PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

SUBMITTED TO -: Mr. JOSEPH ANUGRAH

SUBMITTED BY-: Divyshikhar singh
CLASS-: XII-sapphire (Science)
ROLL NO. -: SESSION. -: 2022-23
SCHOOL -: ST. MARY’S SR. SEC. School
 INDEX:-
1. Certificate

2. Acknowledgement

3. Introduction

4. Objective

5. Apparatus required

6. Theory

7. Conclusion
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the PHYSICS

project titled ‘ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION’ has been successfully
completed by of Class XII in partial
fulfilment of curriculum of CENTRAL
BOARD OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION (CBSE) leading to the
award of annual examination of the year
2022-2023.

Internal examiner

Principal’s signature External

examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: -

It gives me great pleasure to express my

gratitude towards our Physics teacher
JOSEPH SIR for his guidance, support and
encouragement throughout the duration of
the project. Without his motivation and help
the successful completion of this project
would not have been possible.
 INTRODUCTION
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic induction:

It is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting

how a magnetic field will interact with an electric
circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF). It
is the fundamental operating principle of
transformers, inductors and many types of
electrical motors and generators. Faraday
explained electromagnetic induction using the
concept of lines of force. These equations for
electromagnetic induction are extremely
important since they provide a means to precisely
describe how, many natural physical phenomena
in our universe and behave. The ability to
quantitatively describe physical phenomena not
only allows us to gain a better understanding of
our universe, but it also makes possible a host of
technological innovations that define modern
society. Understanding Faraday’s laws of
electromagnetic induction can be beneficial since
so many aspects of our daily life function because
of the principles behind Faraday’s law. From
natural phenomena, such as the light we receive
from the sun, to technologies that improve our
quality of life, such as electric power generation,
Faraday’s law has a great impact on many aspects
of our lives.

Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic

induction. Whereby an electric field is induced, or
generated by a changing magnetic field. In
Faraday’s first experimental demonstration of
electromagnetic induction, he wrapped two wires
around opposite sides of an iron ring or ‘torus’ to
induce current. Faraday’s law is a single equation
describing two different phenomena: the
motional EMF generated by a magnetic force on a
moving wire, and the transformer EMF generated
by an electric force due to a changing magnetic
field.
APPARATUS REQUIRED -:

Insulated Copper wire

An iron rod
A strong magnet A draw board for
base/platform
A light emitting Diode (LED)

OBJECTIVE
To determine the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction using a copper wire wound over an iron
rod and a strong magnet.
 THEORY
The magnetic flux (B) through a surface is the
component of the magnetic field passing
through the surface. The SI unit of magnetic
flux is weber (Wb), and the COGS unit is,
Maxwell.

Magnetic flux is usually measured with a flux

meter, which contains measuring coils and
electronics that evaluate the change of
voltage in the measuring coils to calculate the
magnetic flux. If the magnetic field is
constant, the magnetic flux passing through a
surface of vector area S is--

Where is the magnitude of magnetic field

having the unit of Wb/m2(T). is the area of
the surface and is the angle between
magnetic field lines and the normal. For a
varying magnetic field, we first consider the
magnetic flux through a small amount of area
where we may consider the magnetic field to
be constant.

LAW
The most widespread version of Faraday’s law
of electromagnetic induction states that

“The induced electromotive force in any

closed surface is equal to the negative of the
rate of change of magnetic flux through the
circuit.”
This version of Faraday’s law strictly holds
true only when the closed circuit is a loop of
infinitely thin wire, and is invalid in other
circumstances as discussed below.

A different version, the Maxwell-Faraday

equation is valid in all circumstances.

The magnetic flux changes due to the change

in magnetic field.
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
states that the wire loop acquires an EMF,
defined as the energy available per unit
charge that travels once around the wire loop.

Equation of Michael faraday is-

 CONCLUSION
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, first
observed and published by Michael Faraday in the
mid nineteenth century, describes a very
important electromagnetic concept.

Although its mathematical representations are

cryptic, the essence of Faraday’s law is not hard to
grasp. It relates an induced electric potential or
voltage to a dynamic magnetic field.

This concept has many far reaching ramifications

that touch our lives in many ways: from shining of
the sun to electricity and power in our homes.

We can all appreciate the profound impact

Faraday’s law has on us.
 Bibliography
https://www.youtube.com
https://www.wikipedia.com
https://www.pinterest.com