TRANSFORMER

NAME :ABHINAV BISHT

ROLL NO :21051704
CLASS :VB-22
BRANCH :CSE
WHAT IS A TRANSFORMER ?

The transformer in the simplest way can be described as a thing that steps up or
steps down voltage. In a step-up transformer, the output voltage is increased
and in a step-down transformer, the output voltage is decreased. It is basically a
voltage control device that is used widely in the distribution and transmission
of alternating current power. The idea of a transformer was first discussed by
Michael Faraday in the year 1831 and was carried forward by many other
prominent scientific scholars.
HISTORY
• Who invented the transformer? Ottó Bláthy, Miksa Déri, Károly Zipernowsky of the Austro-Hungarian
Empire First designed and used the transformer in both experimental, and commercial systems. Later on
Lucien Gaulard, Sebstian Ferranti, and William Stanley perfected the design. See the next question for

more details.

• When was the transformer invented? The property of induction was discovered in the 1830's but it
wasn't until 1886 that William Stanley, working for Westinghouse built the first reliable commercial
transformer. His work was built upon some rudimentary designs by the Ganz Company in Hungary and
Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs in England.

• Where were the first transformers used? The first AC power system that used the modern transformer
was in Great Barrington, Massachusetts in 1886. Earlier forms of the transformer were used in Austro-
Hungary 1878-1880s and 1882 onward in England.
PRINCIPLE
• An electrical transformer works on the principle of mutual induction. It states that the flux associated with a coil
induces a voltage in the other coil placed close to it.

• So, from this principle, it is clear that two sets of copper coils are necessary to build a transformer. But why do we
require an iron core?
There are a couple of reasons to use an iron core in a transformer-

a) First of all, it supports both sets of windings.

b) Secondly, (and most important), the iron core provides a path for the flux

to link from the primary winding to the secondary winding.

c) Using an iron core instead of air or any other material reduces the losses

and allows an easy energy exchange between the circuits.

CONSTRUCTION
• Basically, transformers consist of two inductive windings & laminated steels cores. The coil is insulated from each other
as wells as from the steels cores. A transformer may also include a container for winding, and core assembly called a tank,
suitable bushings for taking our terminals, and oil protectors to provide oil to the transformer tank for cooling purposes,
etc.
• The figure on the left shows the basics construction of a transformer. In all types of transformers, the core is constructed
by stacking laminated sheets of steel with minimal air gaps between them to obtain a continuous magnetic path. The steel
used has a high silicon content and is sometimes heat-treated to provide high permeability and low hysteresis loss.
• A laminated sheet of steel is used to reduce the eddy current loss. Sheets are cut in the shape of E, I, and L. In order to
avoid high reluctance in the joints, the edges of the joint are stacked with alternating laminations. That is, if the joints of
the first sheet assembly area are placed on the front face, then the joints of the following assembly area are placed on the
back face.
• The construction of the transformer is of an iron core laminated with steel bands. Core lamination is constructed from
insulated metals thin metal strips. These laminations are separated & wound around the limb using sheets of coats or
parchment.
• There are two types of winding, main and secondary winding. These windings are isolated from each other and are
formed by an electric coil. The key feature of the core is to facilitate the winding of the magnetic flux and provide a low
thrift direction with useful flux.
THE CONSTRUCTION PARTS OF TRANSFORMER ARE-

• 1. Magnetic Circuit

• 2. Electric Circuit

• 3. Dielectric Circuit

• 4. Conservator

• 5. Breather

• 6. Explosion Vent

• 7. Radiator

• 8. Bushings

• 9. Windings

• 10. Conservator Tank

 TYPES OF
TRANSFORMERS
STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

• A step-down transformer reduces the voltage level. The voltage level on the primary side is more than the voltage
level on the secondary side. To maintain the power balance on both sides, the magnitude of current on the secondary
side remains more as compared to the primary side.
STEP-UP TRANSFORMER

• The role of this transformer is to increase the voltage level. So, the voltage level on the secondary side is
more than on the primary side.

• In a step-up transformer, the converse happens for the

flow of current. So, the magnitude of current flowing on
the primary side is more than that on the secondary side.

Hence, the power remains conserved.

From this discussion, we can conclude two relations:

• The EMF across a winding is directly proportional to the number of turns in that winding.
• The current flowing through a winding is inversely proportional to the number of turns in that winding.
WORKING OF ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER
Consider an iron core with two sets of windings on both of its limbs, as shown in the figure. When we
connect the primary winding to a source of AC supply, the current flowing through the coil produces a
magnetic field around it. This flux links with the iron core, and the flux starts circulating in the iron core. As
the permeability of the iron

core is around 1000 times more than the air around it, the magnetic

flux remains in the iron core. While circulating, when the magnetic

flux reaches the other limb, it links with the secondary winding of

the transformer. According to Faraday’s law, this process induces an

EMF (Electromotive Force) in the secondary winding. If we connect

an electrical load on this secondary side, e.g., an AC motor

(Induction motor or Synchronous motor), the current starts flowing in this circuit.
TYPES OF THE ELECTRICAL
TRANSFORMER
(BASED ON THE CORE USED)
CORE-TYPE TRANSFORMER
The core type transformer is similar to the one we discussed above. But, there are some changes. It consists of a
rectangular iron core with two limbs. Each limb consists of both primary and secondary windings. Consider one of
them the low voltage winding while the other one the high voltage

winding. First of all, the low voltage winding is wrapped equally on

both limbs of the transformer. An appropriate insulating layer lies

between the iron core and the low voltage winding. It avoids a short

circuit between them. After that, the high voltage winding is

wrapped equally over the low voltage winding. Here also, sufficient

insulation lies between both the windings. This construction

makes a transformer economical. Wrapping the low voltage winding

before the high voltage winding in the transformer reduces the insulating layer thickness. Thus, reducing the cost.
SHELL-TYPE TRANSFORMER
The shell-type transformer is a little bit different as compared to the core-type transformer. It consists of a
rectangular iron core with three limbs. Here, only the central limb contains both windings. The outer limbs
of the core do not carry any winding. The order of wrapping the winding is a bit different in this case. The
high voltage winding lies between the low
voltage windings. The wrapping looks similar to a sandwich.
First of all, half of the low voltage winding covers the central
limb. Over it lies the complete high voltage winding. And at

the top lies the rest of the low voltage winding . This

construction is a bit complex, but it decreases the core losses

of the transformer. So, the output and efficiency of this
transformer are more as compared to the core-type transformer.
APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL
TRANSFORMER
• Transformers are an essential part of the electrical system that increases or
decreases the voltage level depending on their application.
• The impedance matching property of the transformer allows it to transfer the
maximum power from the source to the load. For this unique property,
various communication devices require a transformer.
• Isolation transformers provide electrical isolation between two electric
circuits. In an isolation transformer, the number of turns in both windings is
equal.
THANK YOU