BASIC ELECTRIC

ENGINEERING
PRESENTATION
TOPIC: TRANSFORMERS
 MAAHIR CHAUHAN(028)

ADITYA SHARMA(052)

PRANAV PAHUJA(064)

GROUP SIDHARTH BAKSHI(022)

NITISH(008)
MEMBERS: ABHINEET(011)

PRAKUL(004)

RAJARSHYA(059)

SHOURYA(003 )
INTRODUCTION

• A transformer is a static device. The

word 'transformer' comes form the
word 'transform’.
• Transformer is not an energy
conversion device, but it is device that
changes electrical power at one voltage
level into electrical power at another
voltage level through the action of
magnetic field but with a proportional
increase or decrease in the current
ratings., without a change in frequency.
• It can be either to step-up or step down.
TYPE'S OF
TRANSFORME
RS
STEP UP
TRANSFORME
R:
• A transformer in which voltage
across secondary is greater than
primary voltage is called a step-up
transformer (shown in figure).
• In this type of transformer, Number
of turns in secondary coil is greater
than that in Primary coil, so this
creates greater voltage across
secondary coil to get more output
voltage than given
through primary coil.
 STEP DOWN
TRANSFORME
•R:
A transformer in which voltage
across secondary is lesser than
primary voltage is called a step-
down transformer (shown in figure)
• In this type of transformer, Number
of turns in secondary coil is lesser
than that in Primary coil, so this
creates lesser voltage across
secondary coil, so we get low output
voltage than given
through primary coil.
 WORKING
PRINCIPLE
• The transformer works on the principle
of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction and mutual induction.
“According to Faraday’s rule of
electromagnetic induction, this alternating
flux links the transformer primary and
secondary windings magnetically and ------(i) ------(ii)
generates EMFs E1 in the primary winding
and E2 in the secondary winding. The
EMF (E1) is referred to as the primary Dividing (i) and (ii),
EMF, while the EMF (E2) is the secondary
EMF.”
• There are usually two coils – primary coil and
secondary coil – on the transformer core. The core
laminations are joined in the form of strips. The
two coils have high mutual inductance. When an
alternating current passes through the primary
coil, it creates a varying magnetic flux. As per
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, this
change in magnetic flux induces an EMF
(electromotive force) in the secondary coil, which
is linked to the core having a primary coil. This is
mutual induction.
• Overall, a transformer carries out the following
operations:
1.Transfer of electrical energy from one circuit to
another
2.Transfer of electrical power through
electromagnetic induction
3.Electric power transfer without any change in
frequency
4.Two circuits are linked with mutual induction
CLASSIFICATI
ON OF
TRANSFORME
RS
AS PER PHASE
SINGLE-PHASE
TRANSFORME
R
• A type of transformer which consists of
only one pair of the transformer coils or
windings, i.e., one primary winding and
one secondary winding, and is used for
transforming the single-phase alternating
voltage to the desired value, is known
as single-phase transformer.
• The single-phase transformers are
commonly used in different applications
such as for supplying electric power to
domestic loads in rural areas where the
demand and cost is less.
THREE-PHASE
TRANSFORME
R
• A transformer which consists of three-pairs
of transformer windings placed in a three-
section iron core, where each section
contains a pair of a primary winding and a
secondary winding and is used to step-up or
step-down the three-phase alternating
voltage is known as a three-phase
transformer.
• The three-phase transformers are widely
used in electric power system for
transmission and distribution of electric
power. As a single 3-phase transformer can
supply three single-phase circuits, hence it is
economical than a single-phase transformer.
AS PER CORE
CORE TYPE
TRANSFORME
R
• In the core type transformer, the magnetic
circuit of the transformer consists of two
sections namely two vertical section called
limbs and two horizontal sections called
yokes. The half of each winding (primary
and secondary windings) is placed on each
limb of the core, so that the leakage flux
can be minimized.
• The major advantage of a core type
transformer is that it is easier to dismantle
for repair and maintenance.
• The core type transformers are mainly
used in high voltage applications such as
distribution and power transformers.
SHELL TYPE
TRANSFORME
R
• In the core type transformer, the magnetic
circuit of the transformer consists of two
sections namely two vertical section called
limbs and two horizontal sections called
yokes. The half of each winding (primary
and secondary windings) is placed on each
limb of the core, so that the leakage flux
can be minimized.
• The major advantage of a core type
transformer is that it is easier to dismantle
for repair and maintenance.
• The core type transformers are mainly
used in high voltage applications such as
distribution and power transformers.
AS PER COOLING
SYSTEM
1. SELF-COOLED TRANSFORMERS:
• Self-cooled transformers are designed to dissipate heat generated during operation
through natural convection. They rely on the surrounding air for cooling without the use
of any additional cooling medium such as oil or fans.
• These transformers typically have a corrugated or finned exterior surface to increase the
heat dissipation area and promote airflow.

2. AIR-COOLED TRANSFORMERS:
• Air-cooled transformers, as the name suggests, use air as the primary cooling medium.
They employ fans or blowers to increase the airflow and enhance heat dissipation. The
fans can be mounted on the transformer itself or placed separately in the cooling system.
• Air-cooled transformers are often used in applications where the ambient temperature is
relatively low, and the heat dissipation requirements are moderate.
3. OIL-COOLED TRANSFORMERS:
• Oil-cooled transformers use a dielectric oil as the cooling and insulating medium. The oil
circulates within the transformer, carrying away heat generated by the core and windings.
• The oil transfers the heat to the transformer tank, which provides a larger surface area for
heat dissipation into the surrounding air. The tank is often equipped with cooling fins or
radiators to increase the cooling efficiency. In some cases, oil-cooled transformers also
incorporate fans or pumps to enhance the circulation of oil and improve cooling.
• Oil-cooled transformers are commonly used in applications where high-power levels or
continuous operation demand efficient heat dissipation. They are particularly suitable for
locations with high ambient temperatures or environments with heavy electrical loads.
TRANSFORMER
LOSSES
1. CORE LOSSES:
Core losses occur in the transformer's magnetic core and are primarily caused by two
factors: hysteresis and eddy currents.
• Hysteresis Loss: Hysteresis loss occurs due to the reversal of magnetization in the
transformer core with each alternating current (AC) cycle. This loss is caused by energy
dissipation within the core material and is dependent on the magnetic properties of the
core material.
• Eddy Current Loss: Eddy currents are induced within the laminated core of the
transformer due to the changing magnetic field. These currents circulate within the core
and cause power loss due to resistive heating. Eddy current losses can be reduced by
using laminated or insulated core materials.
2. COPPER LOSSES:
• Copper losses, also known as I²R losses, occur due to the resistance of the transformer's
winding conductors.
• When current flows through the windings, it encounters resistance, resulting in power loss
in the form of heat.
• Copper losses can be further divided into two components:
a. Winding Resistance Loss: This loss occurs in the primary and secondary windings
of the transformer.
b. Leakage Reactance Loss: This loss is caused by the leakage reactance, which is
the magnetic field generated by the winding current not perfectly linking with the
adjacent windings.
3. STRAY LOSSES:
• Stray losses in transformers refer to the energy losses that occur due to various factors
other than the intended energy transfer between the primary and secondary windings.
These losses include leakage flux losses.
• Transformers rely on magnetic fields to transfer energy between windings. However, not
all of the magnetic flux generated by the primary winding effectively links with the
secondary winding.
• Some portion of the magnetic flux "leaks" or passes through the air or surrounding
structures, resulting in leakage flux losses.
• Leakage flux losses increase with higher operating currents and frequencies, as well as
with larger air gaps between the windings.
4. DIELECTRIC LOSSES:
• Dielectric losses occur in the insulating materials used within the transformer, such as
between windings and between windings and the core.
• Insulating materials have dielectric properties that cause energy dissipation in the form of
heat due to the formation of capacitance.
• When an alternating voltage is applied across insulating materials, the capacitance
between conductive elements results in the flow of displacement currents, causing energy
losses.
• Dielectric losses depend on the quality and properties of the insulation materials used in
the transformer.
TRANSFORME
R EFFICIENCY
• Transformers form the most
important link between supply
systems and load. Transformer’s
where,
efficiency directly affects its •V2 – Secondary terminal voltage
performance and aging. •I2 – Full load secondary current
• The Efficiency of the transformer is •Cosϕ2 – power factor of the load
defined as the ratio of useful output •Pi – Iron losses = hysteresis losses + eddy current losses
power to the input power. The input •Pc – Full load copper losses = I22Res
and output power are measured in
the same unit. Its unit is either in
Watts (W) or KW. Transformer
efficiency is denoted by Ƞ.
 • Power generation: Transformers are used in power
plants to increase the voltage of the electricity
generated by the plant before it is sent to the grid.

APPLICATIONS • Transmission and distribution: Transformers are

used in the transmission and distribution of
electricity to increase or decrease the voltage of
AND electricity as it is sent from power plants to homes
and businesses.
USES OF • Lighting: Transformers are used in lighting systems
to decrease the voltage of electricity before it is sent
TRANSFORME to light bulbs.
• Audio systems: Transformers are used in audio
RS systems to increase or decrease the voltage of
electricity before it is sent to speakers.
• Electronic equipment: Transformers are used in a
variety of electronic devices, including computers,
TVs, radios, and cell phones.
 CONCLUSION:
• In conclusion, transformers are vital components in electrical systems, playing a crucial role in power
generation, transmission, distribution, and various other applications. They facilitate efficient energy
transfer by stepping up or stepping down voltage levels as needed. By utilizing the principles of
electromagnetic induction, transformers enable the transmission of electrical energy over long
distances while minimizing power losses.
• Transformers come in different types, such as power transformers, distribution transformers, and
instrument transformers, each designed for specific applications. They consist of core, windings, and
insulation, and their efficiency is influenced by factors like core losses, copper losses, and stray losses.
• Efficiency is a significant consideration in transformer design, as it impacts energy consumption,
operating costs, and environmental sustainability. Manufacturers continuously work towards
optimizing transformer designs to minimize losses and enhance overall efficiency.
• Transformers find applications in power generation plants, electrical power transmission and
distribution networks, industrial settings, renewable energy systems, railways, transportation, and
electronic devices. Their versatility and adaptability make them indispensable in modern electrical
infrastructure.
• Understanding the functioning, types, and applications of transformers is crucial for engineers,
technicians, and individuals working with electrical systems. By utilizing transformers effectively, we
can ensure efficient energy utilization, reliable power supply, and sustainable electricity infrastructure.