INTRODUCTION

The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating

voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according to
this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing,
an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the A.C.
voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both low and high
current circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing strength of
sizes. In electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer size
may be so small that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in high
voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to
another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up
transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a
step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high
and low current circuits.

WHAT IS TRANSFORMER

A transformer is a static piece of apparatus by means of which an

electrical power is transferred from one alternating current circuit to
another electrical circuit

• There is no electrical contact between them

• The desire change in voltage or current without any

change in frequency
 CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER

WINDING

• Conducting material is used in the winding of the Transformer

• The coils are used are wound on the limbs and insulated
from each other

• The two different windings are wounds on two different

Limbs

• The leakage flux increases which affects the

performance and efficiency of transformer

• To reduce the leakage flux it is necessary that the

windings should be very close to each other to have high
mutual induction
 CORE TYPE CONSTRUCTION

▪In this one magnetic circuit and cylindrical coils are used

▪Normally L and T shaped laminations are used

▪Commonly primary winding would on one limb while

secondary on the other but performance will be reduce

▪To get high performance it is necessary that other the

two winding should be very close to each other

Shell type construction

• In this type two magnetic circuit are used

• The winding is wound on central limbs

• For the cell type each high voltage winding lie between
two voltage portion sandwiching the high voltage winding

• Sub division of windings reduces the leakage flux

• Greater the number of sub division lesser the reactance

• This type of construction is used for high voltage

WORKING PRINCIPLE

• The transformer works in the principle of mutual Induction

• When the alternating current flows in the primary coils, a

changing magnetic flux is generated around the primary coil.

• The changing magnetic flux is transferred to the secondary

coil through the iron core

• The changing magnetic flux is cut by the secondary coil,

hence induces an e.m.f in the secondary coil

• Now if load is connected to a secondary winding, this e.m.f

drives a current through it

• The magnitude of the output voltage can be controlled by the

ratio of the no. of primary coil and secondary coil
 PRIMARY & SECONDARY WINDING
A transformer consists of two windings interlinked by a mutual
magnetic field.
◦ Primary winding – energized by connecting it to
an input source

◦ Secondary winding – winding to which an

electrical load is connected and from which
output energy is drawn.
Primary ΦP = net flux in window of primary ΦS = net
flux in window of secondary
Φ l p = leakage flux of primary Φ l s = leakage
flux of secondary
ΦM = mutual flux
ΦP = ΦM + Φ l p
ΦS = ΦM – Φ l s

TYPES OF TRANSFORMER

There are generally two types of Transformer

Step up transformer

• A step up transformer is a device that

converts low alternatic voltage to high
alternating voltage.
• In another word, a transformer in which
Ns>Np that is called step up transformer.

Step down transformer

• A step down transformer is a device

that converts high alternatic voltage
to low altermatic voltage.

• In another word, a transformer in

which Np>Ns that is called step down
transformer.
Some important types are given as

➢Auto-transformer

• An autotransformer with a sliding brush contact

• An autotransformer has only a single winding with

two end terminals, plus a third at an intermediate
tap point.

➢Poly-phase transformer

For three-phase supplies

• A bank of three individual singlephase

transformers can be used, OR all three
phases can be made as a single three-
phase transformer.

➢Instrument transformers

• Current transformers, designed to be

looped around conductor.

• A current transformer is a measurement

 device
PARTS OF TRANSFORMER

BUCHHOLZ RELAY:- It is a very

sensitive gas and oil operated instrument
which safely detect the formation of gas or
sudden pressure inside the oil transformer.

CONSERVATOR:- It is used to provide

adequate space forthe expansion of oil
when transformer is loaded or when
ambient temperature changes

TANK:- Basically this is a container

used to keep winding and insulation oil. The
tank is Made up of Mild Steel.
SILICA GEL BREATHER:-It absorb the moisture from the air. it
is a chemical material these are the only one main component inside
the breather basically silica gel is a brown colored one after the
absorption silica gel become pink

OIL LEVEL INDICATOR:- It is used to show the

oil level in the transformer. this is a ordinary part
situated on the side of the conservator for proper oil
checking oil tank wants a specific amount of oil.

RADIATORS:- These are used for the purpose for

the cooling of the
transformer oil. The oil circulates all the time from
these radiator parts

ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:
 1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper
coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting
wires.

2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of
the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron
core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulations.

Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn
of S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with
each turn of P1P2.

4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated

magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is
fed to it.

5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer

APPLICATION AND USES


1. In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air
conditioner, etc.

2. A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.

3. A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.

4. A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and

NEON advertisement.
5. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power
supplies.

6. Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long

distances.

7. Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones , etc