JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA PANGHATA SHIVPURI (M.

PHYSIC INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
TOPIC -
TRANSFORMER

NAME - MOHIT PRADHAN

CLASS - XII (A)
ROLL NO. -
 Certificate

This is to certify that Mohit Pradhan a student of class XII-A has

successfully completed the research on the below
mentioned project under the guidance of Mr. Om Sharma (subject
teacher) during the year 2022 – 2023 in partial
fulfillment of physics practical examination.

Teacher signature. Student signature.

 Acknowledgement

"There are times when silence speaks

so much more loudly than words of
praise to only as good as belittle a
person, whose words do not express,
but only put a veneer over true
feelings, which are of gratitude at this
point of time."

I would like to express my sincere

gratitude to my physics mentor for his
vital support, guidance and
encouragement, without which this
project would not have come forth. I
would also like to express my gratitude
to my friends for their support during
the making of this project.
 Introduction

They are s o i mp o r ta nt in
o u r lives that w i t h o u t t h e m
e v e n t h e electric bells fitted
in o u r h o m e s w o n ’ t work.
Transformer is a device used for converting a
low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage
or a high alternating voltage into a low
alternating voltage. It is a static electrical device
that transfers energy by inductive coupling
between its winding circuits.

Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-

sized coupling transformer hidden inside a
stage microphone to huge units weighing
hundreds of tons used in power plant
substations or to interconnect portions of the
power grid. All operate on the same basic
principles, although the range of designs is
wide.
While new technologies have eliminated the need
for transformers in some electronic circuits,
transformers are still found in many electronic
devices. Transformers are essential for high-
voltage electric power transmission, which
makes long-distance transmission economically
practical. A transformer is most widely used
device in both low and high current circuit. In a
transformer, the electrical energy transfer from
one circuit to another circuit takes place without
the use of moving parts. A transformer which
increases the voltages is called a step-up
Atransformer.
transformer which decreases the
A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current circuits.
 PRINCIPLE

It is based on the principle of mutual induction that

is if a varying current is set-up in a circuit then
induced e.m.f. is produced in the neighboring

circuit. The varying current in a circuit produce

varying magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in the
neighboring circuit.
 CONTRUCTION

A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft

iron core made of laminated sheets, well
insulated from one another. Two coils p1 & p2
and s1 & s2 are wound on the same core, but
are well insulated with each other.

Note that the both the coils are insulated

from the core, the source of alternating
e.m.f is connected to p1 p2, the primary coil
and a
load resistance R is connected to s1 s2, the
secondary coil through an open switch S.
Thus, no current can be drawn through the
secondary coil as long as the switch is open.

For an ideal
transformer, we assume that the resistance
of the primary & secondary windings is
negligible.

Further, the energy loses due to magnetic

flux and
iron core is also negligible. For operation at
low frequency, we may use a soft iron. The
soft iron core is insulating by joining thin
iron strips coated with varnish to insulate
them to reduce energy losses by eddy
currents. The input circuit is called primary
and the output circuit is called secondary.
An ideal voltage step-down transformer. The
secondary current arises from the action of the
secondary EMF on the (not shown) load
impedance

The ideal transformer as a circuit element

 THEORY AND WORKING

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the

primary coil p1p2, an alternating current
starts falling in it. The altering current in
the primary produces a changing magnetic
flux, which induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary. In a
good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux
linked with primary is also linked with
the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f.
induced in each turn of the secondary is
equal to that induced in each turn of the
primary.
Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of
the induced e.m.f in the primary and the
secondary coil and Np and Ns are the no. of turns
of the primary secondary coils of the transformer
and, dфB/dt = rate of change of flux in each turn
of the coil at this instant, we have

Ep = -Np dфB/dt …. (1)

Es = -Ns dфB/dt …. (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant,
so by dividing (2) by (1), we get
E s / E p = - Ns / Np …. (3)
As, Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f
induced in the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous
current in primary coil is due to the difference (E –
Ep) in the instantaneous values of the applied and
back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance of p1 p2

current Ip in the
coil, then the instantaneous primary
coil is given by,
I =E – Ep / Rp
 E – Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip
can be neglected so therefore,

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus, back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence, equation (3) can be written as Es / Ep = Es /

E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K

where K is constant, called turn or transformation

ratio.
I n a s tep u p transformer

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

I n a ste p d o w n transformer

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip=value of primary current at the same instant t

and Is =value of sec. current at this instant,
then Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip and Output
power at the same instant t = Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer,

then Input power = output power or

Ep Ip = Es Is Or Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
 In a step up
transformer

As, k > 1, so Ip > Is

or Is < Ip
1. i.e. current in sec. is weaker when
secondary voltage is higher.
whatever
Hence,
we gain
in
voltage, we lose in current in the same
ratio. Similarly, it can be shown, that in a
step down transformer, whatever we lose in
voltage, we gain in current in the same
ratio. Thus a step up

transformer in reality steps down the

current & a step down transformer steps up
the current.
 Efficiency

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the

ratio of output power to the input power i.e.

η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there

are no power losses, η = 1. But in actual
practice, there are many power losses;
therefore, the efficiency of transformer is less
than one.
 Energy losses

In practice, the output energy of a transformer

is always less than the input energy, because
energy losses occur due to a number of
reasons as explained below,
1. Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling
between the coils is seldom perfect. So, whole
of themagnetic flux produced by the primary
coil is not linked up with the secondary coil.

1.Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of

lamination,
Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of
eddy current may, however be small. And a part
of
energy is lost as the heat produced in the iron
core.
2.Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the
transformer possess resistance. So a part of
the energy is lost due to the heat produced in
the resistance of the coil.
3. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in
the
coil tapes the iron core through complete cycle
of magnetization. So Energy is lost due to
hysteresis.
4.Magneto restriction: The alternating current in
the
Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations
and sound may be produced. It is called
 U SE S OF TRANSFORMER

A transformer is used in almost all a.c.

operations
 In voltage regulator for T.V.,
refrigerator, computer, air conditioner etc.
 In the induction furnaces.
 A step down transformer is used
for welding
purposes.
 A step down transformer is used for
obtaining
large current.
 A step up transformer is used for
the
production of X-Rays and NEON
advertisement.
 Transformers are used in voltage
regulators
and stabilized power supplies.
 Transformers are used in the
transmissions of
a.c over long distances.
A Big Transformer
 Bibliography
The data used in this project was taken
from the following sources:
➢www.google.com
➢www.wikipedia.com
➢www.scribd.com

The End