TRANSFORMER

 The function of transformer is to change the voltage from 230V or 240V to a

value suitable for the appliance.

 Transformer is a device which steps up or steps down alternating current

voltage.
 National Grid Network

NATIONAL GRID NETWORK

BASIC STRUCTURE OF TRANSFORMER
 Electromagnetic Electromagnetic Induction

Current Magnetic flux Magnetic flux Induced current

HOW IS TRANSFORMER WORKS?

 Types of
Transformer

Steps Up Steps Down

STEPS UP TRANSFORMER

𝑁
  𝑠> 𝑁 𝑝  𝑁 𝑝  𝑁 𝑠

𝑉  𝑠 > 𝑉 𝑝

𝑁
  𝑠=𝑛𝑜 . 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡h𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝑁
  𝑝 =𝑛𝑜 . 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡h𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝑉
  𝑠 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡h𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙(𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 )
𝑉
  𝑝 =𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡h𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙(𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡)
STEPS DOWN TRANSFORMER

 𝑁 𝑝  𝑁 𝑠

𝑁
  𝑠< 𝑁 𝑝  𝑁 𝑝  𝑁 𝑠

𝑉  𝑠 < 𝑉 𝑝

𝑁
  𝑠=𝑛𝑜 . 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡h𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝑁
  𝑝 =𝑛𝑜 . 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡h𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝑉
  𝑠 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡h𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙(𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 )
𝑉
  𝑝 =𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡h𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙(𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡)
  
𝑉 𝑠 𝑁𝑠
=
𝑉 𝑝 𝑁𝑝

FORMULA OF TRANSFORMER
 Input Power Output Power

• No energy loss during the process of

transforming the voltage

• The output power = Input power

IDEAL TRANSFORMER
𝐼 𝑠 𝑉 𝑠=𝐼 𝑝 𝑉 𝑝
 
4 MAIN CAUSES OF ENERGY LOSSES
IN A TRANSFORMER
 Heat lost due to the resistivity of the coils that made up by the turns of wire
such copper
 Overcome : using thicker wires of copper.
 Explanation : reduce resistance

1. HEATING EFFECT IN THE COILS

 Induced currents in the iron core caused by the changing magnetic field
produced by the alternating current.
 Eddy current produce heat in the core and cause loss of energy
 Overcome : using laminated core
 Explanation : Eddy current are not able to flow through the layers of
insulation.

2. EDDY CURRENTS IN THE IRON

CORE
 Overcome : use soft iron core
 Explanation : easy to magnetize and demagnetize

3. MAGNETISM AND DEMAGNETIZE

OF CORE
 The magnetic flux produced by the primary current is not completely linked to
the secondary coils
 Overcome : winding the secondary coils on top of the primary coil.
 Explanation : reduce the leakage of magnetic flux.

4. LEAKAGE OF MAGNETIC FLUX