond),
and the CGS unit is the Maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured
with a flux-meter, which contains measuring coils and electronics
that evaluates the change of voltage in the measuring coils to
calculate the magnetic flux.

If the magnetic field is constant, the ,magnetic flux passing through

a surface of vector area S is

8
 lOMoARcPSD|21167828

𝜱B = B ∙ S = BS cos𝜽
Where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the magnetic flux
density) having the unit of Wb/m2 (Tesla),
S is the area of the surface, and 𝛉 is the angle between the magnetic
field lines and the normal (perpendicular) to S.

For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic flux

through an infinitesimal area element dS, where we may
condiser the field to be constant d 𝜱B = B
dS

From the definition of the magnetic vector potential A and the

fundamental theorem of the curl, the magnetic flux may also be
defined as :
𝜱B = d𝒍
Where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the surface S,
which is denoted dS.

7
 lOMoARcPSD|21167828

ApparatusRequired
1. Insulated copper wire
2. An iron rod
3. A strong magnet, and
4. A light emitting diode (LED)

8
 lOMoARcPSD|21167828

INTRODUCTION

Faraday's law of induction is a basic law of electromagnetism that

predicts how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circute to
produce an electromotive force (EMF). It is the fundamental operating
principle of transformers, inductors, and many types of electrical
moters and generators.

Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently by Michael

Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday was the first to
publish the results of his experiments. Faraday explained
electromagnetic induction using a concept he called lines of force.
These equations for electromagnetics are extremely important since

7
 lOMoARcPSD|21167828

they provide a means to precisely describe how many natural physical

phenomena in our universe arise and behave. The ability to
quantitatively describe physical phenomena not only allows us to gain
a better understanding of our universe, but it also makes possible a
host of technological innovations that define modern society.
Understanding Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction can be
beneficial since so many aspects of our daily life function because of
the principles behind Faraday’s Law. From natural phenomena such as
the light we receive from the sun, to technologies that improve our
quality of life such as electric power generation, Faraday’s Law has a
great impact on many aspects of our lives.

Faraday’s Law is the result of the experiments of the English chemist

and physicist Michael Faraday . The concept of electromagnetic
induction was actually discovered simultaneously in 1831 by Faraday
in London and Joseph Henry, an American scientist working in New
York , but Faraday is credited for the law since he published his work

8
 lOMoARcPSD|21167828

first . An important aspect of the equation that quantifies Faraday’s

Law comes from the work of Heinrich Lenz, a Russian physicist who
made his contribution to Faraday’s Law, now known as Lenz’s Law,
in 1834 (Institute of Chemistry).

Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic induction, whereby an

electric field is induced, or generated, by a changing magnetic field.
Before expanding upon this description, it is necessary to develop an
understanding of the concept of fields, as well as the related concept of
potentials.

7
 lOMoARcPSD|21167828

Faraday's first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic

induction (August 29, 1831), he wrapped two wires around opposite
sides of an iron ring or "torus" (an arrangement similar to a
modern toroidal transformer) to induce current

Figure 1 Faraday's First Experiment

Some physicists have remarked that Faraday's law is a single equation
describing two different phenomena: the motional EMF generated by a
magnetic force on a moving wire (see Lorentz force), and
the transformer EMF generated by an electric force due to a changing
magnetic field (due to the Maxwell–Faraday equation). James Clerk
Maxwell drew attention to this fact in his 1861 paper On Physical
Lines of Force. In the latter half of part II of that paper, Maxwell gives
a separate physical explanation for each of the two phenomena. A

8
 lOMoARcPSD|21167828

reference to these two aspects of electromagnetic induction is made in

some modern textbooks.

7
 lOMoARcPSD|21167828

THEORY:
Magnetic flux:

The magnetic flux (often denoted Φ or ΦB) through a surface is the

component of the B field passing through that surface. The SI unit of
magnetic flux is the weber (Wb) (in derived units: volt-seconds), and
the CGS unit is the maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured with a
fluxmeter, which contains measuring coils and electronics that
evaluates the change of voltage in the measuring coils to calculate the
magnetic flux.
If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing through a
surface of vector area S is

where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the magnetic flux

density) having the unit of Wb/m2 (Tesla), S is the area of the surface,

8
 lOMoARcPSD|21167828

and θ is the angle between the magnetic field lines and the normal

(perpendicular) to S.
For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic flux
through an infinitesimal area element dS, where we may consider the
field to be constant
:
From the definition of the magnetic vector potential A and
the fundamental theorem of the curl the magnetic flux may also be
defined as:

where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the surface S,

which is denoted ∂S.

7
 lOMoARcPSD|21167828

LAW:The most widespread version of Faraday's law states:

The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is equal to the
negative of the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the
circuit.
This version of Faraday's law strictly holds only when the closed
circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire, and is invalid in other
circumstances as discussed below. A different version, the Maxwell–
Faraday equation (discussed below), is valid in all circumstances.
When the flux changes—because B changes, or because the wire loop
is moved or deformed, or both—Faraday's law of induction says that
the wire loop acquires an EMF  , defined as the energy available per
unit charge that travels once around the wire loop (the unit of EMF is
the volt). Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be measured by
cutting the wire to create an open circuit, and attaching a voltmeter to
the leads.
According to the Lorentz force law (in SI units),

the EMF on a wire loop is:

where E is the electric field, B is the magnetic field (aka magnetic flux

density, magnetic induction), dℓ is an infinitesimal arc length along the
wire, and the line integral is evaluated along the wire (along the curve
the conincident with the shape of the wire).

8
 lOMoARcPSD|21167828

The Maxwell–Faraday equation states that a time-varying magnetic

field is always accompanied by a spatially-varying, non-
conservative electric field, and vice-versa. The Maxwell–Faraday
equation is

where   is the curl operator and again E(r, t) is the electric

field and B(r, t) is the magnetic field. These fields can generally be
functions of position r and time t.
The four Maxwell's equations (including the Maxwell–Faraday
equation), along with the Lorentz force law, are a sufficient foundation
to derive everything inclassical electromagnetism. Therefore it is
possible to "prove" Faraday's law starting with these equations.
Faraday's law could be taken as the starting point and used to "prove"
the Maxwell–Faraday equation and/or other laws

7
 lOMoARcPSD|21167828

Conclusion
Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed and
published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century,
describes a very important electromagnetic concept. Although its
mathematical representations are cryptic, the essence of Faraday’s
is not hard to grasp : it relates an induced electric potential or
voltage to a dynamic magnetic field. This concept has many
farreaching ramifications that touch our lives in many ways : from
the shining of the sun to the convenience of mobile
communications, to electricity to power our homes.
We can all appreciate the profound Faraday’s law has on us

8
 lOMoARcPSD|21167828

Bibliography
 https://en.wikipedia.orghttps://www.google.co.in
 Class 12 Physics Lab Manual
 Class 12 NCERT Textbook
 https://www.vaibhavkandwal.com

7
 lOMoARcPSD|21167828

Thank You!!
-