Subject: Physics

Title of the project: Study of Pascal’s

Law and its Application
Name of the students:
ARUNA VARSHINI. N
SIDDHESH PRANAV. B
KIRUTHIC RAM. P.S
RAKSHIT SHARWIN S.B
DHANUSH. S

Class and section: XI-A2

Academic year: 2021-2022

1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It would be our utmost pleasure to express,
sincere thanks to our physics Teachers Mr
Selvan in providing a helping hand in this
project. His valuable guidance, support and
supervision all through this project titled
“study of pascal’s law and its application”, is
responsible for attaining its present form.
And we also wish to thank our parents as well
for their support and encouragement without
which we could not have completed this
project in the limited timeframe.
At the end, we want to thank our friends who
displayed appreciation to our work and
motivated me to continue our work.

ARUNA VARSHINI. N
SIDDHESH PRANAV. B
KIRUTHIC RAM. P.S
RAKSHIT SHARWIN S.B
DHANUSH. S
XI-A2

2
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the physics project entitled
on study of pascal’s law and its application is a
bona fide work carried out in CS ACADEMY,
ERODE during the academic year 2021-2022 by
Aruna Varshini. N, Siddhesh Pranav. B, Kiruthik
Ram, RakshitSharwin, Dhanush of Grade 11- A2.

Subject teacher Principal

This project is submitted for All India Senior

School Certificate Internal Examination held on --
---------- (date).

Internal Examiner External Examiner

3
 CONTENTS

I. Introduction 4
II. Pascals law and its derivation 5
III. Pascals law application 9
IV. Hydraulic lift 10
V. Hydraulic jack 14
VI. Hydraulic brakes 19
VII. Hydraulic pumps 21
VIII. Aircraft hydraulic system 26
IX. Conclusion 31

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Introduction
Pascal's law (also Pascal's principle or the principle of
transmission offluid-pressure) is a principle in fluid
mechanics given by Blaise Pascal that states that a
pressure change at any point in a confined
incompressible fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid
such that the same change occurs everywhere. The law
was established by French mathematician Blaise
Pascal in 1653 and published in 1663.
Pascal's principle is defined as
A change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid
at rest is transmitted undiminished to all points in the
fluid.
Pressure exerted on a fluid in an enclosed container is
transmitted equally and undiminished to all parts of
the container and acts at right angle to the enclosing
walls.
Alternate definition: The pressure applied to any part
of the enclosed liquid will be transmitted equally in all
directions through the liquid.

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 Pascal’s lawand its
derivation
According to Pascal’s Law, “Pressure or intensity of pressure at a point in
a static fluid will be equal in all directions”. Let us consider one arbitrary
fluid element of rectangular shape ABC as displayed here in following
figure. Let us assume that width of fluid element ABC perpendicular to
the plane of paper is unity.

Let us consider the following terms as mentioned here

Px = Pressure acting in X- direction over the face AB
Py = Pressure acting in Y- direction over the face AC
Pz = Pressure acting in Z- direction over the face BC
θ = Angle ABC, as displayed above in figure
dx, dy and ds: Fluid element dimensions
ρ = Density of the fluid
Let us analyse here the forces acting on the fluid element ABC

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Force on the face AB, AC and BC
FAB = PX x Area of face AB = PX. dy. 1 = PX. dy (Area= Length×Width =1 )
FAC = PY x Area of face AC = PY. dx. 1 = PY. dx
FBC = PZ x Area of face BC = PZ. ds. 1 = PZ. ds
Weight of the fluid element,
W = Volume x Density of fluid x acceleration due to gravity (W=mg, )
W = Area x width of fluid element x Density of fluid x acceleration due to
gravity
W = (AB x AC/2) x 1 x ρ x g = (dy dx/2) x ρ x g

Considering the forces in X-direction

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PY. dx- PZ. ds Sin (90- θ) = 0
PX. dy = PZ. ds Cos θ
As we can see from above fluid element ABC, dy = ds Cos θ
PX. dy = PZ. Dy

PX = PZ
Considering the forces in Y-direction
PY. dx - PZ. ds Cos (90- θ) - (dy dx/2) x ρ x g = 0
PY. dx - PZ. ds Sin θ - (dy dx/2) x ρ x g = 0
As fluid element is very small and therefore, we can neglect the weight of
fluid element
PY. dx - PZ. ds Sin θ = 0
As we can see from above fluid element ABC, dx = ds Sin θ
PY. dx - PZ dx = 0

PY = PZ
From above two expressions mentioned in blue colour, we can write
following equation as mentioned here

PX = PY = PZ
We can say from above equation that pressure at any point in X, Y and Z
directions will be same. Pascal’s Law provides the base for any hydraulic
system or we can say that complete hydraulic system is based on the
principle of Pascal’s Law.
Change in pressure in one section of the system will be transmitted
without any loss to each and every portion of the fluid and to the wall of
containers.
Let us understand, how hydraulic system is based on Pascal's Law

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As we know that pressure at every point in enclosed liquid will be same
and hence there is no matter about the shape of vessel or container in
which liquid is placed.

In order to understand how hydraulic system depends over Pascal’s law ,

we will consider following case.
P1= F1/A1
And P2= F2/A2
According to Pascal's law
P1= P2
F1/A1 = F2/A2
F1 =F2 [A1/A2]
As we may see in above figure, area A2 is larger as compared to area A1
hence we will require less force to lift the heavy load.

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Pascal’s law:
Applications
Let us have a look at some of the examples
of Pascal’s Law:

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1.Hydraulic Lift
A hydraulic lift is a device for moving objects using force created by
pressure on a liquid inside a cylinder that moves a piston upward.
Incompressible oil is pumped into the cylinder, which forces the piston
upward. When a valve opens to release the oil, the piston lowers by
gravitational force.

The principle for hydraulic lifts is based on Pascal ‘s law for generating
force or motion, which states that pressure change on an
incompressible liquid in a confined space is passed equally throughout
the liquid in all directions.

The concept of Pascal ‘s law and its application to hydraulics can be

seen in the example below, where a small amount of force is applied
to an incompressible liquid on the left to create a large amount of
force on the right.

Hydraulic systems are used for precision control of large force

applications, are economical, and make excellent use of energy
resources.

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How do Hydraulic Lifts Work?
A hydraulic system works by applying force at one point to an
incompressible liquid, which sends force to a second point. The process
involves two pistons that are connected by an oil filled pipe.

The image below is a representation of the two pistons and how they are
connected by a pipe.

The diagram below represents a simple version of the working

mechanism of a hydraulic device. The handle on the right moves the
incompressible oil, under pressure, from the reservoir to the high-
pressure chamber in the middle of the diagram. The ram moves up as the
oil is pumped in.

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Force Generated
The force generated in a hydraulic system depends on the size of the
pistons. If the smaller of the two pistons is two inches and the larger
piston is six inches, or three times as large, the amount of force created
will be nine times greater than the amount of force from the smaller
piston. One hundred pounds of force by a small piston will be able to lift
900 pounds.

In this diagram, the piston on the left has a one-pound load and an area
of one inch. When it moves down ten inches, it is able to move the ten-
pound load on the piston on the right.

Parts of a Hydraulic System

The purposes of hydraulic systems widely vary, but the principles of how
hydraulic systems work and their components remain the same for all
applications. The most significant part of a hydraulic system is the fluid or
liquid. The laws of physics dictate that the pressure on the fluid will
remain unchanged as it is transmitted across a hydraulic system. Below is
an explanation of each part of a hydraulic system.

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Hydraulic Circuits:
Hydraulic Circuits control the flow and pressure of the liquid in the
system. The image below shows all of the different parts of a hydraulic
circuit.

Hydraulic Pump:
Hydraulic Pump converts mechanical power into hydraulic energy.
Hydraulic pumps create a vacuum at the pump inlet, which forces liquid
from the reservoir into the inlet line and out to the outlet to the hydraulic
system.

Hydraulic Motor:
Hydraulic Motor is an actuator to convert hydraulic pressure into torque
and rotation. It takes the pressure and flow of the hydraulic energy and
changes it into rotational mechanical energy, similar to a linear actuator.
The pump sends hydraulic energy into the system, where it pushes the
hydraulic motor.

Hydraulic Cylinder:
Hydraulic Cylinder converts the energy in the hydraulic fluid into force
and initiates the pressure in the fluid that is controlled by the hydraulic
motor.

Hydraulic Pistons:
Hydraulic Pistons are moved linearly by fluid pressure. Axial designs have
a number of pistons arranged in a circular pattern in a rotating housing.

Hydraulic Fluids:
Hydraulic Fluids transfer power in a hydraulic system. Most hydraulic
fluids are mineral oil or water. The first hydraulic fluid was water before
mineral oil was introduced in the twentieth century. Glycol ether,
organophosphate ester, polyalphaolefin, propylene glycol, and silicone oil
are used for high temperature applications and fire resistance.

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2. Hydraulic Jack
Jacks are pieces of material handling equipment that uses force
multiplication to lift or move heavy loads. The term jacks can refer to a
variety of lifting devices that employ leverage and other methods of
mechanical advantage to amplify an applied force to provide the ability to
transport a load. Hydraulic jacks are distinguished by their use of an
incompressible liquid, such as hydraulic fluid or jack oil, as the means by
which force multiplication is achieved. The primary mechanism by which
force is applied varies, depending on the specific type of jack, but is
typically a screw thread or a hydraulic cylinder. Jacks may be categorized
based on the type of mechanism used to generate the lifting force,
typically mechanical power, hydraulic power, or pneumatic power.
Mechanical jacks, such as the commonly used car jacks, lift heavy
equipment and are rated based on the lifting capacity, which is typically
expressed in terms of the number of tons that the jack can handle.
Hydraulic jacks tend to have higher lifting capacities than mechanical
jacks owing to the amount of force that can be generated by the
hydraulic cylinders which produce the lifting action. Common forms of
hydraulic jacks include bottle jacks and floor jacks.

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How A Hydraulic Jack Works

Hydraulic jacks function based on a concept in fluid mechanics known as

Pascal’s Principle. Essentially, if two cylinders (a large and a small one) are
connected by an incompressible fluid, and a given amount of pressure is
applied to one cylinder, that same pressure is imparted to the second
cylinder through the fluid connecting them. However, because pressure is
equal to force per unit area, the cylinder that has a larger area will
experience a force multiplication effect. Even though the pressure on
both cylinders is the same, the force which is produced on the larger
cylinder will be higher, proportionally higher based on the area of the
cylinder.

Pascal’s Principle may be expressed formulaically as follows:

where:

F1 is the applied force to piston 1 (the pump piston)

A1 is the area of piston 1

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F2 is the applied force to piston 2 (the ram piston)

A2 is the area of piston 2

By rearranging this equation to express F2 as a function of F1, A1, and A2:

This expression illustrates that the lifting force of a h

ydraulic jack is amplified directly by the ratio of the surface area of the
two pistons.

Hydraulic jacks depend on this basic principle to lift heavy loads: they use
pump plungers to move oil through two cylinders. The plunger is first
drawn back, which opens the suction valve ball within and draws oil into
the pump chamber. As the plunger is pushed forward, the oil moves
through an external discharge check valve into the cylinder chamber, and
the suction valve closes, which results in pressure building within the ram
cylinder.

Types of Hydraulic Jacks

Two common types of hydraulic jacks include bottle jacks and floor jacks.

Bottle Jacks

Bottle jacks became popular in the early 1900s when the automobile
industry began to take off. Also called hand jacks, bottle jacks provided an
easy way for an individual to lift a vehicle for roadside inspection or
service. The design of the hydraulic bottle jack resembles a milk bottle,
thus earning bottle jacks their name—today, they range in size and lifting
capability from one hundred pounds to several tons. How does a bottle
jack work? Bottle jacks feature a vertical shaft, which supports a platform
(called a bearing pad) that directly bears the weight of the object as it is
lifted.

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Although they are most commonly used in the automobile industry (1.5
to 5-ton jacks are the range of capacities typically used to lift cars), bottle
jacks have other uses as well. In the medical industry, they can be used in
hydraulic stretchers and patient lifts. In industrial applications, they can
be found as pipe benders used in plumbing, in cable slicers for electrical
projects, and as material lifts within warehouses. Their ability to lift heavy
loads plays a big role in enabling the repair of large agricultural machinery
and in many construction operations. Bottle jacks can be secured within a
frame, mounted on a beam, or simply used as free-standing to allow for
repositioning as needed.

Floor Jacks

What is a floor jack? Unlike bottle jack shafts which operate vertically, the
shaft in a floor jack is horizontal—the shaft pushes on a crank that
connects to a lifting pad, which is then lifted vertically. Floor jacks
typically provide a greater range of vertical lift than bottle jacks and are
available in two sizes. The original jack is about four feet long, a foot
wide, and weighs around 200 pounds—they can lift 4-10 tons. A more
compact model was later made, which is about three feet in length and
can lift 11/2 tons. Although “mini jacks” are also produced, they are not a
recognized standard type of floor jack. Typically, one of the first two sizes
should be used.

Other Types of Jacks

Toe Lift Hydraulic Jacks

Toe lift hydraulic jacks are a specific type of hydraulic jack that can be
used to lift machinery and other loads where the clearance between the
ground and the bottom surface of the load is low. This special type of jack
works in situations where a bottle jack or floor jack would not function
due to the low ground clearance of the load.

Levelling Jacks

Levelling jacks make use of a mechanical screw mechanism and are

portable, often used to level trailers, RVs, and the like.

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Scissor Jacks

Scissor jacks are compact jacks that use a mechanical screw whose
rotation results in the raising or lowering of a set of scissoring arms that
extend or retract depending on the position of the screw mechanism.

Screw Jacks

Screw jacks are mechanical jacks that use a vertical screw mechanism to
raise or lower the jack. Some models are wrench adjustable while others
employ a level inserted through a hole in the jack to allow for additional
mechanical advantage to use when turning the screw lift the load.

Ratchet Jacks

Ratchet jacks make use of a pawl and ratchet mechanism for raising or
lifting a load. At one time, ratchet jacks were the de facto standard type
of jack that automobile manufacturers included with their vehicles for
owners to use when changing a flat tire. The jack would be positioned to
attach to the front or rear bumper of the car and the tire wrench served
as both a jack handle and a lug nut wrench. With the development of
unibody construction and the elimination of metal bumpers on
automobiles, ratchet jacks faded from use in favour of scissor jacks which
had a lower profile, allowing for them to slip under the unibody and
access designated lift points.

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3. Hydraulic Brakes
A hydraulic brake is an arrangement of braking mechanism which
uses brakefluid, typically containing glycol ethers or diethylene glycol, to
transfer pressure from the controlling mechanism to the braking
mechanism. When brakes are applied suddenly in a moving vehicle, there
is every chance of the vehicle to skid because the wheels are not retarded
uniformly. In order to avoid this danger of skidding when the brakes are
applied, the brake mechanism must be such that each wheel is equally
and simultaneously retarded. A hydraulic brake serves this purpose. It
works on the principle of Pascal's law.

Fig. shows the schematic diagram of a hydraulic brake system. The brake
system has a main cylinder filled with brake oil. The main cylinder is
provided with a piston P which is connected to the brake pedal through a
lever assembly. A T shaped tube is provided at the other end of the main
cylinder. The wheel cylinder having two pistons P1 and P2 is connected to
the T tube. The pistons P1 and P2 are connected to the brake shoes S1 and
S2 respectively.

When the brake pedal is pressed, piston P is pushed due to the lever
assembly operation. The pressure in the main cylinder is transmitted to
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P1 and P2. The pistons P1 and P2 push the brake shoes away, which in turn
press against the inner rim of the wheel. Thus, the motion of the wheel is
arrested. The area of the pistons P1 and P2 is greater than that of P.
Therefore, a small force applied to the brake pedal produces a large
thrust on the wheel rim.
The main cylinder is connected to all the wheels of the automobile
through pipe line for applying equal pressure to all the wheels.

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4. Hydraulic Pumps
Hydraulic pumps are used in hydraulic drive systems and can be
hydrostatic or hydrodynamic. A hydraulic pump is a mechanical source of
power that converts mechanical power into hydraulic energy (hydrostatic
energy i.e. flow, pressure). It generates flow with enough power to
overcome pressure induced by the load at the pump outlet. When a
hydraulic pump operates, it creates a vacuum at the pump inlet, which
forces liquid from the reservoir into the inlet line to the pump and by
mechanical action delivers this liquid to the pump outlet and forces it into
the hydraulic system. Hydrostatic pumps are positive displacement
pumps while hydrodynamic pumps can be fixed displacement pumps, in
which the displacement (flow through the pump per rotation of the
pump) cannot be adjusted, or variable displacement pumps, which have a
more complicated construction that allows the displacement to be
adjusted. Hydrodynamic pumps are more frequent in day-to-day life.
Hydrostatic pumps of various types all work on the principle
of Pascal'slaw.

Types of hydraulic pump

Gear pumps

Gear pumps (with external teeth) (fixed displacement) are simple and
economical pumps. The swept volume or displacement of gear pumps for
hydraulics will be between about 1 to 200 millilitres. They have the
lowest volumetric efficiency ( ) of all three basic pump types (gear,
vane and piston pumps)[1] These pumps create pressure through the
meshing of the gear teeth, which forces fluid around the gears to

22
pressurize the outlet side. Some gear pumps can be quite noisy,
compared to other types, but modern gear pumps are highly reliable and
much quieter than older models. This is in part due to designs
incorporating split gears, helical gear teeth and higher precision/quality
tooth profiles that mesh and enmesh more smoothly, reducing pressure
ripple and related detrimental problems. Another positive attribute of the
gear pump, is that catastrophic breakdown is a lot less common than in
most other types of hydraulic pumps. This is because the gears gradually
wear down the housing and/or main bushings, reducing the volumetric
efficiency of the pump gradually until it is all but useless. This often
happens long before wear and causes the unit to seize or break down.
Rotary vane pump

Fixed displacement vane pump

A rotary vane pump is a positive-displacement pump that consists of
vanes mounted to a rotor that rotates inside a cavity. In some cases,
these vanes can have variable length and/or be tensioned to maintain
contact with the walls as the pump rotates A critical element in vain
pump design is how the vanes are pushed into contact with the pump
housing, and how the vane tips are machined at this very point. Several
type of "lip" designs are used, and the main objective is to provide a tight
seal between the inside of the housing and the vane, and at the same
time to minimize wear and metal-to-metal contact. Forcing the vane out
of the rotating centre and towards the pump housing is accomplished
using spring-loaded vanes, or more traditionally, vanes loaded
hydrodynamically (via the pressurized system fluid).

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Screw pumps

Principle of screw pump (Saugseite = intake, Druckseite = outflow)

Screw pumps (fixed displacement) consist of two Archimedes' screws that
intermesh and are enclosed within the same chamber. These pumps are
used for high flows at relatively low pressure (max 100 bars
(10,000 kPa)).They were used on board ships where a constant pressure
hydraulic system extended through the whole ship, especially to
control ball valvesbut also to help drive the steering gear and other
systems. The advantage of the screw pumps is the low sound level of
these pumps; however, the efficiency is not high.
The major problem of screw pumps is that the hydraulic reaction force is
transmitted in a direction that's axially opposed to the direction of the
flow.
There are two ways to overcome this problem:

1. put a thrust bearing beneath each rotor;

2. create a hydraulic balance by directing a hydraulic force to a
piston under the rotor.
Types of screw pumps:

1. single end
2. double end
3. single rotor
4. multi rotor timed
5. multi rotor untimed.

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Bent axis pumps
Bent axis pumps, axial piston pumps and motors using the bent axis
principle, fixed or adjustable displacement, exists in two different basic
designs. The Thoma-principle (engineer Hans Thoma, Germany, patent
1935) with max 25 degrees angle and the Wahlmark-principle (Gunnar
Axel Wahlmark, patent 1960) with spherical-shaped pistons in one piece
with the piston rod, piston rings, and maximum 40 degrees between the
driveshaft centreline and pistons (Volvo Hydraulics Co.). These have the
best efficiency of all pumps. Although in general, the largest
displacements are approximately one litre per revolution, if necessary, a
two-litter swept volume pump can be built. Often variable-displacement
pumps are used so that the oil flow can be adjusted carefully. These
pumps can in general work with a working pressure of up to 350–420
bars in continuous work.
Inline axial piston pumps

Axial piston pump, swashplate principle

By using different compensation techniques, the variable displacement
type of these pumps can continuously alter fluid discharge per revolution
and system pressure based on load requirements, maximum pressure
cut-off settings, horsepower/ratio control, and even fully electro
proportional systems, requiring no other input than electrical signals. This
makes them potentially hugely power saving compared to other constant
flow pumps in systems where prime mover/diesel/electric motor
rotational speed is constant and required fluid flow is non-constant.

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Radial piston pumps

A radial piston pump is a form of hydraulic pump. The working pistons

extend in a radial direction symmetrically around the drive shaft, in
contrast to the axial piston pump.

26
 5. Aircraft Hydraulic
System
The aircraft hydraulic systems are the system that performs a function to
move and actuate landing gears, flaps, and brakes. The system acts by
pressurizing fluids upon every section of vessels. Thus, creating force and
transmitting pressure on every part. However, aircraft hydraulic systems
are not the same as pneumatic systems as it is not lightweight.

The aircraft hydraulic system works on a simple principle of Pascal’s law

and conservation of energy. This principle allows transmitting force from
one point to another in the system. Thus, it causes displacement of
different small systems within an extensive system. However, using this
principle, aircraft hydraulic systems pressurize the fluid to enforce
movement in specific aircraft components from one position to another.
Moreover, based on this working principle, the hydraulic system helps the
pilot function during flight.

Furthermore, with that said, the pilot puts the hydraulic system to
activation mode by flight control devices. As the hydraulic system gets
active, the pump starts operating, causing the actuator to move.
Moreover, the actuator moves towards the surface or device that needs
to move, creating pressure on it and the surrounding. However, when the
systems need to move in the reverse direction, it releases the pressure.
Thus, the actuating cylinder changes hydraulic power to mechanical
power and completes the purpose of hydraulics.

The purpose of a hydraulic system used in aircraft.

The hydraulic system plays a vital role in the functioning of aircraft.
However, the hydraulic system has always been a part of aircraft. Back
then, aircraft hydraulic systems were in the form of hydraulic brakes. But,
with the introduction of advanced technologies, today, airplanes use a

27
hydraulic system to operate all essential and critical flight components. At
present, aircraft uses hydraulic system:

• For flight controls, thrust reversers, and spoilers in heavy

aircraft.
• To move and actuate landing gears, brakes, and flaps.
• It delivers constant torque regardless of speed.
• It provides a smooth and safe ride, especially in critical
condition.

Moreover, aircraft hydraulic systems may work together and provide

power to:

• Wheel brakes
• Wheel steering nose
• Landing gear (extension or retraction)
• Slats and flaps
• Thrust reversers and speed breakers.
• Flight control surfaces like wings
• Doors and loading ramps on cargo aircraft.
• Propellers and windshield wipers

What components do aircraft hydraulic systems include?

The aircraft hydraulic system is complex, depending upon its use.
Moreover, it is an open-loop system using a variety of components for
smooth and efficient functioning. However, the essential parts are
the reservoir, pumps, valves, filters, actuator, etc. So, let’s discuss each
component to find how they are crucial for efficient functioning.

Reservoir
The hydraulic oil/ fluid reservoirs are essential as they are the source of
fluid for hydraulic pumps. Moreover, the reservoir contains varying
amounts of incompressible fluid or hydraulic oil. The volume it contains
alters according to actuator volume or thermal usage of fluid.
Furthermore, the reservoir protects the liquid from contamination. Thus,
it ensures the optimal performance of aircraft hydraulic systems. The

28
makers optimize its size so that the system uses enough oil for proper
functioning.

Hydraulic pipes
Hydraulic pipes are the hollow structure that enables the movement
of hydraulic fluid to different parts within the system.

Pumps
The hydraulic pumps are the heart of the hydraulic system. It pumps the
fluid/ oil from the reservoir to different parts of the system. Moreover,
the aircraft hydraulic system uses different types of hydraulic pumps
depending upon their use.

• Fixed displacement pumps: In this, the flow rate of fluid does not
change. Moreover, the same amount of fluid moves at each
stroke. Examples are screw pumps or gearmotor.
• Variable displacement pumps: In this, flow rate and pressure
change at each stroke. Examples are piston pumps and vane
pumps.
• Manual or hand pumps: In this, the pilot operates it manually.

Valves
The aircraft hydraulic systems use valves to control the flow, direction,
and pressure of the fluid. Moreover, it is essential to have a controllable
amount of fluid in the system. In addition, the valves enable the stoppage
of fluid in the circuit in times of hazards. However, there are different
types of valves depending upon the need and requirements.

Control valves
These valves are essential to control the hydraulic fluid in response to a
manual or automatic system. Moreover, there are various control valves:

• Flow control valves: It controls the rate of fluid flow. Moreover,

it works by altering the diameter of the hydraulic fluid opening.

29
 • Direction control valves: It is the check valve. Moreover, it works
by allowing hydraulic fluid to flow in one direction. Thus, it
blocks the other direction of fluids.

Pressure relief valve

The pressure valve relieves the system pressure if beyond the optimal
limit. It works by opening the valves, reducing the stress, and thus making
the fluid return to the tank.

Shut-off valve.
These valves shut down the routes of fluid flow in the case of an engine
fire. Therefore, it is present at the engine firewall. In addition, it prevents
damage from occurring due to ignition in fluids.

Fuses
Hydraulic fuses are the safety device in aircraft hydraulic systems.
Moreover, it automatically seals the hydraulic line once the pressure
becomes too low.

Actuator
Actuator changes hydraulic power into mechanical power in the aircraft
hydraulic systems. Moreover, the actuator may be the cylinder or motor,
depending upon the movement.

Filters
Maintaining the hydraulic system clean and free from contamination is
essential. Therefore, the aircraft hydraulic systems have in-line filters. It
removes and filters out contaminants from the hydraulic fluid. It has two
types of filters:

• Suction line filter- It stops contaminants from getting into the

different parts.
• Return line filter- It stops contaminants from getting into the
return line.

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How many hydraulic systems does the aircraft have?
The aircraft hydraulic systems are of two types:

• Basic hydraulic system

• Power hydraulic system

Basic hydraulic system

The basic hydraulic system includes basic components like a reservoir,
pumps, valves, and many more. Moreover, it has two approaches:

Open coil hydraulic system

This system consists of fluid flow but no pressure in the system. Thus, the
actuator in the system remains idle. Moreover, the pump forces the fluid
in the circuit. Therefore, the fluid flows from the reservoir through
selector valves and returns to the reservoir. In this system, the valves are
in series with each other.

Closed coil hydraulic system.

In this system, there is pressure on the fluids. Thus, there are three
actuators in the action and parallel to each other. In this system, the
valves are parallel, thus causing pressure to vary.

Power hydraulic system

The hydraulic power system is a small-unit system of the pump, filters,
reservoir, valves, and relief valve. Moreover, it offers power supply flight
control popular in modern aircraft. In addition, this system eliminates the
use of heavy components and hydraulic fluids. Thus, they are the latest
modifications of hydraulic systems.

31
Conclusion:
The dynamics of effective compression therapy are
explained by Pascal's Law, which states that when
pressure is applied on a fluid (a muscle or muscle
group) in a closed container (fascia muscularis and
compression bandage), there is an equal increase at
every other point in the container.

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 Bibliography

❖ thephysicsguru.com
❖ www.academia.edu
❖ phyzblog.files.wordpress.com
❖ www.seminarsonly.com

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