RATTAN CONVENT SCHOOL

(SESSION: 2022-2023)

PHYSICS PROJECT
ON

TRANSFORMER

Submitted to Submitted By
Mrs. Pooja Lamba Lucky
(PGT Physics) XII-A
Roll.no
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that I LUCKY, student of Class
XII,
RATTAN CONVENT SHOOL has completed the
project titled Transformer during the academic
year 2022-2023 towards partial fulfillment of
credit for the Physics practical evaluation of
CBSE 2023, and submitted satisfactory report,
as compiled in the following pages, under my
supervision.

Principal Physics lecturer

Mr. MANOJ KUMAR Mrs. Pooja Lamba
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my

physics mentor MRS. POOJA LAMBA for his vital
support, guidance and encouragement, without
which this project would not have come forth. I
would also like to express my gratitude to the other
staff of the Department of Physics for their support
during the making of this project.

(LUCKY)
 CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. OBJECTIVES
3. PRINCIPLE
4. CONSTRUCTION
5. THEORY
6. EFFICIENCY
7. CIRCUIT DAIGRAM
8. ENERGY LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER
9. USES
10. APPLICATIONS
11. PRECAUTIONS
12. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION
TRANSFORMER
The transformer is a device used for converting a
low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage
or a high alternating voltage into a low alternating
voltage.

A transformer which increases the A.C. voltage

is called a “Step up transformer.’
A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltage
is called a “Step down transformer”
A STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

A step-down transformer is one whose secondary

voltage is less than its primary voltage. It is
designed to reduce the voltage from the primary
winding to the secondary winding. This kind of
transformer “step down” the voltage applied to it

As a step-down unit, the transformer converts

high-voltage, low- current power into low-voltage,
high-current power.
 OBJECTIVE
Prepare a project on “STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER.”
 PRINCIPLE
A Transformer is based on the principle of mutual
induction. According to this principle, ‘When the
amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil
changing, an e.m.f. is induced in the neighboring
coil.’
 CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron
core made of laminated sheets, well insulated from
one another. Two coils P1 & P2 and S1 & S2 are
wound on the same core but are well insulated with
each other. Note that the both the coils are
insulated from the core. The source of alternating
e.m.f. is connected to P1P2, the primary coil and a
load resistance R is connected to S1S2, the
secondary coil through an open switch S. Thus,
there can be no current through the secondary coil
as long as the switch is open.

For an ideal transformer, we assume that the

resistance of the primary & secondary winding is
negligible. Further, the energy loses due to the
magnetic iron core is also negligible.
 THEORY
When an alternating e.m.f. is supplied to the
primary coil P1P2, an alternating current starts
flowing in it. The alternating current in the primary
coil produces a changing magnetic flux, which
induces alternating voltage in the primary as well
as in the secondary coil. In a good transformer,
whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary coil
is also linked with the secondary coil, then the
induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the
secondary coil is equal to that induced in each turn
of the primary coil. Thus if Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the
primary coil and the secondary coil and Np and Ns
are the number of turns of the primary and
secondary coils of the transformer and

dфь / dt = rate of change of flux

in each turn of the coil
At this instant, we have
Ep = -Np dфь/dt ------------------ (i)
 Es = -Ns dфь/dt ------------------- (ii)

Since the above relations are true at every instant,

so by dividing (ii) by (i), we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np -------------- (iii)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f.

induced in the primary coil P1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the
difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of
the applied and back e.m.f. Further if Rp is the
resistance of P1P2 coil, then the instantaneous
current Ip in the primary coil is given by

Ip = (E – Ep) / Rp

(E – Ep) = Ip Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip

can be neglected so therefore

E – Ep = 0
or Ep = E Thus back e.m.f.
= input e.m.f.
Hence equation (iii) can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input

e.m.f = Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation

ratio.
In a step-down transformer: -

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip = value of primary current at the

same instant t And is = value of
sec. current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip
And Output power at the same
instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer,
then

Input power = Output power

Ep Ip = Es Is
Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
 EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of

output power to the input power. i.e.

η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus, in an ideal transformer, where there is no

power losses, η = 1. But in actual practice, there
are many power losses, therefore the efficiency of
transformer is less than one.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a
transformer:

1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the

copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of
conducting wires.

2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron
core of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy
currents in iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated
cores.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs in spite of best

insulations. Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of change
of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1P2.

4. Hysteretic loss is the loss of energy due to repeated

magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when
A.C. is fed to it.

5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer.

 USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all A.C. operations: -

1· In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,

computer, air conditioner etc.

2. In the induction furnaces.

3. A step-down transformer is used for welding

purposes.

4. A step-down transformer is used for

obtaining large current.

5. In transmission of A.C. over long distance.

 APPLICATIONS
A major application of transformer is to increases
voltage before transmitting electrical energy over
long distance through wires. Wires have resistance
and so dissipate electrical energy at a rate
proportional to the square of the current through
the wire. By transforming electrical power to a
high-voltage (and there for low- current) form for
transmission and back again afterward,
transformers enable economical transmission of
power over long distance. Consequently,
transformers have shaped the electrical supply
industry, permitting generation to be located
remotely from points of demand. All but a tiny
fraction of the world’s electrical power has passed
through a series of transforms by the time it
reaches the consumer.

Transformer are also used extensively in

electronic products to step down the supply
voltage to a level suitable for the low voltage
circuits they contain.

The transformer also used electrically isolates the

end user from contact with the supply voltage.

Transformer range in size from a thumbnail-sized

coupling transformer hidden inside a stage
microphone to huge unit weighing

hundreds of tons used in power stations, or to

interconnect portions of power grids. All operate
on the same basic principles, although the range
of designs is wide. While new technologies have
eliminated
the need for transformers in some electronic
circuits, transformers are still found in nearly all
electronic devices designed for household
(“mains”) voltage. Transformers are essential for
high-voltage electrical power transmission, which
makes long-distance transmission economically
practical.
Single and audio transformer are used to couple
stages of amplifier and to match devices such as
microphones and record players to the input of the
amplifiers. Audio transformer allowed telephone
circuit to carry on a two-way conservation over a
single pair of wires. A balun transformer converts a
single that is referenced to ground to a signal that
has balanced voltage to ground, such as between
external cables and internal circuits.
 PRECAUTIONS
1. The loss of power in the transmission lines is I2
R, where I is strength of current and R is the
resistance of wires. To reduce the power loss,
a.c. is transmitted over long distance at
extremely high voltages. This reduces I in the

same ratio. Therefore, I2R becomes negligibly

low.
2. Permeability of magnetic material of transformer
core must be high.

3. Oiling in transformer provides insulation as well

as cooling.

4. The transformer core must be laminated to

minimize loss of energy due to eddy currents.

5. Safety from high voltage is maintained.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Physics textbook for class XII , 1st Edition
NCERT (2007).

2. Concepts of Physics, H.C.VERMA,

1ST Edition, Bharti Bhawan(1993).
3. Fundamentals of Physics , David Halliday,
Robert Resnick and Jearl walker, 7th Edition,
Wiley-India(2004)